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(minh hieu)6.4: Identity during the American Revolution

Loyalists:

-The American Revolution in effect created multiple civil wars(1775-1783)

-British America’s population is 2.5 million

-one-third(population) remained loyal to Great Britain, another third committed themselves to the cause of independence,and the remaining continue with their daily lives,no war.

-after the Revolution, as many as 100,000 colonists left

-1783, Hannah Ingraham’s Loyalist family removed from New York to Ste, she compiled her memories of that time.

Slaves and Indians:

-Washington refused to let slaves serve in the army, although he did allow free blacks.

-Whiteness, now a national identity, denoted freedom and stood as the key to power

-In the Revolutionary War, some blacks, both free and enslaved, chose to fight for the Americans

-Jean-Baptiste-Antoine de Verger created this 1781 watercolor, which depicts American soldiers at the Siege of Yorktown, his diary holds firsthand accounts of his experiences in the campaigns of 1780 and 1781.

-The Blind African Slave was published in 1810

-Boston King published his memoirs in 1792

-The Proclamations respecting the security and protection of Negroes

-Of the half a million slaves in the American colonies during the Revolution, twenty thousand joined the British cause

-people of color made heroic contributions to the cause of American Independence

-Thayendanegea joined forces with Colonel Barry St. Leger during the 1777 campaign, which ended with the surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga

Patriots:

-After an initial burst of enthusiasm in 1775 and 1776, the shortage of supplies became acute in 1777 through 1779, as Washington’s difficult winter at Valley Forge demonstrates

-By 1781, inflation was such that 146 Continental dollars were worth only one dollar in gold

Women:

-In colonial America, women shouldered enormous domestic and child-rearing responsibilities

-Women were also expected to provide food and lodging for armies and to nurse wounded soldiers.

-The Daughters of Liberty, an informal organization formed in the mid-1760s to oppose British revenue-raising measures

-A few also took part in combat and proved their equality with men through violence against the hated British

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6.3 War in the South (Minh Quân)

GEORGIA AND SOUTH CAROLINA

-          The British architect of the war strategy, Lord George Germain, believed Britain would gain the upper hand with the support of Loyalists, slaves, and Indian allies in the South, and indeed, this southern strategy initially achieved great success

-          The British began their southern campaign by capturing Savannah, the capital of Georgia, in December 1778

-          General Greene realized that to defeat Cornwallis, he did not have to win a single battle. So long as he remained in the field, he could continue to destroy isolated British forces

YORKTOWN

-          In the summer of 1781, Cornwallis moved his army to Yorktown, Virginia

-          Sensing an opportunity, a combined French and American force of sixteen thousand men swarmed the peninsula in September 1781.

-          In October 1781, the American forces began the battle for Yorktown, and after a siege that lasted eight days, Lord Cornwallis capitulated on October 19. Tradition says that during the surrender of his troops, the British band played “The World Turned Upside Down,” a song that befitted the Empire’s unexpected reversal of fortune.

THE TREATY OF PARIS

-          In April 1782, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay had begun informal peace negotiations in Paris. Officials from Great Britain and the United States finalized the treaty in 1783, signing the Treaty of Paris in September of that year

-          The treaty recognized the independence of the United States; placed the western, eastern, northern, and southern boundaries of the nation at the Mississippi

-          Under the terms of the treaty, individual states were encouraged to refrain from persecuting Loyalists and to return their confiscated property

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6.3: War in the South

By 1778, the war has turned into a stalemate

Expecting more supply from Loyalists, Britain invaded southern colonies but defeated by the Continental Army

*************Georgia and South Carolina***********

The British architect of war, Lord Georgia Germain, believed that they would have more advantage because of slaves, Loyalists and Indian allies in the South and this was called southern strat

=> Beginning this strat by capturing Savannah, the capital of Georgia in December 1778

After taking Georgia, South Carolina would be their next destination

There were two parts of South Carolina, the back country with harbored revolutionary partisans and the coastal regions with Loyalists

In April 1780, a British force of eight thousand soldiers besieged American forces in Charleston and they won after 6 weeks

=> Building a military government in Charleston to conquer the South Carolina

Due to the disaster at Charleston, General Horatio Gates was promoted to leader of American forces in the South but in August 1780, Cornwalls forces Gates to retreat into North Carolina

=> Changing leader to General Nathanael Greene in December 1780

With the strategic decision made by General Greene, the war turned in the Americas’ favor in 1781 (Greene decided to remain in the field just to isolate the British force)

=> British had to destroy Greene forces and they prevailed with extensive losses

********************Yorktown********************

In the summer of 1781, Cornwalls moved his army to Yorktown, Virginia with the purpose of the rebel ships would be kept by British navy

=> A combined French and America force of sixteen thousand men swarmed the peninsula in September 1781 to prevent Cornwalls from escaping

In October 1781, the American forces began the battle for Yorktown and won with the surrender of Cornwalls after 8 nights

***************The Treaty of Paris**************

The Parliament of Great Britain voted to end further military operations against the rebels and to begin peace negotiations

In 1782, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and John Jay begun peace negotiations in Paris and the treaty finalized by Great Britain and the United State in 1783

The treaty recognized the independence of the United States; placed the western, eastern, northern and southern boundaries of the nation at the Mississippi River, the Atlantic Ocean , Canada, and Florida, respectively,…

6.1 - thùy linh
- In the 1760s and 1770s , Great Britain a policy of law and order when dealing with the crises in the colonies in
- Relations between the British and many American Patriots worsened over the decade, culminating in an unruly mob destroying a fortune in tea by dumping it into Boston Harbor in December 1773 as a protest against British tax laws.
=> The harsh British response to this act in 1774, which included
sending British troops to Boston and closing Boston Harbor, caused tensions and resentments to escalate further.
+ The British tried to disarm the insurgency in Massachusetts by confiscating their weapons
+ arresting the leaders of the leaders of the patriotic movement
HOWEVER , THIS EFFORT FALTERED  on April 19, when Massachusetts militias and British troops fired on each other as British troops marched to Lexington and Concord

On the eve of revolution
-  period from 1763 to  1774 was a difficult for the British Empire
- Although Great Britain had defeated the French in the French and Indian War, the debt from that conflict remained a stubborn and seemingly unsolvable problem for both Great Britain and the colonies.
=> Great Britain tried various methods of raising revenue on both sides of the Atlantic to manage the enormous debt, including instituting a tax on tea and other goods sold to the colonies by British companies, but many subjects resisted these taxes.
- In the colonies, Patriot groups like the Sons of Liberty led boycotts of British goods and took violent measures that stymied British officials.
- In December 1773, a group of Patriots protested the Tea Act by
boarding British tea ships docked in Boston Harbor and dumping tea worth over $1 million into the water.
=>The destruction of the tea radically escalated the crisis between Great Britain and the American colonies.
- In September and October 1774, all the colonies except Georgia participated in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. The Congress advocated a boycott of all British goods and established the
Continental Association to enforce local adherence to the boycott.
- supplanted royal control and shaped resistance to Great Britain

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Q1gbH48hIQ_mRkAKj9SwK2ZHm5sZBs2hgyexvQq3m9Y/edit?usp=sharing

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6.1
-America and British owes a huge debt after French and Indian war and relationship between them are worsened
-British put taxes in product like sugar and tea for America colony to meditate the damage
-America refused to pay the new form of taxes so they protest against British by throwing tea? to the Boston Harbour in 1775
-After British army get to America, in Massachusetts, 2 armies starting to fight
-As tension rises and eventually British troop fire against America colonist know as Boston Massacre and directly lead to the American Revolution

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6.3
1. Georgia and south carolina

-       The british architect strategy achieved great success by gain the upper hand wth the support of slaves, Indian allies in the South

-       The british started their southern campaign by capturing the capital of Georgia, Savannah, in December 1778

-       The british force the inhabitants to swear allegiance to the king and formed twenty Loyalist regiments after they regained political control in Georgia

-       The Continental Congress had suggested that slaves will be free if they joined the Patriot army against the British but Revolutionaries had refused

-       In April 1780, a British force of eight thousand soldiers besieged the Americans at Charleston.

-       After six weeks of the Siege of Charleston, the British were victorious. General Benjamin Lincoln, who led revolutionaries, had to surrender all of his forces. That was the largest American loss during the entire war.

-       Many defeated Americans were sent to prison or in British prison ships at anchor in Port Charleston.

-       The British established a military government in Charleston under the command of General Sir Henry Clinton

-       The large number of Loyalists who helped ensure the success of the southern strategy, and thousands of slaves seeking freedom came to aid Cornwallis' army.

-       The war had turned becasue General Greene realized that to defeat Cornwallis he didn’t need to win a single battle.

-       Greene made a strategic decision to divide his troops to wage war — and the strategy worked. American forces under the command of General Daniel Morgan decisively defeated the British at the Battle of Cowpens in the South Carolina.

2. Yorktown

-       In the summer of 1781, Cornwallis moved his troops to Yorktown, Virginia.

-       French Admiral de Grasse maneuvered his naval force into the Chesapeake Bay, stopping Lord Cornwallis from the exit to the sea.

-       In October 1781, American forces began the battle to capture Yorktown, and after a siege that lasted 8 the day, Lord Cornwallis surrendered on 19 October

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6.1 Minh Thanhf
1.ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION
- Tea Dumping leads to the Coercive laws
=> First Continential Congress to faced against the Coercive laws: advocated a boyscott of all Bristish goods, enforce local adherence to boyscott
* The associaltion supplanted royal control and shape resistance to Great Britain
- The raising of colonial militias to support when needed
- Boston:
+ General Thomas Gage arrived as the new royal gorvernor
+ Th.G ordered raid in town which guns and guns powder were stockpiled
=> Boston became the British military headquaters
* Minutemen: local rebel militias, able to mobilize for any conflicts
2.THE OUTBREAK OF FIGHTING
- Th.G ordered troops to seize powder magazine stored in Concord
- Call for arrest of Samual Adams, John Hancock
- Paul Revere's Ride which is the notification for the minuteman => The war of Lexington and Concord ( First engage of the American Revolution)
- Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold led a group of rebels succeeded in capturing Fort Ticonderoga
=> bolster the Siege of Boston
- The battle of Bunker Hill: Th.G troops resolved to take the Breed's Hill but heavily damaged
* The British is isolated in the city and have no control of the countryside  ->  The British evacuation
- Mecklenburg Resolve: Colonists are no longer loyal and allegiance to Great Britain
+ Patriot : separate / Loyalist : stay in britain
- Dunmore's Proclamation: Slave were used to put down the rebellion( fight for british = freedom)
-  Because of Patriot's resistant, their slave property were deprived by the British
3.COMMON SENSE:
- Thomas Paine:
+ Republicanism: eleced representative
+ Popular sovereignty: People are determine who would represent them and decide other issues, on the basis of majority rule

6.2 – Thành Long

a) The British strategy in the middle colonies

- After evacuating Boston in March 1776, British forces sailed to Nova Scotia to regroup

- In August 1776, General William Howe landed his forces on Long Island and easily routed the American Continental Army. Despite the Howes’ hopes, however, the Americans demanded recognition of their independence and the conference disbanded

- On September 16, 1776, George Washington’s forces held up against the British at the Battle of Harlem Heights. On October 28, General Howe’s forces defeated Washington’s at the Battle of White Plains

b) George Washington and the continental army

- When the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in May 1775, members approved the creation of a professional Continental Army

- From December 25th to December 26th, Washington moved on Trenton where the Hessians were encamped. On January 3, 1777, Washington achieved another much-needed victory at the Battle of Princeton. He again broke with eighteenth-century military protocol by attacking unexpectedly after the fighting season had ended

c) Philadelphia and Saratoga: British and American victories

- In August 1777, General Howe brought fifteen thousand British troops to Chesapeake Bay as part of his plan to take Philadelphia. During the winter of 1777–1778, the British occupied the city

- Washington’s winter at Valley Forge was a low point for the American forces. In February 1778, Prussian soldier Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben transformed the Continental Army into a force capable of standing up to the professional British and Hessian soldiers

- The British had attempted to isolate New England with the combined forces of 3 armies but the plan ended in disaster. On October 17, 1777, Burgoyne surrendered to the Continental Army

- The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was the major turning point in the war as it convinced the French to recognize American independence and form a military alliance with the new nation

- The war quickly became more difficult for the British. Spain joined the war against Great Britain in 1779. Great Britain’s effort to isolate New England in 1777 failed. In June 1778, the British force evacuated and returned to New York City

6.3 Khôi Nguyên
1. War in the South

- In 1778, the war nearly went to the end but King George III insist that colonies must be obedient

- The British used their old strategy and wanted to fight with the southern colonies where would be the center of the fighting

- The British won the southern colonies because of their ways but thanks to the leadership of George Washington and General Nathanael and to important support from French, the Continental defeated the British

2. Georgia and South Carolina

- Lord George Germain had known Britain would be stronger with the support of Loyalists, slaves and India allies

- The British began their campaign by capturing Savannah in December 1778

- The Continental Congress had promised that would give the slaves freedom if they joined Patriot army to fight the British but the revolution of the British’s campaign became more and more better so all of the slaves had refuse this request

- After capturing Georgia, the British changed their target to South Carolina

- In 1780, 8 thousand of British soldiers had surrounded American force in Charleston. After 6 weeks fighting with the American, General Benjamin Lincoln had surrounded, the British created a military government under the commands of General Sir Henry Clinton

- Congress decided to change the military leadership again, this time Nathanael Greene was the leader in December 1780

- General Greene wanted to defeat Cornwallis and continue to defeat British forces

- General Daniel Morgan decided to beat the British at the Battle of Cowpens

3. Yorktown

- In the summer of 1781, Cornwallis moved his force to Yorktown

- 16 thousand of combined French and American men regroup in September 1781

6.4 tienong
1 Loyalist

British America’s population of 2.5 million, roughly one-third remained loyal to Great Britain.

Many Loyalists were royal officials and merchants with extensive business ties to Great Britain

The other simply resented local business and political rivals who supported the Revolution

During the war revolutionaries imprisoned William in Connecticut

2 Slaves and Indians:
- Revolutionary leaders unlike the British did not grant such slaves their freedom as a matter of course.
- Refused to let slaves serve in the army, although he did allow free blacks.
- Whiteness, now a national identity, denoted freedom and stood as the key to power. Blackness, more than ever before, denoted servile status.
3 Patriots:
- In 1777 through 1779 the shortage of supplies became acute, as Washington’s difficult winter at Valley Forge demonstrates.
- By 1781, inflation was such that 146 Continental dollars were worth only one dollar in gold.
4 Women:
- In the mid-1760s, the Daughters of Liberty, an informal organization formed to oppose British revenue-raising measures
- A few also took part in combat and proved their equality with men through violence against the hated British.