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Technology and language:
- Synchronous/commenting invites dialogue
- Hyperlinks
- Mass/niche audience
- Direct address
- Netiqutte, e.g. capitals = shouting
- Radio used to be monologic and asynchronous, but now invites interaction
- Personal, spatial and temporal deixis
- Accent stylisation, e.g. wivout
- non-conventional spellings
- misspellings
- homophonic, single-grapheme abbreviation
- homophonic representation
- aphesis/abbreviation
- alphanumeric ellipsis

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1998: Data Protection Act

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Shortis (2001): Computer technology operates in “a virtual environment of extended imagery”

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Goodman (1996): increased informalisation

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Crystal (2001): “dialogic character of e-messaging” because it is synchronous

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Environmental concern grew in the 80s, bringing us:
- biodiversity
- eco-friendly
- carbon tax
- wind farms

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Liberal Democrats were formed in 1988

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'yuppies' were high-flying, wealthy and powerful 25-30 year olds

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1989: Golden age of hip-hop

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1980s was characterised by financial growth and consumerism, with a continuing gap between the rich and the poor. Shopping was a leisure activity, hence the spread of BOGOF: buy one get one free. There was huge emphasis on 'designer' labels

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1985: Microsoft released 'Windows'

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Punk rock was big in the 70s, and the label for the genre was first applied in 1971

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During the 70s, 'The Man' was used to mean anyone in authority. Feminists weren't happy!

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1947-1991: Cold War, conflict between capitalism and communism

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Margaret Thatcher became the first female prime minister in 1975

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Technological developments in the 70s brought:
- Internet
- Floppy
- Hard drive
- Recycling

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Immigrants fleeing Mussolini in the 30s brought pizza, pasta and spam

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People amused themselves with new technology during WW2, namely:
- Jukebox
- Soap operas (USA)
- Striptease
- News theatres
- Jitterbug
- Jive
- Disc jockey (DJ)

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WW2:
- Brownshirts
- Swastika
- Gestapo
- Fuhrer
- Anderson shelter
- Blitz(krieg)
- Evacuee
- Secret weapon
- Doodlebug
- Paratroops
- Turbojet
- 'Make do and mend'

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1929: Wall Street Crash

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tigon = tiger-lioness hybrid

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motel = motorway hotel

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chunnel = channel tunnel

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Technological advancements gave rise to:
20s
- Proton
- Insulin
- Oestrogen
- Programme
- Commentate
30s
- Nylon
- Dual carriageway
- Nuclear fission
- DNA
- Turing machine

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Political turbulence during the 20s also brought:
- facism
- National Socialism (Nazi)
- totalitarian

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Economic slump during the 20s introduced:
- recession
- redundant
- organised crime

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Era of increasing sexual freedom gave us:
- Sex
- Sex appeal
- Heterosexual
- Lesbian
- Fag, pansy and queer

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People began to obsess over their appearance, giving us:
- beauty salon
- face-lift
- zipper

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Women were expected to marry men for their social standing and wealth, hence the term 'gold-digger'

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Post-WWI entertainment and popular culture gave rise to 'flapper' and 'charleston'

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Various cultures, accents, languages, classes and dialects were thrown together during WW1, thus introducing new words to the English lexicon such as bloke, snapshot, cushy and binge-drink. Others included lousy, scrounging and souvenir. These words were mostly slang, although some were technical, e.g. rearmament.

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1990s: Internet and texting take off, creating mixed-modes of communication

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1962: Advertising Standards Authority founded

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1928: OED published

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1922: BBC is founded

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In 1978, Robert Burchfield (editor of OED) predicted that, within a few centuries, BrE and AmE would be mutually incomprehensible

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At the dawn of the 20th century, English was a homogenous language. By the end of the century, there were many Englishes

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hearing impaired

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Ms

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chairperson

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generic masculine

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gender-neutral language

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gender-marked terms

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Kingman (1989) was concerned that teachers should be taught about English to enable them to teach it better

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1988 Education Reform Act introduced the National Curriculum, key stages, league tables and OFSTED

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1944 Education Act introduced free and universal secondary education, and also raised the school leaving age to 15

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Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage provided a guide for usage  (1926)

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In 1913, the Society for Pure English was founded to try and preserve Standard English

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Prescriptivism prevailed, with continued fear that English was in a state of decline

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The welfare state developed after WWII, with the National Health Service Act passed in 1948

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Patriotic national pride due to having won the war

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New universities were built and accepted young people from working class homes

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In the 1960s, grammar schools began accepting working class children on scholarships

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The rise of socialism has led to a less deferential society, as did the relatively egalitarian and meritocratic system of the World Wars

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Obfuscation and euphemism, e.g. weapon as asset

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The 1970s saw the rise of political correctness, a movement attempting to expunge words which reflect a discriminatory attitude towards a particular demographic

Attempts to limit offence, prejudice and discrimination to oppressed/marginalised demographics by neutralising language

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Mass literacy and a largely centralised broadcasting service levelled out certain regional linguistic differences

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Cultural diffusion, particularly via mass marketing and mass media, has facilitated the spread of novel linguistic features

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Compounding: decline of the hyphen

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Brand names utilise quasi-phonetic spellings to suggest vitality and modernity, panache and puerility

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Rosewarne (1980s) coined the term Estuary English to describe the infiltration of East London working class speech into the utterances of middle-upper class speakers

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During the 1990s, the intensifier ‘so’ started occurring before ‘not’, e.g. I’m so not prepared for this exam

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Rise of the blend: motel, infotainment
Rise of the acronym: PIN

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Terms to describe aviation and automobiles, e.g. limousine, plane, accelerator

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OED records about 185,000 new words, and new meanings of old words, that entered the language between 1900 and 1999

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Terms for popular culture:
- Paparrazi (Italian)
- Karaoke (Japanese)

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War:
- Blitz (German)
- Apartheid (Afrikaans)
- Bikini (Marshall Islands)

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Americanisms due to film and popular culture:
- Radio
- I was like...
- Sick (ill)

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Acknowledge that there's not much internal change to comment on (Romaine, 1998)

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Standardisation happened a long time ago, so don't comment on it