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THE PLANTAGENET                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             1154 - 1485

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THE PLANTAGENET                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             1154 - 1485

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Henry came to the throne aged nine. At the time, a French force had invaded with the intention of unseating his father, John. With John dead, the rebellious barons who had encouraged French aid, saw the young king as the safer option. Many rejoined the royal cause and eventually the French were defeated at Lincoln in 1217. They withdrew with a large financial payment.

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Edward III's eldest son, Edward the 'Black Prince', had died in 1376, so the succession passed to Edward's grandson, Richard II, who was only 10 years old. His uncle, John of Gaunt, was the most powerful noble during his minority, but the English nobility was by no means united and was riven by internal factions.

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Following the invasion led by his wife, Isabella, Edward II abdicated in favour of his son. He was later murdered at Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire on the orders of Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer. They ruled the country in the name of Edward II and Isabella's son, now Edward III, who was 14.

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Henry IV’s reign was brief and troubled. He faced internal rebellion after his usurpation and murder of Richard II, including the Percy family's rebellion in 1403. There were Scottish incursions across the border, Wales revolted under Owain Glyn Dwr and the Hundred Years' War with France continued. Henry also had an uneasy relationship with his son and successor, Henry V, who he had discharged from his council in 1411 over political differences.

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In 1306, Robert the Bruce was crowned king of Scotland in defiance of Edward I, who died while on his way north to reassert his authority. Edward II was very different from his father, more interested in entertainment than warfare and dependent upon favourites like Piers Gaveston. Two years after Edward's accession, he married Isabella, daughter of the French king.

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Since defeating and killing Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, Edward had been a powerful influence on his father. In 1270, he left to fight in the crusades, but on hearing of his father's death he immediately returned to England. He was crowned in August 1274.

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In the late 1380s, Richard II clashed with a group of nobles known as the Lords Appellant, which included his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke. They forced concessions from him, but after several years of moderation Richard took his revenge. He exiled Bolingbroke and seized his vast estates. During Richard’s absence in Ireland in 1399, Bolingbroke returned and took the throne, supported by other nobles fearful of Richard's increasingly autocratic ways. Imprisoned in Pontefract Castle, he died in 1400.