# data[].attributes.body
This touchy subject has challenged many things, namely the norms of what it means to have a homeland. Since the Balfour declaration 1917, the British have initiated for Jewish people immigrating to Palestine, fulfilling Zionist aspirations for a Jewish homeland. Since then as the demographic of the region became Jewish dominated and then went on to become a state of their own, tensions grew as hundreds of thousands of Arabs were forced from their homes in 1947. The state of Israel has since committed numerous actions that include the forceful evictions of Arabs from their homes and air raids, which have gone somewhat unchallenged by States such as the US. Although Israel's atrocities have been somewhat challenged by the international community, no resolution has been acted upon to act out against what Israel is doing. -Sultan

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict explained (sbs.com.au)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Confused by how things got to where they are now? Here's an SBS News story, first published in 2018, explaining the historical forces at play.

How did the conflict begin?

Since the end of the Second World War, the bitter struggle between Israelis and Palestinians has been one of the world's most tragic and intractable conflicts. It's a complex mess, but on one level, it's very simple.

"It's a fight about territory, simple as that," Dr Gil Merom, an international security expert from the University of Sydney told SBS News.

The roots of the conflict go back to Biblical times, but from a modern historical perspective, the late 1800s and early 1900s were central to the situation that exists now.

Between 1882 and 1948 a series of Aliyahs took place (large-scale movements of Jews from around the world to an area, which from 1917, officially became known as Palestine).

In 1917, shortly before Britain became the colonial power in Palestine, it issued the Balfour Declaration which declared: "His Majesty's Government views with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object".

The Palestinians rejected the move but history was not in their favour.

Following the horrors of the Holocaust in which up to six million Jews were killed in Europe, the push for a Jewish state became ever stronger.

The Arab-Israeli wars

In 1947, the United Nations voted to split the contested territory into three parts; one for Jews, one for Arabs, and an international trusteeship regime in Jerusalem.

The Arabs did not accept the deal, saying the UN had no right to give away their land. War broke out.

The Palestinian narrative says Zionists (those who support the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in Israel) then began forcing people from their homes.

The Israeli version points out there were Arab leaders who encouraged the people to leave and that some Arabs left voluntarily.

The bloody 1948 Arab-Israeli War saw 700,000 Palestinians flee their homes - a mass exodus known as the 'Nakba', Arabic for 'catastrophe'.

But there were also Palestinians who stayed in Israel, and by 2013 Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics estimated the Arab Israeli population was over 1.6 million, or about twenty per cent of Israel's population.

The 1948 war is significant because it remains a central, unresolved part of the ongoing conflict.

Israel gained control of all the disputed territory except the West Bank - Jerusalem's eastern quarter (controlled by Jordan) and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt).

And the descendants of those 700,000 Palestinians, who have spent generations living in refugee camps, now number around 4.5 million according to the UNRWA, a UN agency dedicated to Palestinian refugees.

The Palestinians' central demand in peace talks is for a "right of return" for these descendants to the homes their families abandoned in 1948.

There was another major war in 1967, in which Israel defeated Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian forces in a conflict that lasted just six days and resulted in Israel taking the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan.

It has controlled these territories ever since.

The area is considered by the UN the Palestinian territories and many other countries to be "occupied" land, while Israel considers it to be "disputed" territory and wants its status to be resolved in the peace negotiations.

Why hasn't peace been achieved?

After years of violent conflict, the two sides reached a deal in 1993, in which the Palestinians would recognise the state of Israel and the Israelis would recognise the Palestine Liberation Organization (the PLO) as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.

Called the Oslo Accords, the deal also created a Palestinian Authority which had some limited self-governance powers in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

It was an interim agreement ahead of what was supposed to be a comprehensive peace deal within five years.

That didn't happen. There was a failed peace summit hosted by the US in 2000.

A visit by Ariel Sharon - the man soon to be Israel's Prime Minister - to the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem was seen by Palestinians as an assertion of Israel's sovereignty over the Al-Aqṣā Mosque, Islam's third holiest site, and was one of the main reasons which lead to the second intifada (violent uprising) of Palestinians.

Over the next five years, there were around 3,000 Palestinian and 1,000 Israeli casualties, among the latter many civilians killed in suicide bombings.

The consequences were profound.

The Israelis retreated from Gaza, and by the mid-2000s Hamas, a Palestinian Sunni fundamentalist faction regarded as a terrorist organisation by many countries, took over the coastal territory.

Fatah, the more mainstream Palestinian organisation, remained in control of the externally recognised Palestinian Authority, based in the West Bank.

Hamas used Gaza as a launching pad for intermittent rocket or mortar attacks across the border, hardening the Israeli public's views.

"It made Jewish Israelis even more opposed to any kind of agreement with the Palestinians," Dr Merom said. "The logic was: if we gave them a territory and all they do is make it a base to assault or attack Israeli settlements, then what kind of a deal is it?"

Accordingly, Gaza was put under Israeli military blockade which limited supplies of food, water and energy for its 1.8 million residents. The living conditions for these Palestinians have been described as the world's largest outdoor prison.

Israel became an undeclared nuclear power by the mid-1980s and, with the backing of the US, built up one of the most formidable defence forces in the world.

Assistant Professor Maha Nassar, from the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona, argues the US support of Israel has been one of the main reasons the conflict has proved so difficult to resolve.

"The most powerful party involved - the United States - has consistently sided with Israel over the Palestinians and has pressured the Palestinians to give up their basic right to self-determination," she told SBS News.

"They have done this in many different ways, most notably by offering Palestinians a 'statelet' that doesn't have any real control over its own borders, water, defence, or population. The Palestinians have never been offered a viable, contiguous, fully sovereign state."

What about a two-state solution?

The Israelis would never accept the Palestinian refugee diaspora right of return to Israel, because doing so would essentially change the nature of Israel to a Jewish minority state.

This has evoked uncomfortable comparisons with South Africa under apartheid, including in a 2017 report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia and even in the past by former Israeli politicians.

Israelis criticised the apartheid comparison made in the report. Emmanuel Nahshon, spokesman for Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, compared it to a Nazi tabloid and flagged that UN Secretary-General António Guterres had not endorsed the report.

A two-state solution is generally mooted as the only long-term viable one. But there are a lot of obstacles to it.

The problem of Jerusalem

First among these is Jerusalem.

The Trump administration's decision to move the US Israeli embassy was considered to be symbolically significant.

While the US officially takes no position on borders, the move heightened tensions as it was considered to indicate support for the Israeli position on Jerusalem.

"This move means the end of the two-state solution," Professor Nassar said.

"That's because one of the core principles [on the Palestinian side] is that East Jerusalem would be the capital of a future Palestinian state."

But Israel's government, led by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, claims Jerusalem is "Israel's undivided capital".

"Israel annexed East Jerusalem in 1980, in violation of international law," Professor Nassar said.

"With this move, the US has clearly sided with Netanyahu's stance, ending any hope of a Palestinian state with its capital in East Jerusalem."

But Jerusalem and its status is not the only barrier, even though, Dr Merom said, virtually all stakeholders except Hamas are committed to a two-state solution in theory.

Other major obstacles include the precise location of the border; the fate of the Palestinian refugees (whether or not they can have the right of return); and the question of Jewish settlements in the Palestinian territories - where almost half a million Jewish Israelis have now built homes in what the UN and most of the international community considers illegal settlements.

Professor Hassar said peace would be impossible until Palestinians were "treated as equals with the same rights to freedom and dignity as everyone else."

What does the future hold?

Israel's politics might be a further obstacle.

Dr Merom said Mr Netanyahu, the subject of corruption and bribery investigations, is ideologically opposed to Palestinian statehood, and in Dr Merom's view, in thrall to his political base on the right-wing who oppose any compromise on the Palestinian issue.

Mr Netanyahu has won five elections, and remains popular in the polls despite the corruption probes.

As for prospects for future peace, no one is overly optimistic in the short to medium term.

The Israeli army and Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip have fought three wars since 2008 and fears remain of a fourth.

UN envoy to the Middle East Nickolay Mladenov warned in May 2019 "the risk of war remains imminent".

"Everyone is extremely nervous; everyone in the situation is very fragile," he said.

The risk of war remains imminent

UN envoy Nickolay Mladenov

And Dr Merom points out that the ranks of secular moderates on both sides have been diminished and the radicals have gained ground following years of fighting and losses on both sides, albeit considerably more deaths on the Palestinian side.

"Jewish settlers and Hamas, both of them say 'everything is mine'," he said.
This article was originally published in October 2018 and updated in 2019 and 2021. The name of the Palestine Liberation Organization has been corrected.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Confused by how things got to where they are now? Here's an SBS News story, first published in 2018, explaining the historical forces at play. Since the end of the Second World War, the bitter struggle between Israelis and Palestinians has been one of the world's most tragic and intractable conflicts.

# data[].attributes.body
Conflict between Palestine and Israel has been going on for over 70 years and the social injustices and inequality in Palestine has become a large issue in today’s society, as the world is now very aware of the atrocities of what the state of Israel has been doing to the people of Palestine. In the few areas occupied by the people of Palestine, the Israeli government hold back resources that would help the Palestinian people survive, such as the control that the Israelis have over the Palestinian Authority budget, as well as the health budget. This restricts the amount of medical aid they receive due to the lack of funding and financial difficulties that the Palestinian Ministry of Health is facing which limits the payments for the medical workers. Another element they are refusing to give easy passage into the areas occupied Israel and access to electricity. The people in the village of Jubbet Al-Dhib send in requests to the Israeli authorities to connect their access to electricity to the Israeli electric grid but have been rejected and are living either with small generators (if they can afford filling it with gasoline) or with no electricity at all.

- Sarah

References:

https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/256771352-Divide-Conquer-Inequality-in-Health-PHR-Israel.pdf

https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/19/separate-and-unequal/israels-discriminatory-treatment-palestinians-occupied#4035

# data[].attributes.body
The societal norm that was challenged in the fight against apartheid in south Africa was discrimination and racism which led to a system of racial segregation.

Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress (ANC) among other organisations and countries, advocated for the end of the apartheid through protests, resistance, strikes and purposely breaking laws set in place to promote apartheid to increase prisoner numbers. The aim of this action in particular was to overwhelm the system and increase international support. At the end, the weakening of the white commitment and international support contributed to the end of apartheid.

https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/pcw/98678.htm

https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-apartheid-south-africa

Shalia

# data[].attributes.body
The Palestine and Israel conflict is one of longest conflicts in the world between two nations. The conflict has been ongoing for almost 54 years, and the main argument is over who owns the land. There has been many nations who have interfered to try and resolve the crisis between the two countries but none of them have successfully resolved it. Israel and Palestine have failed to reach a peace agreement.

# data[].attributes.body
various links can be drawn toward this readings to name a few.

the depiction that all ATSI communities have alcholics, drug users, involved withprison ie have or has been convicted moreover this been since 1788 and one can only imagine what happened back then

# data[].attributes.headline
   THUHA: Decades after civil rights were won by African-Americans in the 1960s, #BLM has been known as another necessary movement in challenging white supremacy’s hegemony in American society.  White supremacy was given birth by Christian supremacy and perpetuated in culture throughout the centuries; it has been woven in human knowledge and perceived as ‘nature’ or norms for many years (Perry and Whitehead 2018). It is also stated that there is a recognizable inclination of white Americans to refer to Christianity as an exposition to justify racial hierarchies and racist institutions, such as slavery and segregation. Another prominent depiction of cultural hegemony that supports white supremacy was the strategy of Donald Trump’s presidency; during one of his campaigns at Oral Roberts University, he intentionally tapped on the historical connection between Christianity and American citizenship, ‘...We have to bring Christianity back because it is a good thing...’ said Donald Trump (Perry & Whitehead 2018, n.p). He then won the election and became well-known as a white supremacy advocate who supports racial strife. As a result, moving forwards from the 1960s, not only white supremacy remains ingrained deeply in culture and American’s understandings but also gets perpetuated by its cultural hegemony. This status quo was deeply manifested in many aspects of African-Americans' lives, such as prison industrial complex, economic, the housing market and voting right (Perry and Whitehead 2018). Racial injustice has ultimately been recognised and condemned as the exposure of a repetitive cycle - death- trial- no charges’ in many African-Americans' murdering cases, which contribute to proving the entrenched white hegemony has still been perishing many African- American lives. Hence, once again is there the need for another social movement, #BLM to challenge this injustice status quo. Since the death of George Floyd in 2020, #BLM has achieved significant changes against systematic racism in America, thus challenging white supremacy that has existed in America for centuries. While having high similarity in triggering events, the Black liberation social movement from 1954 to 1965 successfully demanded the primary equality for African-Americans in the 20th century, whereas #BLM addressed two main issues that police brutality depicts: defaulted criminal images glued to Black community, their deaths are therefore considered expendable, and the systematic racism. The immense solidarity of #BLM led to substantial improvement in systematic equality in America. Firstly, it resulted from having solid supports from organisations such as the N.F.L. and NASCAR; not only have they enhanced their assistance towards current supporters, but also, they have encouraged the sidelined individuals to get involved in the movement by virtually providing materials such as frameworks and guidelines. Secondly, it is the undeniable impetus from the powerful ‘catalyst’ such as the simultaneous emergence of Donald Trump ‘s adversarial stances on immigration, guns, and climate change as well as the notorious Covid 19 pandemic’s restrictions; they have carried on the ‘snowball’ effect that push beyond #BLM’s expectations. Lastly, they effectively employed creatively diverse tactics such as the multiracial nature of protests, ‘Black counter-gaze', using multiple media platforms with the specific aim – to disrupt the status quo. As a result, #BLM has considerably accomplished many changes in America over a short period. For instance, the Minneapolis City Council ‘pledged to dismantle its police department’, New York lawmakers ‘repealed a law that kept police disciplinary records secret’, chokeholds laws are banned across the country, and so on. Globally, # BLM has positively contributed to shifting the current discourse on racial inequality and white supremacy, encouraged the active resistance to dehumanisation, and set in motion the radical change in political and social issues.  

# data[].attributes.subject
   THUHA: Decades after civil rights were won by African-Americans in the 1960s, #BLM has been known as another necessary movement in challenging white supremacy’s hegemony in American society.  White supremacy was given birth by Christian supremacy and perpetuated in culture throughout the centuries; it has been woven in human knowledge and perceived as ‘nature’ or norms for many years (Perry and Whitehead 2018). It is also stated that there is a recognizable inclination of white Americans to refer to Christianity as an exposition to justify racial hierarchies and racist institutions, such as slavery and segregation. Another prominent depiction of cultural hegemony that supports white supremacy was the strategy of Donald Trump’s presidency; during one of his campaigns at Oral Roberts University, he intentionally tapped on the historical connection between Christianity and American citizenship, ‘...We have to bring Christianity back because it is a good thing...’ said Donald Trump (Perry & Whitehead 2018, n.p). He then won the election and became well-known as a white supremacy advocate who supports racial strife. As a result, moving forwards from the 1960s, not only white supremacy remains ingrained deeply in culture and American’s understandings but also gets perpetuated by its cultural hegemony. This status quo was deeply manifested in many aspects of African-Americans' lives, such as prison industrial complex, economic, the housing market and voting right (Perry and Whitehead 2018). Racial injustice has ultimately been recognised and condemned as the exposure of a repetitive cycle - death- trial- no charges’ in many African-Americans' murdering cases, which contribute to proving the entrenched white hegemony has still been perishing many African- American lives. Hence, once again is there the need for another social movement, #BLM to challenge this injustice status quo. Since the death of George Floyd in 2020, #BLM has achieved significant changes against systematic racism in America, thus challenging white supremacy that has existed in America for centuries. While having high similarity in triggering events, the Black liberation social movement from 1954 to 1965 successfully demanded the primary equality for African-Americans in the 20th century, whereas #BLM addressed two main issues that police brutality depicts: defaulted criminal images glued to Black community, their deaths are therefore considered expendable, and the systematic racism. The immense solidarity of #BLM led to substantial improvement in systematic equality in America. Firstly, it resulted from having solid supports from organisations such as the N.F.L. and NASCAR; not only have they enhanced their assistance towards current supporters, but also, they have encouraged the sidelined individuals to get involved in the movement by virtually providing materials such as frameworks and guidelines. Secondly, it is the undeniable impetus from the powerful ‘catalyst’ such as the simultaneous emergence of Donald Trump ‘s adversarial stances on immigration, guns, and climate change as well as the notorious Covid 19 pandemic’s restrictions; they have carried on the ‘snowball’ effect that push beyond #BLM’s expectations. Lastly, they effectively employed creatively diverse tactics such as the multiracial nature of protests, ‘Black counter-gaze', using multiple media platforms with the specific aim – to disrupt the status quo. As a result, #BLM has considerably accomplished many changes in America over a short period. For instance, the Minneapolis City Council ‘pledged to dismantle its police department’, New York lawmakers ‘repealed a law that kept police disciplinary records secret’, chokeholds laws are banned across the country, and so on. Globally, # BLM has positively contributed to shifting the current discourse on racial inequality and white supremacy, encouraged the active resistance to dehumanisation, and set in motion the radical change in political and social issues.  

# data[].attributes.body
Perry, SL & Whitehead, AL 2018, ‘Christian America in Black and White: Racial Identity, Religious-National Group Boundaries, and Explanations for Racial Inequality’, Sociology of Religion, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 277-298, viewed 3 May 2021, <https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sry046>.

# data[].attributes.body
Apartheid is a system that essentially creates segregation between white people and black people. According to quizlet (?) the pressure from the US combined with protest movements lead the president to end the segregation. Nelson Mandela was a huge actor in these negotiations and actually became president of the ANC after he was released from jail for 'attempting to overthrow the state'. He then helped lead the negotiations with the president.

The protests were a leading reason for the negotiations to go through but the US pressure did play a part in getting rid of the segregation.

# data[].attributes.body
Israel's apartheid policy towards Palestine has been a long-standing issue that goes against both international and societal norms in today's world. The concept of 'norms' has been questioned on a societal and international level throughout human history, and it continues to do so now. Israel has broken 28 laws, according to the numbers in the Security Council decision. It continues to violate the code of security and goes against humanistic, ethical, sexual and religious norms.

Reference:
http://itisapartheid.org/Documents_pdf_etc/IsraelViolationsInternationalLaw.pdf

https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution

# data[].attributes.body
The untold truth that led towards the norther territtory intervention, where there was misleading falsfied evidence that portrayed the idea that every man in this town would trade petrol to have relations with young children.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZmEgQCqBbo&t=220

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mutitjulu, the community that was ground zero for the NT Intervention, ten years on

# data[].attributes.body
BLM

https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/23/racism-ir-international-relations-domestic/

As Black Lives Matter protests spread around the globe, scholars of international relations are resurrecting difficult conversations about the detrimental ways in which the field has ignored race and racism. Those who study history and Africana studies have long shown how racism weaves through national and international affairs, knotting domestic and foreign policy at key junctures. Many IR experts, however, have carefully avoided reflecting on the role race plays in our field. If IR scholars hope to truly understand the current global turbulence, we must recognize that racism can’t be solely a domestic issue.

The exploration of race is hardly foreign to IR; up until World War II, the study of race and of IR were inexorably linked through a debate over imperial administration (in which colonies are governed in order to maintain the rule of a white and usually overseas elite over a nonwhite indigenous populace). Throughout the 20th century, Black intellectuals, organizations, and movements considered racism in the United States to be a global issue that demanded a similarly global solution. In the early 1900s, the African American sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois famously proposed the color line as the “relation of the darker to the lighter races of men in Asia and Africa, in America and the islands of the sea.” He viewed it as an analytical device with which to unpack the trajectory of U.S. development as part of a global power relations, even employing it as a tool to reexamine the international causes of World War I.

# data[].attributes.body
BLM protests began after the death of George Floyd which resulted from a botched attempt at an arrest by police officers. Days afterwards many cities across the US and the world experienced protests under the collective message of "Black Lives Matter".

However many of the protests specifically around Minneapolis went deadly, millions in property damages and dozens of deaths reported. Numerous protests turned into riots as many people took advantage of the lack of police presence in the cities to loot and destroy property.

Many radical left wing groups such as ANTIFA and the organization BLM organized themselves to cause as much chaos and damage as possible to weaken those they saw as oppressing the black communities in the US.

The reasons for the unprecedented scale of the protest and riots was mainly due to the pressure from the Corona pandemic and the upcoming presidential election.

Examples of the protests
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRmqEbP0G6I

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How a Night of Chaos in Minneapolis Unfolded | Minneapolis Protests

# data[].attributes.body
The societal/international norm that this movement challenges is Sexual Violence against all people of every gender, race etc. The Me Too Movement challenges this norm by connecting survivors and allies to resources to help individuals heal as well as educate the world on this issue, destroying the stigma that has been placed on sexual assault and its victims.

https://metoomvmt.org/

- Alexis