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In the following posts you’ll find videos about the author’s life and works, his style and his publications .
These videos plus the pages from your literature book  (given in google classroom) are the full and exhaustive explanation about the dystopian theme and its creators and followers. Organise your study and will see after Easter holidays discussing about both V.Woolf and the Bloomsbury group and the dystopian novel. Best Easter wishes to you all!!😊

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"1984" di George Orwell: dal Big Brother al Newspeak - WeSchool

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è probabilmente l'opera più famosa di George Orwell. Pubblicato nel 1949 è considerato una delle principali opere distopiche nelle quali si rappresenta un futuro per il genere umano dai tratti estremamente negativi.

Il mondo di 1984 si divide in tre potenze: Oceania, Estasia ed Eurasia (rappresentanti grosso modo l'America, l'Europa e l'URSS) le quali sono perennemente in guerra per il controllo di alcune aree del pianeta. Il protagonista, Winston Smith, lavora per il Ministro della Verità che, contrariamente al nome che porta, si occupa di riscrivere la storia per adattarla all'ideologia del Grande Fratello, dittatore di Oceania, che tiene sotto costante controllo tutti gli abitanti.

Il romanzo è diviso in tre libri: nel primo Orwell presenta il personaggio di Winston e la società in cui vive. Nel secondo libro assistiamo invece alla storia d'amore segreta con Julia, una collega di Winston che si rivela essere, come lui, contro il governo. I due finiranno però catturati e arrestati dalla Psicopolizia a causa del tradimento di O'Brien, un comune collega che si rivelerà essere un membro della psicopolizia. Nel terzo e ultimo libro Winston e Julia vengono sottoposti a torture e costretti a confessare. Le loro menti vengono manipolate in modo da far loro accettare il pensiero dello stato attraverso tre fasi: apprendimento, comprensione, accettazione. Entro la fine del romanzo Winston e Julia saranno quindi allineati al pensiero dello stato e privi di giudizio personale.

Il romanzo, che sviluppa molti temi de La fattoria degli animali, rappresenta chiaramente una spietata critica a tutti i totalitarismi e alla manipolazione del pensiero dei singoli individui che avviene attraverso i mass media e la trasformazione politica del linguaggio che nel romanzo si manifesta nella Neolingua.

Testo

- G. Orwell, 1984, London, Penguin, 1949.
- G. Orwell, 1984, Milano, Mondadori, 1950.

Critica

- M. Abrams, M.H. Abrams, The Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York-London, Norton, 2006.
- A. Cattaneo, D. De Flaviis, Cakes and Ale: literature in English, Milano, Signorelli Scuola, 2007.
- K. Kumar, Utopia e antiutopia: Wells, Huxley, Orwell, a cura di R. Baccolini e L. Gunella, Ravenna, Longo, 1995.
- S. Manferlotti, George Orwell, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1979.
- F. Marenco, Orwell: 1984, Palermo, Aesthetica, 1986.
- M. Sherbone, York Notes on George Orwell's "1984", Longman, 1988.
- G. Zanmarchi, Invito alla lettura di George Orwell, Milano, Mursia, 1975.

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Orwell, "1984": riassunto e analisi - WeSchool

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è probabilmente l'opera più famosa di George Orwell. Pubblicato nel 1949 è considerato una delle principali opere distopiche nelle quali si rappresenta un futuro per il genere umano dai tratti estremamente negativi. Il mondo di 1984 si divide in tre potenze: Oceania, Estasia ed Eurasia (rappresentanti grosso modo l'America, l'Europa e l'URSS) le quali sono perennemente in guerra per il controllo di alcune aree del pianeta.

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Opinion: the author's work is full of references to events and things which would both endure and re-emerge many decades later
No author can predict the future, yet George Orwell's talent as a foreseer is extraordinary. From the early 1930s onwards, he was astute in picking out things about us that would endure and resurface many decades later. These include antisemitism (especially on the extreme Left), the toleration of authoritarian regimes by the free world, dim-witted materialism, populist politics, brainless nationalism, doublethink as the motor for political discourse, the resurgence of endemic xenophobia and, of course, Brexit.

Most of the usual suspects weren't alive when Orwell left us in January 1950, but he would not have been surprised by the sight of Donald Trump, Boris Johnson, Michael Gove, Jeremy Corbyn, Nigel Farage, Theresa May, Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping et al as players in real-life revivals of his plots.
From The School of Life, a look at the life and work of George Orwell
Orwell was antisemitic as a young man but, unlike almost everyone equally disposed then and today, he took a step outside himself, recognised what he saw as evil, confronted its causes and eventually repented. His atonement involved both self-loathing and a terrible recognition that many of his fellow countrymen were as bad as he had been. Anyone who believes that an occupied Britain would have protected its Jews should read his wartime journalism and reconsider. Orwell's assessment of true antisemitism as a form of calculated doublethink tells us a good deal about the state of Corbyn's Labour Party.

In Spain, Orwell was a hero, risking his life on numerous occasions leading attacks against Falangist trenches and machine-gun posts. He was shot in the throat and rewarded by being accused of treachery by the Soviets and their fellow-travellers in the west. He and his wife Eileen went into hiding in Barcelona and escaped execution by the NKVD, the Russian secret police, by fleeing across the border into France.

He had briefly experienced a version of what been happening under Stalin for almost a decade: dissent led to a show trial and execution. While he loathed poverty, Orwell held the inflexibility of Marxism and communism as solutions in equal contempt. In his view, systems and ideologies which deny human beings the opportunity to live and think as they wish are almost as cruel as inequality.
From BBC News, w hy George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four still matters
Travelling among the English working classes, he encountered men and women reduced almost to the condition of animals. Despite himself, he also detected a mixture of apathy and grim resignation, something quite different from the wild energy of revolutionary Catalonia. The proles of Nineteen Eighty-Fourwere born out of the sad figures of Down and Out in Paris and Londonand The Road To Wigan Pier. Orwell expected that their conditions would improve, but he was not optimistic regarding a change in a collective state of mind.

Today, intellectual remainers are accused of regarding many of the 17.4 million leave voters as too thick to exercise their democratic rights. Orwell got there first. In his diary, he can only just disguise his contempt for the cheering crowd that greeted Oswald Mosley at a packed speech in poverty-stricken Lancashire. The subtext is glaring: why are meetings held by Labour or the Communists largely ignored? This feeling would be echoed decades later by liberal-left commentators on the packed-houses of Farage's Brexit Party.
From RTÉ Radio 1's Arena, Darryl Jones looks at the profound influence of Nineteen Eighty-Four first published in 1949
In a Tribune article, Orwell tells of overhearing a conversation between two men in a pub. They agreed that the Poles were taking all our jobs and occupying the dwindling housing stock, but this was 1946 not 2016. Before anyone had thought of the Treaty of Rome and the EEC, Orwell predicted that the major nations of post-war Europe would form a neo-federal union. Most importantly, he diagnosed in one country something that would alienate them from this, a state of introversion and xenophobia that transcends classes and is quintessentially English. Brexit existed long before the Common Market had been invented.

Doublethink in Nineteen Eighty Four is often misunderstood as a form of brainwashing, but Orwell's invention was far more disturbing than that and he suspected that self-delusion was becoming an endemic feature of the modern world. His suspicions have been recently borne out, Since the Brexit referendum and the election of Trump, the use of language to distort objective reality is not a tool of the Inner Party but rather a co-operative condition. It seems we don't mind being lied to.

Of course, we have eradicated the nightmare of Nineteen Eighty-Four, haven't we? On the contrary. We hold out our global trading begging bowls to China, whose ruling Communist Party might as well be using Orwell's novel as an instruction manual. The Cold War is over, but we still need to heed his warning. China's version of Big Brother's totalitarianism is horrifying and not only because it is worse than anything Orwell imagined. In Orwell's day, the liberal left deluded themselves about the reality of Stalin's regime. Today, we know about what happens under Xi Jinping and, for the sake of economic expediency, we don't care.
Richard Bradford is the author of Orwell: A Man of Our Time published this week by Bloomsbury Caravel on the 70th anniversary of Orwell's death The views expressed here are those of the author and do not represent or reflect the views of RTÉ
Orwell said of his last novel: "don't let it happen", but we now seemingly aid and abet it. We might suppose Orwell can rest easy in Sutton Courtenay churchyard given that we've prevented it from happening in the rest of the "free world". But go to his descriptions of the ritual of the Two Minutes Hate or look at recordings of Trump conducting chants of "Lock her up!" and think again.

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Opinion: the author's work is full of references to events and things which would both endure and re-emerge many decades later No author can predict the future, yet George Orwell's talent as a foreseer is extraordinary. From the early 1930s onwards, he was astute in picking out things about us that would endure and resurface many decades later.

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George Orwell - introduction to the writer

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George Orwell - introduction to the writer

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If Shakespeare had a sister from "A roo of one's own"

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If Shakespeare had a sister from "A roo of one's own"

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click below flipsnack

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each of you has to write his/her name on the top of each column and then you can write the given  exercises in your PERSONAL COLUMN! is it clear? see you here very soon

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Image: Dan Hallman/Invision/AP/Associated Press

Female authors have a tough time being themselves.

Historically, they've had to hide their identities, adopting male names in order to combat sexism and prejudice. Using a male pen name often helped a female author get her foot in the door, past male publishers who didn't think the literary world was a place for women.

For example, when a 20-year-old Charlotte Brontë sent a selection of her poetry to England's poet laureate Robert Southey, she received the following response: "Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life." Thankfully, the future author of Jane Eyre disregarded his advice. Along with her sisters Emily and Anne, she assumed a male pen name under which she released her work. Charlotte became Currer Bell, Anne became Acton Bell and Emily became Ellis Bell.

"They never used their real names on the title page while Emily and Anne were alive," says Emily Auerbach, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and author of Searching for Jane Austen. "But the pen names helped them open the door and at least get a reading."

Despite coming into a post-Jane Austen era, the sisters struggled to succeed using their real names. Austen was one of the first to break the mold. Though she would publish under anonymity, she would use the pseudonym "A Lady," which boldly claimed her feminine identity. She was a pioneer, one of the first great female authors to gain critical acclaim - though her lack of a male pen name still harbors some bias to this day.

"She's often marketed with pink and frills -- everything she was not," Auerbach says. In her own 40-student seminar she taught on Jane Austen, Auerbach says 39 students were women. The one male student in attendance said his mother made him take the class.

After Austen, the Brontë sisters were part of a small literary boom in the 19th century, when women put out critically praised novels, albeit under the guise of a male name. Along with writers like George Eliot and George Sand, these women were able to slide their masterpieces under the nose of unsuspecting readers and critics.

Female authors sneaking their literary genius to readers wasn't exclusive to that time period. Prior to that, female writers all throughout history found ways to skirt sexism.

"There were a lot of women who were publishing anonymously ... others used initials," Auerbach explains.

Today's literary landscape shows that female authors still have to fight against bias, even without pen names. For example, a 2011 study found that the The New York Review of Books reviewed 71 female authors, as opposed to 293 male authors; The New York Times reviewed 273 women and 520 men. Another study that same year analyzed how few female authors were being published versus male authors at major publishing houses. Alfred A. Knopf, Farrar Straus and Giroux and Little, Brown were all overwhelmingly male; Crown (home to authors like Gillian Flynn of Gone Girl) was the only one with an even split.

From the jump, burgeoning authors have to keep these statistics in mind. When up-and-coming author J.K. Rowling was getting ready to publish her first Harry Potter book, her publishers asked her to change her name from Joanne to something with initials, in order to attract boy readers.

Image: AP Photo/Matt Dunham/Associated Press

"They could have called me Enid Snodgrass," Rowling told The Telegraph in an interview. "I just wanted it [the book] published."

And that's the catch for a lot of new authors. They just want their books published, and if it takes a name change, so be it. What's more, Rowling grabbed headlines in 2013 when it was revealed that she'd used a male pseudonym, Robert Galbraith, to release the crime novel The Cuckoo's Calling. On "Galbraith's" site, Rowling shares why she chose the pseudonym:

I certainly wanted to take my writing persona as far away as possible from me, so a male pseudonym seemed a good idea. I am proud to say, though, that when I "unmasked" myself to my editor David Shelley, who had read and enjoyed The Cuckoo's Calling without realizing I wrote it, one of the first things he said was, "I never would have thought a woman wrote that." Apparently I had successfully channeled my inner bloke!

This just goes to show that no matter what the name is on the novel, a talented author can write from any perspective.

As female readers overtake male readers, statistics show, the future of publishing might become more female-friendly. Until that happens, take a look at the graphic below to see some of the most famous women who adopted pseudonyms or male pen names.

Image: Vicky Leta. Mashable.

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A brief history of female authors with male pen names

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Female authors have a tough time being themselves. Historically, they've had to hide their identities, adopting male names in order to combat sexism and prejudice. Using a male pen name often helped a female author get her foot in the door, past male publishers who didn't think the literary world was a place for women.

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'I would venture to guess that Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing them, was often a woman.' - Virginia Woolf

In a patriarchal world hostile to female creativity, women were obliged to pass as men to get the attention of publishers, be taken seriously by their audiences, or to advance their sales - and some women still conceal their sex today.

In time for International Women's Day on 8th March, here is a selection of portraits of female writers in UK collections who used a nom de plume.

Plus, scroll to the bottom to find out which famous historical male figure used several female pen names!
1. Jane Austen
Jane Austen (1775-1817) produced some of Britain's favourite novels such as Pride and Prejudice, Emma, Persuasion and Sense and Sensibility. Austen did not have a male pen name per se, but she did publish all of her novels anonymously, with the front covers of her books simply stating: 'By a Lady'.

Jane Austen

This pencil and watercolour work of Austen was completed by her sister Cassandra Austen in around 1810.

To be acknowledged as a female writer in the late eighteenth century did not sit well with societal notions of 'respectability'. Not only was it deemed 'improper', but impractical seeing as women didn't have the legal power to sign contracts. Since she never married, Austen sent her work to publishers through her brother Henry. After Austen's death in 1817, Henry posthumously published Persuasion and Northanger Abbey, for the first time identifying his sister as the author.

In the latter text, Austen had written: 'A woman, especially, if she has the misfortune of knowing anything, should conceal it as well as she can.'

Although today she is one of the most celebrated novelists of all time, during her own lifetime she only received little personal fame. In 1870, her nephew published Memoir of Jane Austen, which boosted her popularity.
2. George Sand
Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, more widely known as the French novelist George Sand, authored countless novels and short stories, becoming a literary icon in nineteenth-century Europe.

At the beginning of her career, Sand co-authored a few stories with the writer Jules Sandeau, under the name 'Jules Sand'. Later, she adopted the male alias of George Sand. Unperturbed by societal expectations, for most of her life she unashamedly wore male clothing and smoked tobacco in public.

Her close friend the Russian writer Ivan Turgenev once described her in the following way: 'What a heart of gold she had! What absence of every petty, mean, or false feeling! What a brave man she was, and what a good woman!'
3., 4. & 5. The Brontë Sisters
Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë all became celebrated authors, beginning their careers using the names Currer (Charlotte), Ellis (Emily) and Acton (Anne) Bell. In 1846, they published their first volume of poetry under these names.

Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre and Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights are perhaps today the most famous books. Yet interestingly, Anne's second novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall - published the same year as Wuthering Heights in 1848 - sold better.

The Brontë sisters knew that female writers wouldn't be taken seriously, and might even be ostracised by society. Upon sending her poetry to the Poet Laureate Robert Southey, Charlotte received a response letter saying 'literature cannot be the business of a woman's life.'

Under the name Currer Bell, the first release of Jane Eyre was met to widespread critical acclaim and reprinted within ten weeks. However, when it was ultimately revealed that the true author was a woman, damning reviews of Jane Eyre began to emerge. Such backlash revealed the very clear double standards in nineteenth-century society. The book was shunned, described as a dangerous, improper and 'anti-Christian' book.
6. Elizabeth Gaskell
Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865) was a popular English Victorian novelist and biographer best known for her novels Mary Barton, Cranford and the biography of Charlotte Brontë, The Life of Charlotte Bronte, written in 1857 (Charlotte had died in 1855).

At the start of her career, Gaskell adopted the pseudonym 'Cotton Mather Mills', before choosing to publish under the name 'Mrs Gaskell'. Despite becoming a high-earning and well respected literary figure who was acquainted with figures such as Charles Dickens and Samuel Rogers, under the law she was obliged to give her earnings to her husband, William Gaskell.
7. George Eliot
One of the most famous novelists of the Victorian era - and of all time - was George Eliot, whose real name was Mary Ann Evans. Her most renowned books include The Mill on the Floss (1860), Middlemarch (1871) and Daniel Deronda (1876). Eliot's expertise was psychological realism and her texts offered a refreshing and honest take on provincial life in rural England.

Evans adopted the pseudonym to avoid being stereotyped as a female writer. Experiencing the same obstacles as her predecessors, at the time literature by women was still dismissed as frivolous, sentimental and ultimately domestic.

Evans also concealed her identity because she was living with a married man - the English critic and philosopher George Henry Lewes (whose forename she chose for her nom de plume). Lewes was infamously in an 'open marriage' with his wife Agnes Jervis, though due to legal complications the couple were unable to divorce. Unsurprisingly, this unconventional relationship scandalised prudish Victorian society and Evans was ostracised. However, in 1877 she was invited to meet with the daughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Louise, who was a great fan of her books.
8. Vernon Lee
Vernon Lee was the pseudonym of British writer Violet Paget (1856-1935) who was known for her essays on aesthetics, poetry, philosophy and works of supernatural fiction, a notable example being Hauntings (1890). She lived openly as both a lesbian and feminist throughout her life. This portrait of her is by John Singer Sargent.

For the entirety of her career, she continued to use a male pseudonym so as to be taken more seriously. In total, she wrote over 30 books.
9. Agathe Christie
Agathe Christie has been a household name on the literary scene for nearly a century. Born in 1890 as Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller, she went on to publish over 80 mystery and crime thriller books during her lifetime (66 novels and 15 short story collections), including The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926), Murder on the Orient Express (1934), The A. B. C. Murders (1935) and Death on the Nile (1937).

At the start of her career, she used the pseudonym 'Monosyllaba', though publishers declined her work before finally accepting her detective novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles, which was published in 1920. Later in her career, Christie adopted the pseudonym 'Mary Westmacott', publishing six books such as Giant's Bread (1930) and Absent in the Spring (1944).

One of her most memorable, perhaps tongue-in-cheek quotes was: 'The best time to plan a book is while you're doing the dishes.' According to popular myth, she also liked to think up plot ideas while soaking in the bath.
10. J. K. Rowling
Joanne Rowling, famously known by her pen name 'J. K. Rowling', hardly needs a formal introduction. However, if you happen to be living on another planet you should probably know that she wrote the Harry Potter series and is one of the wealthiest writers in existence.

In 1990, grieving over the death of her mother and while sitting on a delayed train from Manchester to London, she came up with the idea of a young boy who attends a school of witchcraft and wizardry. Cut to a decade later, and the literary and cinematic franchise of Harry Potter exploded onto the scene. Today's millennials are still going to sleep at night listening to the voice of Stephen Fry and are dealing with the upsetting reality that they are only mere muggles and will never go to Hogwarts (this sad truth still hurts).

But why did Rowling chose a seemingly gender-neutral pseudonym? Rowling chose her pen name because she anticipated that young boys might not want to read a book by a female writer. Later she would write under the pseudonym 'Robert Galbraith', publishing The Cuckoo's Calling in 2013. On her website, she explains that she took that name from one of her heroes - Robert Kennedy - as well as a childhood name she had given herself - Ella Galbraith.

This striking and surreal portrait of Rowling was created by artist Pearson Wright in the writer's Scottish home in 2004, and is now housed in The National Portrait Gallery. Wright has depicted her with an otherworldly presence, sitting at a table with pen and paper, as if in the middle of conceptualising a narrative plot.
...and one man: Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was one of America's Founding Fathers - and was also a political theorist, statesman and scientist.

What is perhaps less well known is that he used several pen names, often when he was offering criticism or slander against another politician or person of authority.

For some of his more satirical observations, Franklin used a range of female pseudonyms, including Silence Dogood, Alice Addertongue, Caelia Shortface, Martha Careful, Busy Body, Abigail Twitterfield, Betty Diligent, Margaret Aftercast and Polly Baker. 'Mrs Dogood' was a middle-aged widow who made wry remarks about modern love and courtship. 'Polly Baker' wrote articles critiquing the society's double standards and the way that women were unfairly treated by the law. An early male feminist perhaps?

To conclude, I'll leave you with the sad truth that still today, statistics show that audiences maintain a gender bias when it comes to choosing and appreciating works of literature - something which annual events like International Women's Day and Women's History Month can seek to rectify.
Lydia Figes, Content Creator at Art UK

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Ten women who used pseudonyms... and one man | Art UK

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'I would venture to guess that Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing them, was often a woman.' - Virginia Woolf In a patriarchal world hostile to female creativity, women were obliged to pass as men to get the attention of publishers, be taken seriously by their audiences, or to advance their sales - and some women still conceal their sex today.

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Luce-materia-energia

Il limite e l’infinito

Guerra-pace-senso dell’essere

Il futuro, tra sogno e realtà

Infelicità-Insoddisfazione-angoscia

Spazio-tempo-relativismo

Probabilità e certezza

Scoperte-innovazioni-rivoluzioni

Lavoro-alienazione

La crisi e la catastrofe

Musica, arte ed espressione

Tema del doppio: le maschere

L’ambiente

Comunicazione ed incomunicabilità

La figura della donna nel ‘900.

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Feminism has always been a movement that inspired via the arts. In its most early stages, feminists were women who used the art of speaking, fine literature, and yes, even dance, to promote the idea of equality and a more open-to-sexuality world.

The 20th century saw some of the greatest advancements in the feminist movement - and much of that is thanks to the many famous feminist writers of the 20th century. Their words inspired and also raised awareness of the plight of women in the world.

Without these brilliant writers below, many women would have simply resigned themselves to being second-class citizens and many men wouldn't have realized what women actually have to deal with as a result of being born female.

Simone de Beauvoir

Perhaps one of the most famous feminist writers of the 20th century was the late, great Simone de Beauvoir. Her works, which include great titles like The Second Sexand She Came to Stay, often explored women's roles in society - and called out the wicked double standards that she grew up with.

She also was one of the first women out there who really pointed out how women were socialized to "be women," and many girls, upon reading her writing, realized how many double-standards tend to be extant in modern society.

Though she passed in 1986, her work lives on - and is still widely referenced today. Heck, even Studio Killers gave her a nod in their song, "All Men Are Pigs."

Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf is one of the most widely read, and most famous feminist writers of the 20th century. She's most well-known for her "stream of consciousness" style of writing, as well as the fact that she regularly placed women at the forefront of her stories - a rarity at the time.

Woolf was one of the first writers who brought a woman's inner life to the forefront and also was one of the only women who noted that misogyny and militarism tend to go together. If you want to get into her books, Mrs. Dalloway and A Room of One's Own are a good place to start.

Also, she was one of the few women of her time to see gender as a fluid concept, so if you're nonbinary like I am, you can thank her for being one of the first to validate that.

Sylvia Plath

If you've gone to high school or college, you probably already know who Sylvia Plath is. This famous author was the woman behind The Bell Jar, and regularly is cited as one of the most famous feminist writers of the 20th century, despite being only 29 years old when she died.

Her hard-hitting novels don't only cover feminist social commentary; they also cover mental illness and many other topics that were completely taboo in her time. But, her life was also the talk of the town - and her bold college girl ways still get discussed in major magazines like The Atlantic as a result.

She's one of the best selling female writers of her time, and her work has inspired millions. One could only imagine what else she would have written had she not killed herself at such a young age due to the abuse and philandering her husband put her through.

Gloria Steinem

Gloria Steinem isn't just one of the most famous feminist writers of the 20th century; she's one of the most famous feminists, period. She was known for being "radical" in her line of thought, and for being vocal about the way that the entertainment industry tends to use women as props rather than as people.

Most people know her for her activism, but she's way more than just a protester. Along with autobiographies like My Life on the Road, she also wrote some pretty cool articles and a 60s classic called The Beach Book.

Between having dozens of famous photos, being on myriads of television shows, and just being awesome at writing, she's one of the most accomplished feminists in history - and one of the most inspiring personalities out there.

Angela Carter

Though many Americans might not have heard of her, across the pond she's one of the most famous feminist writers of the 20th century. Though she was mostly known for her fantastic fiction work, the truth is that all of Angela Carter's work had strong feminist elements to them - especially her hit, The Bloody Chamber.

Much of Carter's works focused on sex, sexuality, and the way that people treated women who were openly sexual. As one of the first women to actually buck the "pure and chaste" veneer that society expects of girls, Angela Carter was a major trailblazer in her own feminist right.

Monique Wittig

Hardcore feminists already know about Monique Wittig. She's actually one of the first female writers to focus exclusively on overcoming the need for gender roles - and regularly talked about the problems that come with the life women are supposed to live with male partners.

She was the woman who coined the term the "heterosexual contract," and thus, definitely deserves a place on any list of the most famous feminist writers of the 20th century.

Monique Wittig was very much ahead of her time - and to a point, still might be too edgy for some. If you want to get a better idea of her platforms, reading The Straight Mind and other essays can be a good way to go about it.

Joanna Russ

Joanna Russ is the type of author who never had an issue being vocal about her beliefs, and regularly was labeled a "radical feminist" by those who didn't believe in the movement.

Her most famous works include How to Suppress Women's Writing, a scathing critique of the writing industry at the time, as well as The Female Man - a utopian satire pointing how how ridiculous social standards really are.

Between her snark and her huge audience, she's definitely one of the most famous feminist writers of the 20th century.

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Famous Feminist Writers of the 20th Century

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Feminism has always been a movement that inspired via the arts. In its most early stages, feminists were women who used the art of speaking, fine literature, and yes, even dance, to promote the idea of equality and a more open-to-sexuality world.

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What is a feminist writer? The definition has changed over time, and in different generations, it can mean different things. For the purposes of this list, a feminist writer is one whose works of fiction, autobiography, poetry, or drama highlighted the plight of women or societal inequalities that women struggled against. Although this list highlights female writers, it's worth noting that gender isn't a prerequisite for being considered "feminist." Here are some notable female writers whose works have a decidedly feminist viewpoint.

Russian poet recognized both for her accomplished verse techniques and for her complex yet principled opposition to the injustices, repressions, and persecutions that took place in the early Soviet Union. She wrote her best-known work, the lyric poem "Requiem," in secretover a five-year period between 1935 and 1940, describing the suffering of Russians under Stalinist rule.

Feminist and transcendentalist with strong family ties to Massachusetts, Louisa May Alcott is best known for her 1868 novel about four sisters, " Little Women," based on an idealized version of her own family.

Chilean-American writer known for writing about female protagonists in a literary style known as magical realism. She's best known for novels "The House of the Spirits" (1982) and "Eva Luna" (1987).

African-American author, playwright, poet, dancer, actress, and singer, who wrote 36 books, and acted in plays and musicals. Angelou's most famous work is the autobiographical "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" (1969). In it, Angelou spares no detail of her chaotic childhood.

Canadian writer whose early childhood was spent living in the wilderness of Ontario. Atwood's most well-known work is "The Handmaid's Tale" (1985). It tells the story of a near-future dystopia in which the main character and narrator, a woman called Offred, is kept as a concubine ("handmaid") for reproductive purposes.

Jane Austen was an English novelist whose name did not appear on her popular works until after her death. She led a relatively sheltered life, yet wrote some of the best-loved stories of relationships and marriage in Western literature. Her novels include "Sense and Sensibility" (1811), "Pride and Prejudice" (1812), "Mansfield Park" (1814), "Emma" (1815), "Persuasion" (1819) and "Northanger Abbey" (1819).

Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel "Jane Eyre" is one of the most-read and most-analyzed works of English literature. The sister of Anne and Emily Bronte, Charlotte was the last survivor of six siblings, the children of a parson and his wife, who died in childbirth. It's believed that Charlotte heavily edited Anne's and Emily's work after their deaths.

Charlotte's sister wrote arguably one of the most prominent and critically-acclaimed novels in Western literature, "Wuthering Heights." Very little is known about when Emily Brontë wrote this Gothic work, believed to be her only novel, or how long it took her to write.

First African American writer to win the Pulitzer Prize, she earned the award in 1950 for her book of poetry "Annie Allen." Brooks' earlier work, a collection of poems called, "A Street in Bronzeville" (1945), was praised as an unflinching portrait of life in Chicago's inner city.

One of the most popular British poets of the Victorian era, Browning is best known for her "Sonnets from the Portuguese," a collection of love poems she wrote secretly during her courtship with fellow poet Robert Browning.

English novelist, diarist, and playwright who wrote satirical novels about English aristocracy. Her novels include"Evelina," published anonymously in 1778, and "The Wanderer" (1814).

Cather was an American writer known for her novels about life on the Great Plains. Her works include "O Pioneers!" (1913), "The Song of the Lark" (1915), and "My Antonia" (1918). She won the Pulitzer Prize for "One of Ours" (1922), a novel set in World War I.

Author of short stories and novels, which included "The Awakening" and other short stories such as "A Pair of Silk Stockings," and "The Story of an Hour," Chopin explored feminist themes in most of her work.

Author of "The Book of the City of Ladies," de Pizan was a medieval writer whose work shed light on the lives of medieval women.

Mexican-American writer is best known for her novel "The House on Mango Street" (1984) and her short story collection "Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories" (1991).

Recognized among the most influential of American poets, Emily Dickinson lived most of her life as a recluse in Amherst, Massachusetts. Many of her poems, which had strange capitalization and dashes, can be interpreted to be about death. Among her most well-known poems are "Because I Could Not Stop for Death," and "A Narrow Fellow in the Grass."

Born Mary Ann Evans, Eliot wrote about social outsiders within political systems in small towns. Her novels included "The Mill on the Floss" (1860), "Silas Marner" (1861), and "Middlemarch" (1872).

A writer of Ojibwe heritage whose works focus on Native Americans. Her 2009 novel "The Plague of Doves" was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize.

American writer whose work highlighted gender inequalities. He best-known work was her 1977 novel "The Women's Room."

Part of the New England Transcendentalist movement, Margaret Fuller was a confidant of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and a feminist when women's rights were not robust. She's known for her work as a journalist at the New York Tribune, and her essay "Woman in the Nineteenth Century."

A feminist scholar whose best-known work is her semi-autobiographical short story "The Yellow Wallpaper," about a woman suffering from mental illness after being confined to a small room by her husband.

Lorraine Hansberry is an author and playwright whose best-known work is the 1959 play " A Raisin in the Sun." It was the first Broadway play by an African-American woman to be produced on Broadway.

Playwright best known for the 1933 play "The Children's Hour," which was banned in several places for its depiction of a lesbian romance.

Writer whose best-known work is the controversial 1937 novel "Their Eyes Were Watching God."

New England novelist and poet, known for her style of writing, referred to as American literary regionalism, or "local color." Her best-known work is the 1896 short story collection "The Country of the Pointed Firs."

A medieval writer known for dictating the first autobiography written in English (she could not write). She was said to have religious visions which informed her work.

Asian-American writer whose work focuses on Chinese immigrants in the U.S. Her best-known work is her 1976 memoir "The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts."

Her 1962 novel "The Golden Notebook" is considered a leading feminist work. Lessing won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007.

Poet and feminist who received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923 for "The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver." Millay made no attempts to hide her bisexuality, and themes exploring sexuality can be found throughout her writing.

The first African-American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1993, Toni Morrison's best-known work is her 1987 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel "Beloved," about a freed slave haunted by her daughter's ghost.

Prolific novelist and short-story writer whose work deals with themes of oppression, racism, sexism, and violence against women. Her works include "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" (1966), "Because it is Bitter, and Because it is My Heart" (1990) and "We Were the Mulvaneys" (1996).

Poet and novelist whose best-known work was her autobiography "The Bell Jar" (1963). Sylvia Plath, who suffered from depression, also is known for her 1963 suicide. In 1982, she became the first poet to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize posthumously, for her "Collected Poems."

Adrienne Rich was an award-winning poet, longtime American feminist, and prominent lesbian. She wrote more than a dozen volumes of poetry and several non-fiction books. Rich won the National Book Award in 1974 for "Diving Into the Wreck," but refused to accept the award individually, instead sharing it with fellow nominees Audre Lorde and Alice Walker.

English poet known for her mystical religious poems, and the feminist allegory in her best-known narrative ballad, "Goblin Market."

French novelist and memoirist whose real name was Armandine Aurore Lucille Dupin Dudevant. Her works include " La Mare au Diable" (1846), and "La Petite Fadette" (1849).

Most well-known of the ancient Greek women poets associated with the island of Lesbos. Sappho wrote odes to the goddesses and lyric poetry, whose style gave name to Sapphic meter.

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was a novelist best known for "Frankenstein," ( 1818); married to the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley; daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin.

Suffragist who fought for women's voting rights, known for her 1892 speech Solitude of Self, her autobiography " Eighty Years and More" and "The Woman's Bible."

Gertrude Stein's Saturday salons in Paris drew artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Her best-known works are "Three Lives" (1909) and "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas" (1933). Toklas and Stein were longtime partners.

Her best-known work is the 1989 novel "The Joy Luck Club," about the lives of Chinese-American women and their families.

Alice Walker's best-known work is the 1982 novel "The Color Purple," winner of the Pulitzer Prize. She's also famous for her rehabilitation of the work of Zora Neale Hurston.

One of the most prominent literary figures of the early 20th century, with novels like "Mrs. Dalloway" and "To the Lighthouse" (1927). Virginia Woolf's best-known work is her 1929 essay "A Room of One's Own."

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42 Feminist Female Writers You Need To Read

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What is a feminist writer? The definition has changed over time, and in different generations, it can mean different things. For the purposes of this list, a feminist writer is one whose works of fiction, autobiography, poetry, or drama highlighted the plight of women or societal inequalities that women struggled against.

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Edward Morgan Forster

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born January 1, 1879, London - his father died when he was a baby - he was brought up by his mother - in 1883 he moved to Hertfordshire - in 1896 he ...

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"La signora Dalloway", nata dalla penna di Virginia Woolf, secondo lo scrittore Francesco Pacifico è colei che meglio di tutti può insegnare che cos'è l'amore e soprattutto perché, nel nostro quotidiano, per gli innamoramenti che durano un momento o tutta la vita, è importante avere un'educazione sentimentale - Su ilLibraio.it un estratto dal memoir "Io e Clarissa Dalloway"

In Io e Clarissa Dalloway - Nuova educazione sentimentale per ragazzi, nuovo titolo della serie Passaparola della casa editrice Marsilio (che ospita brevi memoir di scrittrici e scrittori italiani che si confrontano con un libro speciale), Francesco Pacifico racconta la sua educazione sentimentale e perché - nonostante quello che si possa pensare - Virginia Woolfè (anche) "una scrittrice da uomini", come si legge nella presentazione del volume.

Se per qualcuno la Signora Dalloway è l'emblema della donna frivola la cui unica preoccupazione è comprare dei fiori, per Pacifico (scrittore romano classe '77 che ha pubblicato, tra gli altri, Il caso Vittorio, Storia della mia purezza e Class) la protagonista del suo nuovo libro, Clarissa Dalloway, è colei che meglio di tutti può insegnare che cos'è l'amore e soprattutto perché, nel nostro quotidiano, per gli innamoramenti che durano un momento o tutta la vita, è importante avere un'educazione sentimentale.

L'autore scrive: "Dopo Clarissa non ho più divorato romanzi. Dopo La signora Dalloway (LSD) sono diventato un lettore eternamente sotto psichedelici, che si ferma per dei minuti a guardare una frase, un periodo, un paragrafo, come chi è sotto psichedelici può contemplare un fiore, una parete, una linea di basso in una canzone".
Su ilLibraio.it, per gentile concessione della casa editrice, proponiamo un estratto:
Clarissa Dalloway mi ha conquistato da grande, come i secondi matrimoni, quelli felici. La conoscevo già da tempo ma non mi era mai piaciuta. I miei romanzi preferiti erano tutti suoi contemporanei, erano scritti da uomini e avevano fissato la forma della mia vita con i loro personaggi infelici: Alla ricerca del tempo perduto, La coscienza di Zeno, Il grande Gatsby. Erano romanzi modernisti, come La signora Dalloway, che infatti avevo letto nello stesso periodo, a vent'anni. La mia mente era dominata dai problemi di identità degli uomini della crisi post-Belle Époque: Ulisse, Uno, nessuno e centomila, L'uomo senza qualità, La montagna incantata. Immerso in quella crisi di virilità, che era anche la crisi dell'Ottocento e del suo progetto di società, non sapevo come prendere La signora Dalloway: Woolf cercava una strada sua, un po' ermetica, tra i tanti flussi psichici di quella fioritura che aveva preso il romanzo ottocentesco e l'aveva gonfiato, ridotto, squadrato, filtrato, nebulizzato, mesmerizzato, psicanalizzato, ridicolizzato, stilizzato.

Rispetto agli altri, Virginia Woolf offriva qualcosa di tropicale e impenetrabile. Io tenevo il passo dei ragazzi interrotti Zeno e Marcel: cosa c'entrava Clarissa, a che serviva quella sua giornata di commissioni e ricordi? Il suo senso della vita e della morte e alcuni altri giochetti di cui parlerò qui, a vent'anni non li vedevo, vedevo solo i fiori che doveva comprare, la festa da coordinare, e non mi interessava, non aveva il fulgore tombale dei "Morti" di Joyce, quell'altra festa tanto più devastante. Il pastiche di Ulisse, il mito americano cromato di Fitzgerald, l'ossessione snob di Proust erano assalti marziali alla forma romanzo; quelli si che li capivo, mentre i giudizi sul mondo di Clarissa Dalloway no.

Leggi anche

Credo che mi respingesse un aspetto, ma e un'idea che mi sono fatto ora. Pure nella Signora Dalloway c'era un maschio in crisi da romanzo modernista: Peter Walsh. Solo che qui non diventava un antieroe, non veniva preso sul serio - o preso in giro sul serio - come i suoi compagni di destino storico (mi viene in mente l'ironia solenne di Musil). Peter Walsh era finito nel libro sbagliato: lo sguardo di Clarissa gli dava un ruolo fastidioso. Non era un antieroe come Bloom, l'ometto grandioso distrutto dalle voglie centrifughe di sua moglie. Non era ovviamente un eroe. Peter non poteva essere un eroe ne un antieroe; non sembrava il soggetto di una seriosa crisi dell'uomo occidentale. Perché al narratore non importava dargli quel ruolo altisonante. Uno sguardo troppo umano e intelligente si posava su di lui, lo sguardo di Clarissa, impedendogli di diventare un antieroe. E io quindi non lo capivo, non sapevo che farne.

[Clarissa guardava] i fiori, gli alberi [...] le cornacchie che si alzavano in volo, planavano; lei che guardava, in piedi, finche Peter Walsh disse: "In meditazione tra gli ortaggi?" - quello, disse?, o "Preferisco gli uomini ai cavoli"? Doveva averlo detto a colazione una mattina quando lei era uscita sulla terrazza - Peter Walsh.

Peter, uno che e partito per l'India e ha vissuto una vita piena, manco a dire uno Zeno, e sempre raccontato cosi: e amato e allo stesso tempo e quello che e, uno che pur di venire a scocciarti fa sparate filosofiche o ironiche, chi lo capisce. Ai maschi pesa immedesimarsi in personaggi che non siano ne eroi ne antieroi: vogliono (vogliamo) essere indispensabili, inevitabili, innegabili, una sentenza, buona o cattiva non importa.

Leggi anche

Se non possono stravincere, ai maschi piace almeno darsi un'aria maledetta. Franco126 in Parole crociate canta le birre e le occasioni sprecate con la donna, si lascia compatire da chi lo ascolta: " Pure stasera m'hai lasciato a zonzo / Solo per qualche frase fuori posto / E ho l'impressione di girare in tondo / Solo con le bugie che mi racconto [...]."

Se non ti ho reso felice potrò almeno essere un magnifico fallimento? L'inizio del secolo, con l'esplosione delle serie tv, ha visto ridefinita e rilanciata una certa figura di antieroe: Don Draper, il pubblicitario incapace di amare ( Mad Men), e Walter White, il malavitoso incapace di amare ( Breaking Bad), hanno entrambi scatenato l'identificazione dei maschi, perché se il nostro ruolo di supereroi, capifamiglia, tuttofare, breadwinner non funziona più come avevano sognato prima la regina Vittoria e poi i pubblicitari di meta Novecento, vogliamo almeno essere i cattivi. Ci ho fatto caso ora: Mad Men, Breaking Bad. Mad, bad, bambini che fanno le smorfie, guardami, mamma, sono cattivo?, ti faccio un po'paura? Ci sbattiamo per sembrare più malvagi e pericolosi mentre per le donne già lo siamo abbondantemente: un equivoco osceno.

Più avanti nella canzone Franco confessa: " E parlo troppo e non ti so ascoltare", ma questo tema, cui Virginia Woolf, scrivendo di Peter Walsh, dedicherà un'analisi meticolosa, qui finisce accantonato da un'idea di reciprocità del male - " Chissà perché ci stiamo dando solamente il peggio / Forse non c'è più tempo ".

È un bene che non ci sia più tempo, tanto una volta conquistata la donna non sappiamo cosa farci. A un certo punto del liceo dovetti fidanzarmi perché una ragazza con cui mi baciavo aveva scoperto che ne baciavo anche un'altra. Il mio migliore amico mi disse che l'unico modo per non perderla era mettermi con lei. Siccome io della vita sapevo meno di Julien Sorel e neanche leggevo le memorie di Napoleone per orientarmi, gli chiesi in cosa consistesse un fidanzamento. Lui disse che era come fra me e lui, più il sesso. Non ne sapevamo niente.

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Una nuova educazione sentimentale per ragazzi, a partire da Clarissa Dalloway e Virginia Woolf

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"La signora Dalloway", nata dalla penna di Virginia Woolf, secondo lo scrittore Francesco Pacifico è colei che meglio di tutti può insegnare che cos'è l'amore e soprattutto perché, nel nostro quotidiano, per gli innamoramenti che durano un momento o tutta la vita, è importante avere un'educazione sentimentale - Su ilLibraio.it