# data[].attributes.headline
Articles that I might use (about food, environment and livestock)

# data[].attributes.subject
Articles that I might use (about food, environment and livestock)

# data[].attributes.body
(1) Ogino, A., Orito, H., Shimada, K., & Hirooka, H. (2007). Evaluating environmental impacts of the Japanese beef cow–calf system by the life cycle assessment method. Animal Science Journal, 78(4), 424–432. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2007.00457.x

(2) Kazuhiko Takeuchi. (2010). Rebuilding the relationship between people and nature: the Satoyama Initiative. Ecological Research, 25(5), 891–897. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1007/s11284-010-0745-8

(3) Boulay, A.-M., Drastig, K., Amanullah, Chapagain, A., Charlon, V., Civit, B., DeCamillis, C., De Souza, M., Hess, T., Hoekstra, A. Y., Ibidhi, R., Lathuillière, M. J., Manzardo, A., McAllister, T., Morales, R. A., Motoshita, M., Palhares, J. C. P., Pirlo, G., Ridoutt, B., & Russo, V. (2021). Building consensus on water use assessment of livestock production systems and supply chains: Outcome and recommendations from the FAO LEAP Partnership. Ecological Indicators, 124, N.PAG. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107391

(4) Mishima, S., Leon, A., Eguchi, S., & Shirato, Y. (2017). Livestock Waste, Potential Manure Production and Its Use in Japan in 1980 and 2010. Compost Science & Utilization, 25, S43–S52. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362674

(5) Tabassum-Abbasi, null, Abbasi, T., & Abbasi, S. A. (2016). Reducing the global environmental impact of livestock production: the minilivestock option. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 1754–1766. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.094
(6) Munesue, Y., & Masui, T. (2019). The impacts of Japanese food losses and food waste on global natural resources and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(5), 1196–1210. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1111/jiec.12863

(7) Sonoda, Y., Oishi, K., Chomei, Y., & Hirooka, H. (2018). How do human values influence the beef preferences of consumer segments regarding animal welfare and environmentally friendly production? Meat Science, 146, 75–86. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.07.030

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Food Waste: why it’s bad - Greener Kirkcaldy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Media Volunteer Bryan looks at the problem of food waste and how we can avoid it.

# data[].attributes.headline
How to reduce food waste in convenience store

# data[].attributes.subject
How to reduce food waste in convenience store

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Convenience stores tackle food waste

The author: Eiraku Maiko NHK WORLD-JAPAN
The date: May 20, 2019

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In 2016, Japan produced about 6.4 million tons of food waste. That's nearly twice the annual amount of aid that the UN World Food Program delivers to developing nations.

Two of Japan's leading convenience store chains are starting a program to cut down on the amount of food they throw away.

On May 17, Lawson announced a new loyalty program that awards customers 5 points for every 100 yen they spend on items nearing their eat-by times. The three-month pilot program will start on June 11 at about 450 outlets in Ehime and Okinawa Prefectures. The company says it may expand the program nationwide, depending on its success.

Lawson stores produce as much as 44,000 tons of food waste a year, according to president Sadanobu Takemasu. He says it's imperative for the company to reduce this number.

Seven-Eleven is also planning to introduce a similar nationwide program in the fall.

Items that are within an hour of their eat-by times are taken off the shelves at Lawson stores.

Prepared meals from convenience stores are popular lunch items in Japan. Every day, office workers line up during their breaks to buy bento boxes, rice balls, and sandwiches. By the early afternoon, most of the shelves are empty. The unsold items that are within an hour of their eat-by times are thrown away.

The stores try to keep the amount that's thrown away at a low level by adjusting how much of each item they order, depending on factors like past sales records and weather. But a certain amount of waste seems difficult to avoid. Some stores say that despite their efforts, as much as 4 percent of the rice balls they order end up thrown away.

Government statistics show that of the estimated 6.43 million tons of food waste Japan produces a year, about 10 percent comes from food retailers, including convenience stores and supermarkets.

Lawson announced a new loyalty program aimed at reducing food waste.

But it's not just a sense of social responsibility that has convenience stores turning their attention to reducing waste.

Convenience store owners are currently facing two major business problems. The first is Japan's labor shortage and the subsequent jump in labor costs. The second is the losses caused by food waste.

Store owners order lunch boxes, rice balls, and other items from the franchiser. When these are thrown away, the owners shoulder most of the losses. For some, this amounts to more than 10,000 yen a day.

The new loyalty system could prove to be a massive boost for owners. If customers are enticed by points to buy older food, it would reduce the amount of waste and cut daily losses. And since the points are being covered by the companies themselves--Lawson and Seven-Eleven--it comes at no cost to the owners.

Prepared meals from convenience stores, such as bento boxes, rice balls, and sandwiches, are popular lunch items.

Journalist Rumi Ide is an expert on food waste. She says the program is a good first step, but that the problem will remain unless a larger issue is addressed.

She says there is no room for growth in the convenience store industry. But franchises continue to increase sales targets for store owners every year. These unrealistic demands have caused the owners to take drastic measures, like working longer hours and placing larger orders. And this, in turn, leads to more waste. Until this changes, Ide says, food waste is going nowhere.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Convenience stores tackle food waste | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In 2016, Japan produced about 6.4 million tons of food waste. That's nearly twice the annual amount of aid that the UN World Food Program delivers to developing nations. Two of Japan's leading convenience store chains are starting a program to cut down on the amount of food they throw away.

# data[].attributes.headline
Food waste in Japan: Trends, current practices and key challenges

# data[].attributes.subject
Food waste in Japan: Trends, current practices and key challenges

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Food Waste in Japan: Trends, Current Practices and Key Challenges
The author: Liu, C., Hotta, Y., Santo, A., Hengesbaugh, M., Watabe, A., Totoki, Y., Allen, D., & Bengtsson, M.
Source: Journal of Cleaner Production
The date: 2016

# data[].attributes.body
a report from UN

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention or omission of specific companies, their products or brand names does not imply any endorsement or judgement by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the:

Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch
Communication Division - FAO
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
or by e-mail to: [email protected]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

# data[].attributes.headline
Articles that I might use (about food and biodiversity)

# data[].attributes.subject
Articles that I might use (about food and biodiversity)

# data[].attributes.body
(1) Lauren C., P., M’Gonigle, L. K., Mace, K. C., Palomino, J., de Valpine, P., & Kremen, C. (2015). Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1799), 1. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1098/rspb.2014.1396

(2) Godfray, H. C. J., & Garnett, T. (2014). Food security and sustainable intensification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1639), 1–10. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1098/rstb.2012.0273

(3) Aschemann, W. J., Giménez, A., Grønhøj, A., & Ares, G. (2020). Avoiding household food waste, one step at a time: The role of self‐efficacy, convenience orientation, and the good provider identity in distinct situational contexts. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 54(2), 581–606. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1111/joca.12291

(4) Boccia, F., Di Donato, P., Covino, D., & Poli, A. (2019). Food waste and bio-economy: A scenario for the Italian tomato market. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 424–433. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.180

(5) Seppelt, R., Arndt, C., Beckmann, M., Martin, E. A., & Hertel, T. W. (2020). Deciphering the Biodiversity–Production Mutualism in the Global Food Security Debate. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 35(11), 1011–1020. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1016/j.tree.2020.06.012

(6) Dobrovolski, R., Loyola, R., DA Fonseca, G. A. B., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., & Araújo, M. B. (2014). Globalizing Conservation Efforts to Save Species and Enhance Food Production. BioScience, 64(6), 539–545. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1093/biosci/biu064

# data[].attributes.body
Greenhouse Gases

# data[].attributes.body
Numbers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Key Points

Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and certain manufactured greenhouse gases have all risen significantly over the last few hundred years (see Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4).

Historical measurements show that the current global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are unprecedented compared with the past 800,000 years (see Figures 1, 2, and 3).

Carbon dioxide concentrations have increased substantially since the beginning of the industrial era, rising from an annual average of 280 ppm in the late 1700s to 401 ppm as measured at Mauna Loa in 2015-a 43 percent increase (see Figure 1). Almost all of this increase is due to human activities.

The concentration of methane in the atmosphere has more than doubled since preindustrial times, reaching approximately 1,800 ppb in recent years (see the range of measurements for 2014 and 2015 in Figure 2). This increase is predominantly due to agriculture and fossil fuel use.

Over the past 800,000 years, concentrations of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere rarely exceeded 280 ppb. Levels have risen since the 1920s, however, reaching a new high of 328 ppb in 2015 (average of three sites in Figure 3). This increase is primarily due to agriculture.

Concentrations of many of the halogenated gases shown in Figure 4 were essentially zero a few decades ago but have increased rapidly as they have been incorporated into industrial products and processes. Some of these chemicals have been or are currently being phased out of use because they are ozone-depleting substances, meaning they also cause harm to the Earth's protective ozone layer. As a result, concentrations of many major ozone-depleting gases have begun to stabilize or decline (see Figure 4, left panel). Concentrations of other halogenated gases have continued to rise, however, especially where the gases have emerged as substitutes for ozone-depleting chemicals (see Figure 4, right panel).

Overall, the total amount of ozone in the atmosphere decreased by about 3 percent between 1979 and 2014 (see Figure 5). All of the decrease happened in the stratosphere, with most of the decrease occurring between 1979 and 1994. Changes in stratospheric ozone reflect the effect of ozone-depleting substances. These chemicals have been released into the air for many years, but recently, international efforts have reduced emissions and phased out their use.

Globally, the amount of ozone in the troposphere increased by about 3 percent between 1979 and 2014 (see Figure 5). ​

Background

Since the Industrial Revolution began in the 1700s, people have added a substantial amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests, and conducting other activities (see the U.S. and Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions indicators). When greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere, many remain there for long time periods ranging from a decade to many millennia. Over time, these gases are removed from the atmosphere by chemical reactions or by emissions sinks, such as the oceans and vegetation, which absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. As a result of human activities, however, these gases are entering the atmosphere more quickly than they are being removed, and thus their concentrations are increasing.

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and certain manufactured gases called halogenated gases (gases that contain chlorine, fluorine, or bromine) become well mixed throughout the global atmosphere because of their relatively long lifetimes and because of transport by winds. Concentrations of these greenhouse gases are measured in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), or parts per trillion (ppt) by volume. In other words, a concentration of 1 ppb for a given gas means there is one molecule of that gas in every 1 billion molecules of air. Some halogenated gases are considered major greenhouse gases due to their very high global warming potentials and long atmospheric lifetimes even if they only exist at a few ppt ( see table).

Ozone is also a greenhouse gas, but it differs from other greenhouse gases in several ways. The effects of ozone depend on its altitude, or where the gas is located vertically in the atmosphere. Most ozone naturally exists in the layer of the atmosphere called the stratosphere, which ranges from approximately 6 to 30 miles above the Earth's surface. Ozone in the stratosphere has a slight net warming effect on the planet, but it is good for life on Earth because it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the Earth's surface. In the troposphere-the layer of the atmosphere near ground level-ozone is an air pollutant that is harmful to breathe, a main ingredient of urban smog, and an important greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change (see the Climate Forcing indicator). Unlike the other major greenhouse gases, tropospheric ozone only lasts for days to weeks, so levels often vary by location and by season.

About the Indicator

This indicator describes concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It focuses on the major greenhouse gases that result from human activities.

For carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halogenated gases, recent measurements come from monitoring stations around the world, while measurements of older air come from air bubbles trapped in layers of ice from Antarctica and Greenland. By determining the age of the ice layers and the concentrations of gases trapped inside, scientists can learn what the atmosphere was like thousands of years ago.

This indicator also shows data from satellite instruments that measure ozone density in the troposphere, the stratosphere, and the "total column," or all layers of the atmosphere. These satellite data are routinely compared with ground-based instruments to confirm their accuracy. Ozone data have been averaged worldwide for each year to smooth out the regional and seasonal variations.

About the Data

Indicator Notes

This indicator includes several of the most important halogenated gases, but some others are not shown. Many other halogenated gases are also greenhouse gases, but Figure 4 is limited to a set of common examples that represent most of the major types of these gases. The indicator also does not address certain other pollutants that can affect climate by either reflecting or absorbing energy. For example, sulfate particles can reflect sunlight away from the Earth, while black carbon aerosols (soot) absorb energy. Data for nitrogen trifluoride (Figure 4) reflect modeled averages based on measurements made in the Northern Hemisphere and some locations in the Southern Hemisphere, to represent global average concentrations over time. The global averages for ozone only cover the area between 50°N and 50°S latitude (77 percent of the Earth's surface), because at higher latitudes the lack of sunlight in winter creates data gaps and the angle of incoming sunlight during the rest of the year reduces the accuracy of the satellite measuring technique.

Data Sources

Global atmospheric concentration measurements for carbon dioxide (Figure 1), methane (Figure 2), and nitrous oxide (Figure 3) come from a variety of monitoring programs and studies published in peer-reviewed literature. Global atmospheric concentration data for selected halogenated gases (Figure 4) were compiled by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and a peer-reviewed study on nitrogen trifluoride. A similar figure with many of these gases appears in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report. Satellite measurements of ozone were processed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and validated using ground-based measurements collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Technical Documentation

References
9. Rigby, M. 2016 update to data originally published in: Arnold, T., C.M. Harth, J. Mühle, A.J. Manning, P.K. Salameh, J. Kim, D.J. Ivy, L.P. Steele, V.V. Petrenko, J.P. Severinghaus, D. Baggenstos, and R.F. Weiss. 2013. Nitrogen trifluoride global emissions estimated from updated atmospheric measurements. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110(6):2029-2034. Data updated July 2016. 10. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2016. Halocarbons and Other Atmospheric Trace Species group (HATS). Accessed June 2016. www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats. 11. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 2013. Data-TOMS/SBUV TOR data products. Accessed November 2013. http://science.larc.nasa.gov/TOR/data.html.
Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases: Citations for Figures 1, 2, and 3

Figure 1
EPICA Dome C and Vostok Station, Antarctica: approximately 796,562 BCE to 1813 CE
Lüthi, D., M. Le Floch, B. Bereiter, T. Blunier, J.-M. Barnola, U. Siegenthaler, D. Raynaud, J. Jouzel, H. Fischer, K. Kawamura, and T.F. Stocker. 2008. High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present. Nature 453:379-382.www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/luethi2008/luethi2008.html. Law Dome, Antarctica, 75-year smoothed: approximately 1010 CE to 1975 CE
Etheridge, D.M., L.P. Steele, R.L. Langenfelds, R.J. Francey, J.-M. Barnola, and V.I. Morgan. 1998. Historical CO₂ records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS ice cores. In: Trends: A compendium of data on global change. Oak Ridge, TN: U.S. Department of Energy. Accessed September 14, 2005. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/lawdome.html. Siple Station, Antarctica: approximately 1744 CE to 1953 CE
Neftel, A., H. Friedli, E. Moor, H. Lötscher, H. Oeschger, U. Siegenthaler, and B. Stauffer. 1994. Historical carbon dioxide record from the Siple Station ice core. In: Trends: A compendium of data on global change. Oak Ridge, TN: U.S. Department of Energy. Accessed September 14, 2005.http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/siple.html. Mauna Loa, Hawaii: 1959 CE to 2015 CE
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2016. Annual mean carbon dioxide concentrations for Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Accessed April 14, 2016. ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/co2/co2_annmean_mlo.txt. Barrow, Alaska: 1974 CE to 2014 CE
Cape Matatula, American Samoa: 1976 CE to 2014 CE
South Pole, Antarctica: 1976 CE to 2014 CE
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2016. Monthly mean carbon dioxide concentrations for Barrow, Alaska; Cape Matatula, American Samoa; and the South Pole. Accessed April 14, 2016. ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/data/trace_gases/co2/in-situ/surface. Cape Grim, Australia: 1992 CE to 2006 CE
Shetland Islands, Scotland: 1993 CE to 2002 CE
Steele, L.P., P.B. Krummel, and R.L. Langenfelds. 2007. Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (ppmv) derived from flask air samples collected at Cape Grim, Australia, and Shetland Islands, Scotland. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Accessed January 20, 2009. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/csiro. Lampedusa Island, Italy: 1993 CE to 2000 CE
Chamard, P., L. Ciattaglia, A. di Sarra, and F. Monteleone. 2001. Atmospheric carbon dioxide record from flask measurements at Lampedusa Island. In: Trends: A compendium of data on global change. Oak Ridge, TN: U.S. Department of Energy. Accessed September 14, 2005.http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/lampis.html.
Figure 2
EPICA Dome C, Antarctica: approximately 797,446 BCE to 1937 CE
Loulergue, L., A. Schilt, R. Spahni, V. Masson-Delmotte, T. Blunier, B. Lemieux, J.-M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, T.F. Stocker, and J. Chappellaz. 2008. Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH₄ over the past 800,000 years. Nature 453:383-386. www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/loulergue2008/loulergue2008.html. Law Dome, Antarctica: approximately 1008 CE to 1980 CE
Etheridge, D.M., L.P. Steele, R.J. Francey, and R.L. Langenfelds. 2002. Historic CH₄ records from Antarctic and Greenland ice cores, Antarctic firn data, and archived air samples from Cape Grim, Tasmania. In: Trends: A compendium of data on global change. Oak Ridge, TN: U.S. Department of Energy. Accessed September 13, 2005. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/atm_meth/lawdome_meth.html. Cape Grim, Australia: 1985 CE to 2015 CE
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2016. Monthly mean CH4 concentrations for Cape Grim, Australia. Accessed July 16, 2016. ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/data/trace_gases/ch4/flask/surface/ch4_cgo_surface-flask_1_ccgg_month.txt. Mauna Loa, Hawaii: 1984 CE to 2015 CE
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2016. Monthly mean CH4 concentrations for Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Accessed July 16, 2016. ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/data/trace_gases/ch4/flask/surface/ch4_mlo_surface-flask_1_ccgg_month.txt. Shetland Islands, Scotland: 1993 CE to 2001 CE
Steele, L.P., P.B. Krummel, and R.L. Langenfelds. 2002. Atmospheric methane record from Shetland Islands, Scotland (October 2002 version). In: Trends: A compendium of data on global change. Oak Ridge, TN: U.S. Department of Energy. Accessed September 13, 2005.http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/atm_meth/csiro/csiro-shetlandch4.html.
Figure 3
EPICA Dome C, Antarctica: approximately 796,475 BCE to 1937 CE
Schilt, A., M. Baumgartner, T. Blunier, J. Schwander, R. Spahni, H. Fischer, and T.F. Stocker. 2010. Glacial-interglacial and millennial scale variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 800,000 years. Quaternary Sci. Rev. 29:182-192. ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/epica_domec/edc-n2o-2010-800k.txt. Antarctica: approximately 1903 CE to 1976 CE
Battle, M., M. Bender, T. Sowers, P. Tans, J. Butler, J. Elkins, J. Ellis, T. Conway, N. Zhang, P. Lang, and A. Clarke. 1996. Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past century measured in air from firn at the South Pole. Nature 383:231-235. ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/global_climate/global_N_cycle/data/global_N_perturbations.txt. Cape Grim, Australia: 1979 CE to 2013 CE
AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment). 2015. Monthly mean N₂O concentrations for Cape Grim, Australia. Accessed June 5, 2015. http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/wdcgg/cgi-bin/wdcgg/catalogue.cgi. South Pole, Antarctica: 1998 CE to 2015 CE
Barrow, Alaska: 1999 CE to 2015 CE
Mauna Loa, Hawaii: 2000 CE to 2015 CE
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2016. Monthly mean N₂O concentrations for Barrow, Alaska; Mauna Loa, Hawaii; and the South Pole. Accessed June 8, 2016. www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/insitu/cats/cats_conc.html. Printer-friendly PDF of all text and figures

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
climate change; global warming; science; indicator; data; greenhouse gas; global; atmosphere; concentration; carbon dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases | US EPA

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and certain manufactured greenhouse gases have all risen significantly over the last few hundred years (see Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4). Historical measurements show that the current global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are unprecedented compared with the past 800,000 years (see Figures 1, 2, and 3).

# data[].attributes.headline
Fighting Food Loss and Food Waste in Japan

# data[].attributes.subject
Fighting Food Loss and Food Waste in Japan

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Fighting Food Loss and Food Waste in Japan
The author :
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/save-food/PDF/FFLFW_in_Japan.pdf

# data[].attributes.headline
Food wedges: Framing the global food demand and supply challenge towards 2050. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Food wedges: Framing the global food demand and supply challenge towards 2050. 

# data[].attributes.body
Keating, B. A., Herrero, M., Carberry, P. S., Gardner, J., & Cole, M. B. (2014). Food wedges: Framing the global food demand and supply challenge towards 2050. Global Food Security, 3(3-4), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.08.004

# data[].attributes.headline
The tendency of food self-sufficiency ratio based on calories per countries and areas between 1961 and 2019. 

# data[].attributes.subject
The tendency of food self-sufficiency ratio based on calories per countries and areas between 1961 and 2019. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
統計の概要

集計・推計結果

第1報（統計表一覧）

食料需給表

調査結果データ〔Excel：e-Stat〕

お問合せ先

大臣官房政策課食料安全保障室

代表：03-3502-8111（内線3807）
ダイヤルイン：03-6744-0487

PDF形式のファイルをご覧いただく場合には、Adobe Readerが必要です。
Adobe Readerをお持ちでない方は、バナーのリンク先からダウンロードしてください。

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
食料需給表 調査結果データ〔Excel：e-Stat〕 お問合せ先 大臣官房政策課食料安全保障室 代表：03-3502-8111（内線3807）ダイヤルイン：03-6744-0487 PDF形式のファイルをご覧いただく場合には、Adobe Readerが必要です。 Adobe Readerをお持ちでない方は、バナーのリンク先からダウンロードしてください。

# data[].attributes.headline
Where tradition meets change: Japan’s agricultural politics in transition.

# data[].attributes.subject
Where tradition meets change: Japan’s agricultural politics in transition.

# data[].attributes.body
Mulgan. (n.d.). Where tradition meets change: Japan’s agricultural politics in transition. The Journal of Japanese Studies., 31(2), 261–298. https://doi.org/info:doi/

# data[].attributes.headline
The impacts of Japanese food losses and food waste on global natural resources and greenhouse gas emissions.

# data[].attributes.subject
The impacts of Japanese food losses and food waste on global natural resources and greenhouse gas emissions.

# data[].attributes.body
Munesue, Y., & Masui, T. (2019). The impacts of Japanese food losses and food waste on global natural resources and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(5), 1196–1210. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12863

# data[].attributes.headline
Food and agriculture problems for Japan and the World in the twenty-first century. Asia-Pacific Review

# data[].attributes.subject
Food and agriculture problems for Japan and the World in the twenty-first century. Asia-Pacific Review

# data[].attributes.body
Yamashita, K. (2006). Food and agriculture problems for Japan and the World in the twenty-first century. Asia-Pacific Review, 13(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439000600697050