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제목을-입력해주세요_ (1)

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Store photos and docs online. Access them from any PC, Mac or phone. Create and work together on Word, Excel or PowerPoint documents.

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영어롤모델

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https://www.miricanvas.com/v/1zqhu8

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디자인 고민 끝! 템플릿으로 바로 해결하는 웹 디자인 플랫폼 ‘미리캔버스’

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나의 롤모델(신채호).

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빵을 건조시켜 크러스트로 만든 후 보리와 몰트를 대신해 맥주를 만든다
출처:블로그-푸디안젤라

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Officials rule out suspected foot and mouth case in Norfolk

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Officials rule out suspected foot and mouth case in Norfolk

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Restrictions were imposed on areas suspected of foot-and-mouth disease.
Although it does not affect humans, it is fatal to animals and the number of animals dying from foot-and-mouth disease is increasing.
Foot-and-mouth disease occurs in the area in this article and tests are conducted on foot-and-mouth disease after restricting the area.
Foot-and-mouth disease last broke out in the UK in 2007, but at its most serious time, in 2001, more than 6 million animals were killed.
구제역이 의심되는 구역을 제한조치하였다.
인간에겐 영향을 끼치지 않지만 동물에겐 치명적이고 구제역으로 인해 폐사되는 동물 수가 많아지고 있다.
이 기사 속 나오는 지역에서 구제역이 발생하고 그 지역을 제한한 후 구제역에 관한 테스트를 실시한다고 했다.
영국에서 구제역은 2007년에 마지막으로 발생했지만 가장 심각했을 때인 2001년엔 600만 마리 이상의 동물들이 폐사당했다.

My opinion:
Recently, there are many common infectious diseases such as monkey head lance, but foot-and-mouth disease is an infectious disease that is only applicable to animals, so it will not be easy to study.
I also hope that the vaccine will be developed to prevent animals from dying because of the successful testing of foot-and-mouth disease.
나의 의견:
최근 원숭이 두창같은 인수공통감염병도 많은데 구제역은 오로지 동물에게만 해당되는 감염병이라 연구하는 게 쉽진 않을 것 같다.
또한 구제역에 관한 테스트가 성공적으로 이루어져서 동물들이 폐사당하지 않도록 백신이 개발되었으면 좋겠다.

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Officials have ruled out a suspected case of foot and mouth disease in Norfolk.

Movement restrictions and a temporary six-mile (10km) control zone for animals were enforced around a pig farm near Feltwell in west Norfolk, according to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

But in a statement a Defra spokesperson said: "Following reports of a possible case of foot and mouth disease on a farm in Norfolk, we acted swiftly to put in place restrictions on the premises and collected samples for testing. Testing has allowed us to fully rule out the presence of this disease. Investigations into other possible causes continue."

The UK's chief veterinary officer, Christine Middlemiss, tweeted: "Following swift action in response to this possible case I can confirm that testing has enabled me to fully rule out presence of disease."

Sign up to First Edition, our free daily newsletter - every weekday morning at 7am BST

Foot and mouth disease is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of livestock that affects cattle, swine, sheep, goats and other cloven-hoofed animals.

According to the World Organisation for Animal Health, the disease is not readily transmissible to humans and is not a public health risk.

The last outbreak in Britain was in 2007, but a particularly severe outbreak occurred in 2001 and culminated in the slaughter of more than 6 million animals.

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Officials rule out suspected foot and mouth case in Norfolk

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Officials have ruled out a suspected case of foot and mouth disease in Norfolk. Movement restrictions and a temporary six-mile (10km) control zone for animals were enforced around a pig farm near Feltwell in west Norfolk, according to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

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이번 과에서 배운 upcycling에 대한 자신의 아이디어를 업로드해주세요. 본인의 창의력을 보여주어도 좋고, 검색으로 찾은 신선한 업사이클링에 대한 사례로 좋습니다^^

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업사이클링 사례: KOYO 벤치

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업사이클링 사례: KOYO 벤치

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제주 올레길에 설치된 해양플라스틱 쓰레기와 수거한 밀폐용기를 재가공해서 만든 벤치입니다! 폐플라스틱 150kg을 선별, 분리, 분쇄 과정을 거쳐 만들었습니다. -출처: 해양환경공단 블로그

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업사이클 이용 사례:사과 찌꺼기를 가죽 가방으로 변환 10402 고연주

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업사이클 이용 사례:사과 찌꺼기를 가죽 가방으로 변환 10402 고연주

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이탈리아 회사 프루맷은 사과껍질과 찌꺼기로 만든 사과 가죽, '애플 스킨'을 생산합니다.
부드러운 재질의 사과 가죽은 동물 가죽 및 화확 처리를 거친 인조가죽 대체제로 활용할 사 있는 데다, 매년 대량으로 버려지는 사과 찌꺼기를 친황경 소재로 재해석하고 있습니다.
출처:네이버 블로그 BMW코리아미래재단

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업사이클링 사례 : 제주 페트병을 활용한 옷

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업사이클링 사례 : 제주 페트병을 활용한 옷

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노스페이스는 업사이클링의 활성화를 위해 제주에서 수거된 100여톤의 페트병을 활용하여 ‘노스페이스 K-ECO 삼다수컬렉션’을 출시하였다. 노스페이스는 ‘이 컬렉션은 제주 삼다수에서 영감을 받은 디자인을 통해 청정 제주의 자연환경을제품에 담아냈으며 돌하르방을 비롯한 페트병을 줍고 있는 캐릭터 그래픽과 함께 전체적으로 청량감을 주는 그린과 화이트, 네이비 컬러 조합을 사용하였으며 3색 그라데이션 노스페이스 로고와 레터링 및 삼다수 모양의 와펜이 디자인 포인트로 적용되었습니다’ 라고 밝혔다. - 출처 : 노스페이스 공식 블로그, 제주 투데이 ‘제주삼다수, 업사이클 사업 확대 추진… 친환경 경영 앞장’

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서울의 공간 업사이클링

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업사이클링 사례: 폐마스크를 재활용한 터치프리키(touch free key)

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업사이클링 사례: 폐마스크를 재활용한 터치프리키(touch free key)

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연세대학교 대학생들이 폐마스크를 재활용해
'touch free key'를 만들었다고 한다.
터치프리키는 손을 대지 않고 엘리베이터의 버튼이나 공공장소의 스위치를 눌러 코로나19 감염을 낮추기 위해 만들어진 용품이다.
출처-터치포굿, mbc방송

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업사이클링 사례:하이사이클에서 판매하는 화분 바스켓

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업사이클링 사례:하이사이클에서 판매하는 화분 바스켓

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하이사이클이라는 회사는 우리나라 업사이클링 제품을 판매하는 회사이다. 우리나라는 커피 소비량이 15만톤으로 전세계 6위로 2017년기준 약 60kg 커피 자루가 일반 쓰레기로 버려진다. 이 커핒 자루의 원단은 황마로, 열대지방의 식물성 섬유로 만들어 가볍고 튼튼하다는 장점이 있다. 또한 통풍성이 좋아 커피가 썪는 것을 방지하기 위해 커피 자루는 내구성, 향균성, 내수성이 좋아서 커피생두를 담은 커피 자루는 화분 바스켓을 만들었다
출처:하이사이클 홈페이지

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업사이클링 사례 (시글라스 업사이클링)

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업사이클링 사례 (시글라스 업사이클링)

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피스플래닛에서 바다에서 주운 유리쓰레기로 뱃지,자석,귀걸이,선인장자석을 새롭게 만들었다
출처 : 피스플래닛

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청호나이스가 사회복지기관에 환경보호캠페인을 통해 친환경 커피비누를 전달했다 청호나이스는 제로웨이스트 실천목적으로 고객이 커피 추출 뒤 버려지는 커피캡슐 회수를 신청하면 청호나이스가 수거 및 업사이클링을 진행했다.
출처:파이낸셜뉴스 정상희

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영어롤모델

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업사이클링 사례(사진ㅇ)

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업사이클링 사례(사진ㅇ)

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제 역할을 다한 유리병들을 모아 역시 팬던트 조명으로 활용했습니다.

멋진 분위기에 인테리어 효과까지 더해주는 멋진 업사이클링이네요!

​

​

​<사진출처- google>

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선거기간에는 많은 선거현수막이 걸린다
자신을 뽑아달라는 외침의 현수막은 나중에 어떻게 될까? 터치포굿은 선거 후 애물단지가 되는 현수막을 에코백으로 만드는 업사이클링 활동을 진행했다

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업사이클링 사례: 버려지는 재료와 버려지는 페트병으로 과자 만들기

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업사이클링 사례: 버려지는 재료와 버려지는 페트병으로 과자 만들기

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CJ제일제당은 작년 10월 식품 부문 사내벤처 1호 사업으로, 버려지는 식재료를 다른 식품으로 재탄생시키는 '푸드 업사이클링'을 선정했다.포장재는 쓰고 버린 페트병을 재활용해 친환경적 가치를 높였다.
-네이버 매일경제

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 잘구워진 빵 내에 함유된설탕 성분을 추출해 발효시켜 알코올을 만든다.빵이 맥주로 만들어지는데 약2주 정도 걸리고, 버려지는 275kg의 빵으로 4,482 리터의맥주를 만든다고 합니다.

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Dina AH Al-Jamal

Department of Instruction and Curriculum, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

Objective: This study has investigated the role of linguistic clues in medical students' reading comprehension. The association between medical students' reading comprehension and their use of linguistic contextual clues through a descriptive analytical procedure has been investigated.
Methods: Three intact sessions were conducted at the Jordanian University entailing 20 students in each session. The participants responded to a reading comprehension test, an inference test, and a vocabulary scale sheet.
Results: Individuals, who took part in the interview, were dependent solely on the word morphology and sentence-level clues, while evaluating the medical texts. This would help in finding the association between the comprehension evaluation and the use of linguistic clues.
Conclusion: Language intervention should be initiated in an effort to improve medical students' reading comprehension.

Keywords: reading comprehension, clues, medical students, Yarmouk University

Introduction

Vocabulary plays a major role in the learning process of foreign language to comprehend the words and terminologies accordingly. As it is described in the research that the individuals learning medical language are usually found carrying dictionaries rather than "grammar books". The learners should focus not only on the words but also on the development of their own vocabulary to have better fluency in English. In fact, vocabulary plays a vital role in the enhancement of students' linguistic knowledge.

Comprehension of medical texts is considered as one of the most difficult processes among understanding technical terms of diversified fields. Particularly, a study has considered reading as a constant guessing activity, which refers that no matter what level the student is, he/she will often come across many complicated words in the text. Guessing and inferring meanings of unfamiliar vocabulary can be considered as a strategy, which is worth developing.

English has been found to be the major language, while practicing medicine in Jordan; therefore, it is the basic requirement for Jordanians to get command over English terminologies. The goal of this study is to investigate the linguistic knowledge sources used as clues by medical students at JUST University. It is important to get perfect with some fundamental academic skills to get success as a practitioner. Concerning this aspect, developing English language skills are of particular significance among the medical students.

The aim of this study was to suggest linguistic clues to comprehend the text for medical students, as their learning process frequently gets disturbed because of complex terms. The study also highlighted the issue faced by the medical students in the instant academic achievement (ie, reading comprehension) and the uncertain future practice. On the practical grounds, the study would be significant in providing medical innovation, which is a universal indispensable requirement. Especially in the case of Jordan, students need to learn English because it provides the means of teaching, learning, and research. The study has contributed in the medical domain along with its derivatives, which mainly include psychological, neurological, and dentistry domains for better understanding of the clinical terminologies.

Developing reading comprehension skills is a significant requirement for medical students to communicate with other students and experts in the field. Accordingly, this study attempted answering the following questions:

1. Is there an association between medical students' reading comprehension and their use of vocabulary clues?

2. Which of the vocabulary clues help to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words?

Literature review

The field of second language learners (L2) vocabulary pedagogy and acquisition has been tremendously approached by researchers in recent years. The concentration of acquisition has been a more incidental approach toward word "knowledge" through listening and reading activities. The lexical inferencing of the individuals is affected through lexical processing strategies of learners. The occurrence of vocabulary learning emerged along with the essence of unknown words through extensive reading. A strong association between reading comprehension and vocabulary knowledge has been observed by numerous educators and researchers. Indeed, the text is effectively assumed by learners, who comprehend better.

The comprehension of text is substantially acknowledged, when associated with the skill of learning. Therefore, a vocabulary building constituent must be entailed to enhance the skills of learners and to comprehend the essence of reading. It is reviewed that absolute comprehension of an academic script involves 10,000 words of vocabulary or more as content words with limited exceptions. Thus, language teaching instructions should emphasize on vocabulary learning and strategies for better understanding. Language learning is a mere internalization of grammatical standards, which is the most important issue; however, vocabulary is considered as a secondary issue for the students. Later and through the history of teaching methods, vocabulary was repeatedly absent and achieved only limited attention in textbooks.

The comprehension of the text is consequently influenced through the knowledge of a subject matter. The link between reading comprehension and vocabulary development is highly associated with four possible factors, including underlying aptitude, comprehensive essence of learning, thorough understanding, and access to prior knowledge. The implication of four possible factors on vocabulary knowledge can positively enhance the reading comprehension of learners. Furthermore, direct teaching of the essence of words is less perceived as compared to the learning vocabulary in segregation. It has been indicated that implicit and indirect learning of vocabulary is necessary because difficult terminologies can only be understood by comprehending them appropriately. This aspect resulted in the unintentional learning of vocabulary by the learners. In contrast, many students have supported explicit vocabulary instructions for the students and teachers.

The acquisition of vocabulary has been approached by incidental learning and explicit learning. Explicit learning refers the words by subjecting comprehensive concentration toward the words, whereas, incidental learning deeply focuses on the understanding of discourse meaning as compared to vocabulary learning. The argument has been presented to explore the effective method between incidental and explicit learning to determine the effectiveness of vocabulary learning. The essence of individual words is directly notified from the explicit vocabulary instruction, which might be effectual for particular reading text. However, the consequence cannot be shown in any progressive escalation in entire vocabulary size. The augmenting incidental vocabulary learning can be easily attained to provide the major progress toward the objectives of vocabulary development.

Frequent findings of guessing were observed while reading the medical texts. Haastrup defined lexical inference as creating "informed" meaning of a word in light of all available linguistic clues. Guessing the meaning of vocabulary items is possibly affected by factors that are relevant to the context. Learning strategies related to medical vocabulary were featured by guessing meaning from the context or from L2 linguistic knowledge. Schmitt discovered two types of strategies, namely discovery and consolidation. Discovery strategies include guessing centered on L2 linguistic knowledge or from context. Consolidation strategies entail social strategies like asking a friend for the meaning.

Jones suggested that guessing is one of the most used strategies to comprehend terminologies effectively. Additionally, it has been reported that the most utilized strategies included dictionary and guessing strategies. Inferencing was frequent as 80% of the overall word meaning practices. A study selected trained 20 readers for three successive weeks on linguistic context clues (definitions, appositives, and prior knowledge). The study reported that context clues were used to develop students' understanding of meaning and helped them to be more alert to the text.

Methods

The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research promotes international competition for research impact factor and funding; thus, collaborations among universities in Jordan are welcomed. The study took place at the Faculty of Medicine at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) University, which was established as early as 1983; unlike the Faculty of Medicine at Yarmouk University, to which the researcher is affiliated to, no student has graduated yet (established recently in 2013). Thus, exploring JUST students' reading comprehension, in a way or another, may inspire Yarmouk University students' learning strategies tremendously. For transparency reasons, the participants of the study were informed about the purpose of the research along with their rights to decline while assuring the confidentiality of their names.

The sample was selected purposefully to entail three intact sections that have 20 students each and were enrolled in a medical course at JUST University in the academic year 2016/2017. The students were grouped on the basis of levels in the courses ranging from 1 to 6. The students were divided into at least three groups as follows:

1. first and second-year medical students,

2. third and fourth-year medical students, and

3. fifth and sixth-year medical students.

Two sets of instruments were developed for the data collection process; the first set consisted of two tests while the other set included a vocabulary scale sheet. The level of grammatical proficient medical students in each year was assessed on the basis of standardized course that covered all aspects of medical English, including medical terminology, reading, writing, speaking, and comprehension.

One test was steered for assessing medical students' comprehension (The National Exam of the English Language). It was used with one point for each correct answer. For the assessment of real use of linguistic clues, a second test was developed where one point was allocated for each linguistic clue. The terminologies including association, collocation, and morphology were included in the word-level clues. Word association clues included exchange of words that are associated together. Word collocation clues included those that were often used together. It is related to students' awareness of word affixes and stems. These terminologies were used to comprehend the meaning of the unknown terminologies.

Concerning sentence-level clues, the study incorporated sentence grammar clues, punctuation clues, and sentence meaning clues. Sentence grammar clues appear somewhere in the passage across the sentence itself and from the inner structure of the sentence. Punctuation clues include commas, parenthesis, and so on, which helped students to guess the meaning of unfamiliar word. Sentence meaning clues are based on students' world experience. A vocabulary scale sheet ranging from 0 to 5 was used for surveying the practices of students in finding out their practices of guessing the meanings of unknown words. Classification of linguistic clues by Paribakht (701-748) was adapted. According to such classification, L2 linguistic clues include word and sentence-level clues. Examples of word-level clues are as follows:

1. Association of the target word with another familiar word (ie, association).

2. Awareness of words that regularly occur with the target word (ie, collocation).

3. Morphological analysis of the target word built on awareness of grammatical inflections, stems, and suffixes (ie, morphology).

Additionally, examples of sentence clues used in this study are as follows:

1. Awareness of the syntactic features of the target word, its speech part, and order constraints (ie, grammar).

2. Awareness of rules of punctuation and their meanings (ie, punctuation).

3. The meaning of the sentence containing the target word (ie, sentence meaning).

In order to examine face validity of the instruments, a panel of five experts revised the instruments and were asked to validate the content of the instruments, concerning their fitness under the context of this study. All their comments and suggestions were studied carefully. The reliability of the tests and the vocabulary scale were checked by having a test-retest procedure. Specifically, the instruments were field tested and refined through the split-half method on a pilot group of 15 medical students selected randomly and left out later from the sample of the study. The participating students were asked to respond to the tests and the scale twice within a 2-week interval. Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.88 for the comprehension test, 0.83 for the linguistic clues test, and 0.84 for the vocabulary scale. These were considered suitable to conduct the study.

Results

Association between comprehension and clues

Results of the first research question: Is there an association between medical students' reading comprehension and their use of vocabulary clues?

A reading comprehension test and a linguistic clues test were carried out to identify the association between comprehension and the use of linguistic clues among medical students at a Jordanian university. The researcher reported a mean score of 4.15 for comprehension as contrasted to a mean score of 3.78 for using linguistic clues as demonstrated in Table 1.

Table 1 shows that the results were calculated in mean scores and SD measures. The association between comprehension and linguistic clues was intended to be very evident. Such findings are in congruence with cognitivist and pedagogical views. From a cognitivist's view, reading and thinking are interrelated factors where the reader establishes an interaction of choices between language clues and the meaning of the text. A further pedagogical view values the association between comprehension and language clues and invites teachers to train readers and enable them to guess the meaning of vocabulary from context.

Table 2 demonstrates a strong correlation between the two tests where the correlation value was 88.6. Furthermore, the table displays that this correlation is significant at the level of 0.01. In the similar aspect, the findings correlated with the outcomes of the study by Paribakht, who has reported on an introspective study that reading proficiency has strong correlation with contextual clues in English expository texts. Reading clues are very effective in the process of comprehension and correlate highly with readers' proficiency. Of particular concern, English as foreign language readers were reported to read word-by-word rather than detecting clues available in the context. However, the findings were contrasted with the outcomes of Soria, who reported that using context clues is not a useful tool in teaching and learning reading comprehension.

Table 2 The correlation between the comprehension test and the vocabulary clues test

Note: Vocabulary clues identified.

In order to answer the second research question, which stated: "What are the linguistic clues used in guessing the meaning of unfamiliar words?", a fill-in self-reported vocabulary scale was administered. The scale responses are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 demonstrates that most of the students were dependent comprehensively and consistently on both types of clues (M=3.75 and 3.81 for word and sentence clues, respectively). A strong preference of depending on linguistic clues in comprehending reading texts was identified. Word morphology clue was heavily used where M=4.12 as contrasted to word collocation clue (M=3.19). The findings show that the linguistic clues are in congruence with the study conducted by Nassaji and Nation, who concluded that readers' attention to language clues improve their reading proficiency. According to Stahl and Nagy, context clues raise L2 reader's awareness of information and eventually the intended meaning.

The results extracted from Table 3 supported the study conducted by Gough. The study showed that the parts of reading in the "Simple View of Reading" entailed decoding, which is related to vocabulary and morph syntactic knowledge. Furthermore, Fillmore and Snow suggested the morphological analysis strategy at the word level by breaking words into prefixes, root, and suffixes to illustrate the meanings. In this strategy, the readers will be able to find the meaning of words by analyzing the words. t-Test has been used to examine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the mean of sentence-level and word-level knowledge sources. Table 4 provides complete information.

Table 4 Comparison between mean values of sentence-level and word-level clues

Table 4 demonstrates a statistically significant effect between word and sentence-level clues (M=0.04) along with a t-test value (0.00). Such a difference between the two scores indicates that students used the sentence-level clues more than the word-level clues ( Table 5).

Within L2 linguistic clues at the word level, the participating respondents rely heavily on word morphology clues (items: 4, 13, 12, and 9) as of primary value, then word association clues (items: 8 and 18) as of secondary value, and finally word collocation clues (items: 8 and 16). Morphological clues elicited responses on students' knowledge of affixes in deciding words' meaning. Students were given two cases to decide whether they can use the morphological aspect of words to decide their meanings (eg, antibiotic). The mean score of word morphology amounted to 4.12 with an SD of 0.41. This mean value was significant because the one sample t-test value was less than the significant value (0.05). The items that signified word association clues were numbered (8 and 16). With the help of these questions, students' ability was assessed by using adjacent words/clues to figure out the problematic words in the text. For instance, students were asked to decide if they can or cannot infer the meaning of a word such as "essential" with the word "required". The mean score of word association clues was measured as 3.57 with a t-test significant value (0.00). Collocation clues represented in items 10 and 11 required finding out the meaning of words by checking the group of adjacent words (eg, cardiac regularly preceded the word valve; or tackle regularly comes before problem). The mean score of word collocation clues was estimated to be 3.19 along with a significant t-test value (0.000) ( Table 6).

Table 6 shows that the participating students tended to use sentence level in a way that is similar to word-level clues as the mean score of the sentence level amounted to 3.81 with an SD of 0.30; the value of this mean was significant as the one sample t-test value was less than 0.05. Clues relevant to sentence grammar tend to have the highest mean score as being crucial to understanding; thus students seemed to depend on them prominently. Punctuation clues were also significant, whereas sentence meaning clues seemed not that influential as the mean score was estimated to be 3.73 with an SD value of 0.51; yet statistically significant as well.

Medical vocabulary is one of the major issues that are faced by medical students at the university level during the process of reading medical texts. This is particularly valid for EFL contexts where students have limited exposure to English language. Typically, in foreign language contexts, teachers use conventional teaching methods, where the teacher is in charge for elucidating the meaning of vocabulary. Consequently, an intervention needs to take place where medical students are familiarized with types of vocabulary clues to make sound inferences. Although the association between comprehension and relying on clues is pronounced explicitly in this study, "good" readers depend greatly on linguistic clues. Nonetheless, such an association is totally disproved by the threshold hypothesis, which asserted exceeding word level before guessing new words.

The use of strategies for the reading comprehension has been evaluated through language-learning experience. It has been notified that numerous learners have experienced language learning with the reading comprehension. The findings of the previous study have shown that medical and dentistry students showed no interest in learning the vocabulary or have no resources to comprehend the vocabulary items. The use of dictionary strategies and social strategies is massively followed by medical students for the purpose of vocabulary learning. The use of varied strategies and semantic relationship has been associated with the new and previously learned words. Therefore, students are more concentrated toward regulating the initiatives and learning vocabulary words. Moreover, it has also indicated that opportunities are not created by students to learn English vocabulary on their own, which indicated that they are less interested.

The acquisition of explicit and implicit vocabulary teaching strategies has been preferred among medical students to enhance their reading comprehension. The perception of these students is apparent toward the learning of medical vocabulary. The essence of key words before commencing the assigned reading allows students to understand the notions of reading comprehension. The provision of reading text can provide students with the opportunity to enhance their word meaning skills and their vocabulary size. The effectual implementation of explicit and implicit vocabulary instruction has endowed a greater significance to understand the essence of complex words and expressions. Therefore, it has been revealed that the utilization of strategies for reading comprehension significantly supported medical students to understand the texts effortlessly.

In teaching medical vocabulary, it is recommended that systematic explanation of prefixes and suffixes attaching words in medical reading passages originated from Latin and Greek. As such, reading is the most appropriate skill for medical students when surveying the language needs of 349 medical students together with 20 of their tutors in Taiwan. Translation might be the most effective approach to provide rapid meaning in some situations.

The ineffectiveness of incidental learning is deemed, when compared with explicit vocabulary learning. However, the incentives of incidental learning exceed the advantages in vocabulary accomplished through instructor along with a particular extent of usual reading. The evaluation of learning vocabulary must be done through durable efficacy. Learners should be provided with opportunities to quest a large series of words as vocabulary instruction can endow repeated and multiple encounters for minute number of words. The enduring vocabulary development is required to enhance the reading comprehension. The fundamental approach is implemented to determine the potential ways of treating the unknown words in texts, when an instructor aims to develop vocabulary of learners through reading.

Conclusion

The study aimed to cover the association between medical students' usage of linguistic contextual clues and their reading comprehension. It has been observed that the students find it difficult to read medical texts during their university life. The study has shown that medical students seem to use different types of contextual clues at both levels, which included word and sentence level. It has also been evaluated that the limited exposure to English in EFL contexts is the main issue that has been come across. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between reading comprehension and L2 linguistic clues typically assessed by a reading test, a guessing test, and vocabulary scale. In view of the results, a significant correlation was found between the reading comprehension and the use of linguistic clues. Consequently, it can be concluded that the use of linguistic clues have a supportive role in students' reading comprehension. The limitations were certain words, which do not have any clues in the text and are often found difficult by the students. This aspect eventually resulted in poor understanding of any language that they intended to learn.

Acknowledgment

The author is very thankful to all the associated personnel in any reference who contributed in/for the purpose of this research.

Disclosure

The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.

References

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The role of linguistic clues in medical students' reading compre | PRBM

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The role of linguistic clues in medical students' reading comprehension Dina AH Al-Jamal Department of Instruction and Curriculum, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Objective: This study has investigated the role of linguistic clues in medical students' reading comprehension. The association between medical students' reading comprehension and their use of linguistic contextual clues through a descriptive analytical procedure has been investigated.

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According to the above passage, education is divided into formal and informal environments The official thing is that we generally go to daycare centers and schools It is said that informal things can be divided into thoughts, feelings, and actions I also think that education is not just about learning from a teacher, but about learning and building knowledge about a problem by myself

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Just because you can spot falsehoods doesn't mean you won't share them

By Nathaniel Sirlin & David Rand

There has been tremendous concern recently over misinformation on social media. It was a pervasive topic during the 2020 U.S. presidential election, continues to be an issue during the COVID-19 pandemic and plays an important part in Russian propaganda efforts in the war on Ukraine. This concern is plenty justified, as the consequences of believing false information are arguably shaping the future of nations and greatly affecting our individual and collective health.

One popular theory about why some people fall for misinformation they encounter online is that they lack digital literacy skills, a nebulous term that describes how a person navigates digital spaces. Someone lacking digital literacy skills, the thinking goes, may be more susceptible to believing-and sharing-false information. As a result, less digitally literate people may play a significant role in the spread of misinformation.

This argument makes intuitive sense. Yet very little research has actually investigated the link between digital literacy and susceptibility to believe false information. There's even less understanding of the potential link between digital literacy and what people share on social media. As researchers who study the psychology of online misinformation, we wanted to explore these potential associations.

To begin, we needed to establish clarity on what "digital literacy" means in this context. The term is used in many different ways, and the first step to studying it rigorously was to define it. We landed on two definitions: Digital literacy is the possession of basic digital skills required to effectively find information online, such as using the Internet to answer questions like "What is the capital city of Malawi?" or "What is the only U.S. National Park that begins with the letter T?" The other is focused specifically on social media, asking whether people understand how platforms decide what to show in the newsfeed.

With these measures in hand, we surveyed 1,341 Americans who matched the national distribution on age, gender, ethnicity and geographic region; in this way, they were representative of the U.S. population. We first showed them two dozen news headlines about politics or COVID-half of which were accurate, and half of which had been shown to be false by professional fact-checking Web sites. Then we measured their digital literacy by having them report their familiarity with various Internet-related terms and answer a question about how Facebook decides what to show in their newsfeeds. We examined the association between these digital literacy measures and two different outcomes: belief in, and willingness to share, accurate versus false news about these topics.

Our study found that digital literacy is indeed a good predictor of one's ability to discern accurate information from falsehoods. Both of our digital literacy measures were independently predictive of the tendency of study participants to rate factual news as more accurate than false news. The result was the same, regardless of the subjects' political affiliation and regardless of whether the news headlines were about politics or COVID.

When we looked at the connection between digital literacy and the willingness to share false information with others through social media, however, the results were different. People who were more digitally literate were just as likely to say they'd share false articles as people who lacked digital literacy. Like the first finding, the (lack of) connection between digital literacy and sharing false news was not affected by political party affiliation or whether the topic was politics or the pandemic.

Most surprisingly, even people with high digital literacy were not immune from clicking "share" for false news. This sounds odd. If you are digitally literate and can better tell the difference between true and false news, why wouldn't you be less likely to share falsehoods? A potential answer comes from prior work of ours on why people share misinformation. We found that although most people don't want to spread misinformation, social media is distracting: people are scrolling quickly, and their attention is drawn to social validation and other feedback, such as how many likes their posts will get. This means we often forget to even ask ourselves if a story is true or false when considering, however quickly, whether to share it.

Our latest study adds to these prior findings by suggesting that believing and sharing are not one and the same. Just because a piece of false information parading as "news" has been shared millions of times doesn't necessarily mean that millions of people believed it to be true; it could just be that the sharers never considered whether the news was true or not. And just because someone is better at distinguishing fact from falsehood if they stop to think about it does not necessarily mean that they will share more accurate information.

The bottom line is that, surprisingly, digital literacy may not be a key factor for predicting who spreads misinformation on social media. No one is immune from the potential to spread misinformation -so be sure to stop and ask yourself whether the news you see is accurate before you click "share."

This is an opinion and analysis article, and the views expressed by the author or authors are not necessarily those of Scientific American.

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Digital Literacy Doesn't Stop the Spread of Misinformation

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Just because you can spot falsehoods doesn't mean you won't share them

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According to the article above, a teacher at a high school pointed out a black person to write an essay on "Why Black Life Is Important" and became a problem.

Other than that, there have been behaviors that seem ineligible for teaching.
위 기사에 따르면 한 고등학교 교사가 흑인을 지목해 '흑인의 삶이 왜 중요한가'에 대한 에세이를 쓰라고해서 문제가 됐다. 그 외에도 가르칠 자격이 없어 보이는 행동들이 있었다.

When I saw this article, I thought that I should teach children carefully and sincerely, and teach them with the utmost consideration for their position
저는 이 기사를 보고 아이들을 신중하고 성실하게 가르쳐야겠다는 생각이 들었고, 아이들의 입장을 최대한 배려해서 가르쳐야겠다는 생각이 들었습니다.

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A New Jersey high school teacher is filmed referring to George Floyd as a ‘criminal’ and cursing at students

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A New Jersey high school teacher has been suspended with pay after launching into a rant during two virtual classes in which he allegedly called George Floyd a “criminal” and used profanity against his students.

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about Introvert Characteristics & Traits

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about Introvert Characteristics & Traits

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This article explains the introvert characteristics in detail. Introverts can be quiet and shy, but "introvert" and "shy" do not necessarily coincide. Introverts prefer to be alone because they can have time to recharge when they are alone rather than gathering in groups. As MBTI became popular, people became interested in personality characteristics, and in the process, misinformation spread along with it, and introversion is recognized as unconditionally quiet. It is important to realize that this is not the case unconditionally, although it may be the case in most cases, and to know their true characteristics.

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All of us have some degree of introversion-but some, in particular, are true introverts through and through. If you suspect you might be an introvert, here are the defining introvert characteristics to look out for, according to psychology experts.

An introvert is a person who is high in introversion, a personality trait characterized by a tendency to be energized by alone time rather than socializing.

"Extroverts gain energy from social interaction, while introverts expend energy in social situations," explains relationship therapist Ken Page, LCSW. "After attending a party or spending time in a large group of people, they often feel a need to 'recharge' by spending time alone."

Introversion and extroversion exist on a spectrum, with some people falling toward the middle (aka " ambiverts") and others being true introverts or extroverts. Preferences toward introversion and extroversion were first popularized in the 1900s by famed psychiatrist Carl Jung, who considered this spectrum to be one of the foundational traits that influence our overall personality. Today the scale is part of many popular personality assessments, such as the "Big 5" and the MBTI.

According to Page, introverts' own inner world helps them ground themselves. He adds that these folks tend to be more quiet, reserved, and introspective, though it's worth noting that "introvert" doesn't necessarily equate to "shy." Sure, some introverts can be shy, but as Page explains, shyness is more of an emotion than a trait, and many introverts' preference toward introversion isn't coming from a place of social anxiety, for example.

How common are introverts?

Some research suggests that up to half of the population are introverts, though it's important to remember that it is a spectrum. Many of us have the capacity to be introverted and extroverted at different moments, and thus would qualify as ambiverts, falling somewhere in the middle of the spectrum.

As communication expert Celeste Headlee previously explained to mbg, "Introversion and extroversion-the terms that Carl Jung came up with-describe the absolute ends of the spectrum."

What causes introversion?

According to Page, genetics plays a significant role in one's preference toward introversion versus extroversion. "In fact, of all the different personality traits," he says, "introversion and extroversion are one of the ones that are most strongly hereditary," he tells mbg, adding that environmental factors, such as how you were raised, will also come into play.

Our DNA also even determines the degree to which we can be flexible in these traits, he says. "Introversion and extroversion is really connected to a whole bunch of issues around our neurotransmitters, and the most important one is dopamine," he says.

Dopamine fuels our reward center in the brain, and Page explains that extroverts tend to appreciate or be motivated by those dopamine hits. "But introvert," he notes, "their brains are less driven by that need for dopamine and that excitement over dopamine."

Key introvert characteristics:

One telltale sign of an introvert is someone who prefers alone time, or at least the company of a small, close-knit circle, over a large group activity. They may also prefer to hang out with people one-on-one than in groups in general, and they need ample alone time to feel "recharged."

You can start to get a sense of whether you could be introverted if spending a lot of time socializing really wears you out. Of course, we all have a " social battery" to an extent, but if yours seems to drain particularly quickly, you're probably introverted.

Introverts tend to prefer quiet, "chill" environments, and they may be averse to a lot of external stimuli, according to Page. Things like busy markets, crowded streets, and noisy groups of people may all feel pretty overwhelming to you if you're an introvert.

Many introverts prefer to work alone over working on a team, and this is especially true if you're a "thinking introvert" (which we'll get into shortly). Extroverts thrive on solid teamwork, brainstorming with others, etc., while introverts tend to think (and execute tasks) more clearly on their own.

Last but not least, introverts have a great capacity to go within their own mind, often retreating to their inner solitude when they need a break. Page tells mbg they prefer to rely on this inner solitude for peace, as opposed to external sources like other people, which would be the case for extroverts.

There are a handful of different types of introverts, with one being social introverts, who prefer to spend time alone. As licensed psychotherapist Anthony Freire, LMHC, NCC, CCMHC, previously told mbg, "Social introverts are less interested in large gatherings or parties," adding that they don't avoid crowds because of anxiety but rather "where they feel the most comfortable and happy is either in complete solitude or in small groups in more subdued places."

There are also thinking introverts, characterized by a propensity to spend a lot of time thinking up in their own heads (and not necessarily voicing much). "The thinking introvert is very cognitive by nature. Often intellectual, this type of introvert is often at peace when studying, reading, learning, researching, and investigating," clinical psychologist Carla Marie Manly, Ph.D., previously explained to mbg. She adds that it wouldn't be uncommon for a thinking introvert to pause before speaking, as well, saying things like, "Let me think about that."

You may easily recognize an anxious introvert when you see one. According to Manly, they're often particularly quiet and can even seem on edge or nervous. For these folks, socializing may further stimulate the anxiety they feel, so they can tend toward an avoidant attachment style. She notes that this tendency to go inward may come across as rude or withdrawn, but it's really just a defense mechanism for protection.

Lastly, we have the restrained introvert, which is also sometimes called the "inhibited introvert." These people are most introverted around new people until they get to know them, and they have a grounded, thoughtful demeanor. As Manly explains, "The restrained introvert tends to be reflective and even plodding in nature. [They're] often steadfast and very rocklike in nature," adding that this type of introvert is often the "quiet, dutiful person others tend to rely on."

How to thrive as an introvert:

Life is one big balancing act, and the same can be said for finding a balance of introversion and extroversion that works for you. Page says there will be times when you need to lean into more extroverted qualities, but ultimately, "When you feel the pull to go back into your inner world, try to follow that pull and respect it if you can."

He adds that your introverted self is a portal to a deep and rich understanding of the world that is uniquely yours, so take advantage of that. "There's a root level of reflection and depth that introverts hold that often can make them feel self-conscious, but those are some of the richest parts of them-what I call their 'core gifts,'" Page says.

And as psychologist Perpetua Neo, DClinPsy, puts it, "There's a line between victimhood and doing something about it. When you can leverage introversion and let it empower you, that means you mutate a potential 'weakness' into a superpower."

While extroverts likely won't need as many boundaries in place in terms of socializing (because they want to socialize), introverts need to know how to hold firm boundaries with what they need. Page explains that thriving as an introvert means not second-guessing yourself. For example, if you're really not feeling those dinner plans you made last week, the right people will understand that you need the alone time.

And speaking of relationships, Page tells mbg that introverts can often have a more difficult time with dating -unless they know how to express their need for space in the context of a relationship. "If they don't," he says, "they'll unconsciously protect themselves by avoiding intimacy because they'll be afraid that they will be overwhelmed and overstimulated and not have the tools or the capacity to set boundaries."

And last but not least (and somewhat related to the above point about boundaries), know your limits in terms of what you find draining. "People who were introverted also need to be very much aware of protecting themselves against overstimulation and burnout," Page says.

You may need space from friends, family, even your partner -and that's OK. Introverts need to keep coming back to themselves, and while it's important to be able to flex some extroversion at times when it's needed, he says, you will feel more at peace when you honor your need for space.

Introverts are people who tend to focus on their inner world rather than the external. For these reserved and thoughtful individuals, understanding their own personality and inclination toward introversion can help them approach everything from work to relationships in a way that works for them.

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https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/introvert-characteristics-and-traits

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Think You're An Introvert? Here's How To Know For Sure, From Psychology Experts

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All of us have some degree of introversion-but some, in particular, are true introverts through and through. If you suspect you might be an introvert, here are the defining introvert characteristics to look out for, according to psychology experts.

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The Distinctiveness of the Ethics of Medicine

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The Distinctiveness of the Ethics of Medicine

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Centent:Doctors should judge patients' decision-making abilities carefully and sometimes make choices that contradict their choices, rather than follow the ethics of ordinary life that they should regard people as autonomous beings and respect their decisions

My comment:After seeing this article, patients continue to receive meaningless treatment without knowing whether they have a decision to stop life-sustaining treatment. I hope many people know this decision

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Planting trillion trees is the most effective way to tackle climate change

Even if there are already many trees on Earth, I think we should continue to plant them for climate change. It seems important to promote the tree planting campaign to attract more people through SNS.

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Villagers hired by Eden Reforestation Projects planting trees in the northern part of Goiás State, Brazil. Credit... Lalo de Almeida for The New York Times

To fight climate change, companies and nonprofits have been promoting worldwide planting campaigns. Getting to a trillion is easier said than done.

Villagers hired by Eden Reforestation Projects planting trees in the northern part of Goiás State, Brazil. Credit... Lalo de Almeida for The New York Times

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On a hot morning in April, near the start of Brazil's dry season, four women and two men walked single file across a sodden field at the edge of Engenho, a village in the northern part of Goiás State. They wore long sleeves and wide-brimmed hats to protect against the sun, and leather gaiters and gloves to protect against snakes. In a plastic tub, they carried an entire forest.

The women and men who made up this team of tree planters were all Kalunga, descendants of enslaved people who centuries ago fled into the Brazilian cerrado, the vast region of grasslands, savannas and open woodlands that covers much of the country's southern half. Nestled amid Goiás's forbidding mesas, Kalunga villages remained largely isolated from the outside world until the 1980s. Anthropologists arrived first, then teachers. The planting team's leader, Damião Santos, a trim, meditative man of 37 years, remembers when the first tourists showed up, attracted by nearby waterfalls. More and more, clay tiles and brick were used as building materials in place of the traditional spars and fronds of the buriti palm. Electricity came to the village. Then, a year ago, an organization appeared in the region, offering trees.

In the middle of the field, Santos stopped and pointed. There, nestled between tufts of grass, were three trees. They were several inches high and had two leaves each. Trees of similar size and shape were all around, Santos said. This wasn't really a field; it was a forest. As we walked, I tried to avoid crushing it.

The group behind this effort, the California-based Eden Reforestation Projects, had hired Santos and the other villagers to plant the trees because it believed that doing so would reduce poverty in the region while helping to alleviate both the local problem of deforestation and the global problems of biodiversity loss and climate change. As the slogan on the back of Santos's T-shirt put it: " Plante árvores. Salve vidas ": "Plant trees. Save lives." In a broader sense, the nonprofit was paying residents of Engenho to plant trees because individual and corporate donors, especially in the United States and Europe, wanted people in other parts of the world to plant trees. The idea that planting trees can effectively and simultaneously cure a host of the world's most pressing maladies has become increasingly popular in recent years, bolstered by a series of widely cited scientific studies and by the inspiring and marketable goal, memorably proposed by a charismatic 13-year-old, of planting one trillion trees.

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The growing demand for tree-planting is reflected in the ranks of the tree-planting organizations. In a study published last year in the journal Biological Conservation, a group of researchers led by Meredith Martin, a North Carolina State University forest ecologist, found that the number of tree-planting groups working in the tropics has increased by nearly 300 percent since the early 1990s, to more than 170. Most of that increase came in the last decade. The number of trees those organizations have reported planting, meanwhile, has increased by nearly 5,000 percent, although further information about these trees, including about how many of them still exist, is generally scant.

Some of the tree-planting outfits are nonprofits, like Eden. Others seek profits. Some plant the trees themselves, as Eden does, while others play intermediary roles, collecting and disbursing donations to organizations that plant the trees. Many of the companies offer trees at prices well within the reach of the average American or European consumer. One Tree Planted promises to plant one tree for each dollar it receives in donation. So do Earth Day; the National Forest Foundation; Grow Clean Air; ReTree; #TeamTrees; One Dollar, One Tree; and Trees4Trees. Plant-for-the-Planet has 1-euro trees. Just One Tree and (more:trees) each offer 1-pound trees. Trees for the Future will plant a tree for 25 cents, on average. Eden will do it in most places for as little as 15 cents. (The trees being planted in Engenho cost 33 cents apiece.)

In a world of grasshopperish myopia, planting trees has long been a symbol of antlike forethought. "For what more august, more charming and useful, than the culture and preservation of such goodly plantations: That shade to our grand-children give," the British forester John Evelyn wrote in the 1660s, quoting Virgil. Similar quotations are attributed to sages like Voltaire and Warren Buffett. A frequent saying on the websites of tree-planting companies is a venerable so-called Chinese proverb: "The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago; the second-best time is today."

Planting trees became even more virtuous with the realization of the threats posed by anthropogenic climate change. What had been one of trees' most mundane features - that they are composed largely of carbon - became one of their most important. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty to limit carbon and other emissions, led first to the sale of carbon credits from low-emitting companies to high-emitting companies, then to the creation of carbon credits based on natural carbon sinks, including some forests. These forest-based credits allowed companies to offset their emissions and provided a continuous revenue stream to the holders of the credits, so long as the carbon remained locked away.

From a marketing perspective, though, carbon credits have several disadvantages. They require expensive third-party verification. They are abstract. Their transactions tend to happen in metric tons and hectares, the unit of measurement favored by professional foresters. The word "hectare" has never appeared in an inspiring quote. Individual trees, on the other hand, can be grasped by even the most ill-informed consumer, can be quickly added together into fantastic-sounding sums and, in theory at least, provide all the same carbon-storing, climate-mending benefits of more carefully vetted carbon credits. They lend their planters an air of wisdom, even saintliness.

In 2004, Wangari Maathai, a professor of veterinary anatomy and member of Kenya's Parliament, won the Nobel Peace Prize for her role as the founder of the Green Belt Movement, which, beginning in the late 1970s, paid rural women to plant trees around their villages. The effort, an educational and environmental project, spread to other countries in eastern Africa, and by Maathai's count, had planted more than 30 million trees by the time she won her prize. In 2006, Maathai launched a billion-tree campaign, with the United Nations Environment Program and others, called Plant for the Planet.

By 2010, it said it had planted its millionth tree. The next year, when he was 13, Finkbeiner spoke before the United Nations, as part of its International Year of Forests. It was then that he suggested a finish line. "It is now time that we work together," he said. "We combine our forces, old and young, rich and poor, and together we can plant a trillion trees." Maathai died that September, and in December, the United Nations handed leadership of its billion-tree campaign to Finkbeiner's Plant-for-the-Planet (which at some point added hyphens to its name). A few years later, it became the Trillion Tree Campaign.

It wasn't clear, though, whether Earth could hold a trillion more trees - or even how many it already had. "There was very little information on those questions," Finkbeiner told me in 2019. It happened that a founding member of Plant-for-the-Planet, Gregor Hintler, was the roommate of Thomas Crowther, then doing postdoc work at the Yale School of Forestry. Hintler prevailed upon Crowther to help investigate. In 2015, Crowther, Hintler and a group of colleagues published their answer in the journal Nature. Using a blend of satellite images, artificial intelligence and extrapolation, they estimated that Earth held roughly three trillion trees, about half its total when people first began practicing agriculture, about 10,000 years ago. Furthermore, they concluded something like 15 billion trees were still being cleared each year, for a net loss of about 10 billion trees annually. The paper sparked a large number of media reports. My blog post for Nautilus Magazine was among them. While the Nature paper did not discuss whether the world could fit another trillion trees, the implication was clear. As Hintler told me at the time: "We can now say there's plenty of space."

In 2019, Crowther was the senior author of a second study, published in Science, that further accelerated the tree-planting movement. Led by Jean-François Bastin, then a member of the lab that Crowther leads at the Swiss federal institute of technology in Zurich, the study estimated that an additional 0.9 billion hectares of Earth's surface could support forests and woodlands. If all those hectares were allowed to grow to maturity, they could store some 205 gigatons of carbon - or what Crowther estimates to be one-third of the carbon that people have released into the atmosphere to date. In the study's abstract, the authors wrote that their research "highlights global tree restoration as our most effective climate change solution to date." (Looking back on the controversy that would result, Crowther would later say, "I wish we'd communicated things with better skill.")

Many of the people I spoke with called the Science paper a tipping point. Greenhouse Communications, a marketing company hired by Crowther's lab, reports on its website that the Science article spawned more than 700 media reports. A CBS News headline: "Planting a trillion trees could be the 'most effective solution' to climate change, study says." A Guardian headline: "Tree planting 'has mind-blowing potential' to tackle climate crisis." An A.P. headline: "Best way to fight climate change? Plant a trillion trees." In 2020, President Trump promised American support for the World Economic Forum's Trillion Tree Initiative, "to protect and restore one trillion trees by 2030." This was not to be confused with the Trillion Trees Campaign run by Plant-for-the-Planet, nor with the Trillion Trees program, initiated in 2016 by the World Wildlife Fund, the Wildlife Conservation Society and BirdLife International. Many countries made their own pledges, including well-treed Canada, which pledged to plant two billion trees, and nearly treeless Saudi Arabia, which pledged 10 billion trees. Celebrities joined the effort, including Jane Goodall, Gisele Bündchen and Elon Musk, who for a period in 2019 changed his Twitter display name to "Treelon."

After years of struggling to secure funding, numerous tree-planting organizations saw their fortunes turn around. Maxime Renaudin founded Tree-Nation in 2006. "When I started planting trees, I had to explain to everybody why, why would it make sense to plant trees," he told me. "Over the course of the years it became completely redundant. If I tried to start explaining why planting trees, people would just stop me and say, 'Yeah, I know.'"

Many scientists watched the growing popularity of tree-planting with unease. The problem isn't with tree-planting in theory. Nearly everyone agrees that planting trees can be a useful, wholesome activity. The problem is that, in practice, planting trees is more complicated than it sounds. "Tree-planting is viewed as this panacea that can spur economic development, it can fight climate change, it can contribute to wildlife habitat, even health benefits, water protection, all of these things," says Meredith Martin of North Carolina State. "Of course you can get some benefits in all of those realms with planting trees, but depending on the species you use, there's just going to be trade-offs in terms of how effective it is."

Martin and her colleagues collected data from the websites and annual reports of 174 organizations that plant trees in the tropics; 682 different species of trees were mentioned. "That feels like a lot, but there's maybe 50,000 tree species in the tropics," Martin says. Most of those species were named only once. By far the most widely mentioned species were familiar tree crops, like cacao, coffee and mango - good for economic development, less so for storing carbon or supporting biodiversity. In a 2019 study, researchers found a similar pattern in restoration plans that had been published for the most part in response to the Bonn Challenge, whose mission is to reforest 350 million hectares of degraded and deforested land by 2030. In the 24 national plans that had been made public by then - 61 countries now support the goal - nearly half the land involved was slated to be turned into plantations of fast-growing commercial trees. The carbon these monocultures store is mostly released in a decade or so, when the trees are harvested, the researchers wrote.

Perhaps a bigger question is where a trillion trees could be planted. The day after my visit to Engenho with Damião Santos and other Eden Reforestation employees, I met a group of scientists a couple of hours to the south, in the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros. Located on a high plateau, the park is a mosaic of open grasslands and savanna, the latter a tangle of brushy plants and compact, leathery trees that offer little shade. Flat-sided mountains bound an otherwise unobstructed sky. The area is known for its views of the stars and other celestial bodies; the nearby town of Alto Paraíso has an Área 51 restaurant and shops that sell crystals, dream-catchers and alien accouterments.

In the park, we met Claudomiro de Almeida Cortes, who used to work on a wildland fire crew with Damião Santos. As he talked, Cortes worked a head of grass between his fingers, collecting its pinprick seeds in his palm. He became interested in the cerrado's flora during his time on the fire crew. In 2017, he started Cerrado de Pé, a nonprofit that works to restore former pasture and other degraded ecosystems in and around Chapada dos Veadeiros. Behind Cortes was one such restored area. Instead of the lush, even green of the surrounding pastures, the vegetation here was a mottled dun, many-​textured, thin and low to the ground. The roots of the cerrado plants went deep, reaching down to the water table. "It is an upside-down forest," Cortes said. Cerrado de Pé's planters had sown nearly 200 species of native grasses, sedges, rushes, herbs and bushes, plants of all sizes and shapes. Scientists estimate that the cerrado is home to some 12,000 species of plants, many of which are found nowhere else.

Some local conservationists were alarmed when Eden appeared in northern Goiás State and announced its plans to plant trees - and only trees. In June 2021, the ecologists Rafael Oliveira and Natashi Pilon attended a meeting of local officials to evaluate environmental project proposals, including a presentation by Eden. "They said they would create job opportunities," Oliveira said, describing Eden's message. He and Pilon said they were shocked. Much of the cerrado has been turned to pasture or farmland, fractured by roads and human settlements, but in northern Goiás State, it remains largely intact. "They chose one of the most conserved areas in the cerrado to plant trees," Pilon said. Oliveira said that he told Eden's representatives, "You came to the wrong place."

Grassland scientists were dismayed when the World Resources Institute, a research nonprofit, published its 2011 "Atlas of Forest and Landscape Restoration Opportunities," which purported to show where people could restore forests and degraded land. "It largely looked like a map of the savannas and grasslands of the world," says Joseph Veldman, a Texas A&M University ecologist who studies grasslands, savannas and forests; in a 2015 study, he and his co-authors wrote that the W.R.I. map misidentified nine million square kilometers of "grasslands, savannas and open-​canopy woodlands" as "deforested or degraded." By directing the attention of tree-planting campaigns toward those grasslands, he thought, the map could threaten the existence of countless species and ecosystems. (The World Resources Institute, for its part, says that the atlas was intended to raise global awareness and does not call for planting trees in grasslands.)

As the tree-planting movement's momentum grew, grassland scientists protested in bold terms, delivered in letters and articles with titles like "Tyranny of Trees in Grassy Biomes" and "Grassy Biomes: An Inconvenient Reality for Large-Scale Restoration?" Then, in 2019, Jean-François Bastin and the Crowther lab published their paper in Science. Veldman says that the study made the same mistake that he thought the World Resources Institute map made nearly a decade earlier, treating grasslands as degraded forests. Worse, he says, was that it drastically overestimated the climate-mending effects of planting trees. "They did the carbon-accounting equivalent of you or me buying a house for $100K, fixing it up with $50K of improvements, selling it for $200K, then bragging about how we made $200K in profit," he says.

Veldman led nearly 50 scientists in a written response, which concluded that the estimates by Bastin et al. of potential carbon sequestration were "approximately five times too large." Bastin, Crowther and their colleagues eventually offered a correction on several points, including their assertion that "tree restoration" was the best tool for climate mitigation. "This was incorrect," they wrote, modifying their original statement to say that tree restoration was "among the most effective strategies to combat climate change." Crowther maintains, though, that they did not consider grasslands to be degraded forests and that their carbon estimates were accurate. He points out that subsequent studies, including one published in May, have provided similar estimates.

Crowther says he was surprised by the widespread reaction to the paper - it was merely intended to highlight the potential scope of "natural regeneration of ecosystems," he says - and dismayed that it was seen as justification for mass tree-planting. He notes that the world continues to lose trees at a far faster rate than it gains them and that planting trees can be a locally useful tool of restoration. But planting a trillion trees, he says, would be too much of a good thing.

However the study's authors intended it, many tree-planters welcomed it enthusiastically, Robin Chazdon, an ecologist and the author of "Second Growth: The Promise of Tropical Forest Regeneration in an Age of Deforestation," told me. "A lot of people were ready for this," she says. "I mean, a lot of people were just ready for something to grab onto, like: 'Oh, here's the scientific report, we can just go with this. It feeds into our agenda very nicely.'"

Even if they did not mean to, average American consumers are likely to have contributed to the global tree-planting movement through their purchases. Trees are offered as a bonus alongside many goods and services, including home nut-milk makers, Prius lift kits, two-​dimensional Christmas trees, whiskey, cannabis, CBD oil, vaporizers, woolen cat caves, velvet sneakers, socks that are meant to be worn outside without shoes, reusable menstrual pads, yoga mats, healing crystals, Coldplay tickets, a debit card, a search engine, a mobile-phone plan, a flat-rate energy plan, the honorary title of Scottish lairdship or ladyship, a visit to the Amazónico restaurant in Dubai, a visit to an ax-throwing venue in Michigan, "Lady Bug Lads" nonfungible tokens, "Crypto Barista" nonfungible tokens, wooden AirPods cases, wood-burning camp stoves, wood-burning pizza ovens, journals with wooden covers, journals with paper made not of wood pulp but of calcium carbonate and a literary journal. Amazon, Shell, HP, Mastercard, Nestlé, PepsiCo, Unilever and UPS are among the large and ubiquitous companies that have supported or pledged support for tree-planting efforts. "Climate change is an issue that is much bigger than one person, but when we work together, we can make a difference," Amazon declared in a recent blog post announcing that the company was donating $1 million in $1 trees.

The trees appear as ever-increasing tallies on the websites of the tree-planting organizations. One Tree Planted claims to have planted more than 40 million trees. Trees for the Future claims 250 million trees. Earlier this year, on the website of the tree-planting search engine Ecosia, I watched, mesmerized, as over the course of five minutes the ticker showing the number of trees "planted by the Ecosia community" climbed steadily from 141,483,550 to 141,483,762. Tree, tree, tree, tree, tree. The tree-planting product tie-ins and corporate sponsorships and rapidly rising numbers give the impression of a movement that is barreling toward one trillion trees. But it is surprisingly difficult to tell where things really stand.

Simply adding together the published tree tallies won't work, because of the complex web of relationships among the various tree-planting organizations and campaigns. Ecosia, for example, gets money from advertisements and then distributes it to planting partners, including Eden Reforestation Projects and Trees for the Future. All three organizations prominently display on their websites the number of trees they have planted, while they display much less prominently the workings of their various partnerships; the fact that tens or even hundreds of millions of the trees they count on their respective websites are probably the same trees, listed on Ecosia's and a partner's websites, is left to inference. "Ecosia, strictly speaking, is a tree-financing organization," says Pieter van Midwoud, Ecosia's chief tree-planting officer. "When our tree planters say proudly how many trees they've planted, we're not going to say, 'No, you're not allowed to say that, because the claim is with us.' We had those discussions, but we found it too childish." He adds that Ecosia counts trees for its own purposes, not to contribute to any grand total.

Further muddling the picture, the tree-planting movement's eagerness to take credit for trees that have been planted can sometimes veer toward taking credit for trees that have not been planted. The website of the American chapter of 1t.org, for instance, reports that its various partner organizations have so far pledged to plant 50.9 billion trees by 2030. Of those trees, 48.2 billion were pledged by Eden, which claims to have "produced, planted and protected" some 977 million trees over the past 17 years. Eden operates on donations, and as of its most recently available tax filing, the 48.2 billion trees had not yet been paid for. Jad Daley, the president and chief executive of American Forests, which leads 1t.org's U.S. chapter, says that the trees would assuredly be planted. "Everyone in this movement knows that one of the things that can really undermine our success is the perception that we're celebrating ambition but we're not actually delivering accomplishment," he says. Stephen Fitch, Eden's founder, says that his organization is expanding exponentially. It aims to plant a billion trees annually by 2024. "So the whole economies of scale and skill kicks in at an impressive rate," he says.

An even bigger challenge in trying to judge the collective achievements of the global tree-planting campaigns stems from the fact that people are not really planting trees, which offer a host of benefits and are famously tough, capable of surviving for hundreds or sometimes thousands of years and of weathering all kinds of trials and insults. They are planting seeds or seedlings, which offer few benefits and are not tough at all. "Seedlings are like baby plants," says Lalisa Duguma, an ecosystem-restoration expert based in Australia. "If we don't care for babies, we know what happens." In the early 1990s, when Duguma was in middle school in western Ethiopia, his class participated in annual tree-planting campaigns. Every year, he recalls, the government provided seedlings for the class to plant, and all their planted seedlings always died. "Every year we are going to the same place to do the same activity," he says. "There is no change on the ground."

Seedlings die by drought, fire and flood. They are eaten, shaded out, stepped on. Often they die of simple neglect. The changing climate - which scientists predict will rearrange species and ecosystems - makes the long-term fate of any individual tree even more uncertain. While there are many examples of successful planting efforts, the scientific literature also includes numerous examples of tree-planting ventures that have resulted in few, if any living trees. From the outside, it can be hard to know which is which.

On the website of TIST, a tree-planting organization that offers $1 trees, it's possible to locate on various spreadsheets information about the age, species, location and trunk circumference of some 25.1 million trees. The organization conducts periodic audits of the trees for 30 years; if they die, they are removed from the tally. "We choose to focus on how many are alive," says Ben Henneke, TIST's co-founder. Few other tree-planting operations are so thorough. Meredith Martin and her colleagues found that less than a fifth of the 174 tree-planting organizations they examined mentioned any monitoring of their trees after planting, and only eight companies mentioned the survival rates of their trees. Karen Holl, a restoration ecologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, suggests a conceptual shift. "We should be growing trees, not planting trees," she says, "We need to think about whether those trees are surviving over time, because it's going to take 10, 20 years, a century, before we really get the benefits that we want."

I asked the heads of three trillion-tree organizations if anyone was keeping a global total of how many trees had been planted, or how many were still alive - whether we would, in fact, be able to tell when we had achieved the goal of a trillion trees planted. They all said no - and that planting a trillion trees was not the goal at all. Nicole Schwab, the executive director of 1t.org, told me that her organization aims to "conserve, restore and grow" one trillion trees. Reducing the achievements of the myriad organizations and individuals that make up the movement into a single figure would be both impossibly complex and misguided, she says. "From our point of view, the trillion is aspirational," Schwab says. "We need to be bold, to raise ambition, to put in a system where whatever is pledged is going to be monitored. To me, that's more important than actually counting toward a trillion." John Lotspeich, the executive director of Trillion Trees, the collaboration between the World Wildlife Fund, the Wildlife Conservation Society and BirdLife International, told me that its goal is to protect existing forests, address the root causes of deforestation and restore degraded landscapes. While that may include planting some trees, he says, "our three organizations have not been about finding a free field somewhere and putting some trees there."

The third trillion-tree effort, Plant-for-the-Planet - still led by Felix Finkbeiner, who helped kick off the race toward a trillion trees with his 2011 speech at the U.N. - used to display what looked like a grand total on its website, a graph showing more than 13 billion trees planted by groups around the world. Sometime in the last year or so, the graph was removed. Finkbeiner, now studying for a Ph.D. in soil microbiology in the lab of Thomas Crowther, remains enthusiastic about the global movement. But the straightforward pitch of his youth is now laden with caveats and subtleties. "We probably would prefer to see ourselves as a forest-restoration movement instead of a tree-planting movement," he told me. "I think that this trillion-tree frame still totally makes sense, because it gives people a rough sense of the scale of restoration potential. Obviously, it's clear and simple and catchy."

The race for a trillion trees can continue to motivate donors, but Finkbeiner says that his organization is no longer focused on counting trees. Ultimately, he believes, the movement's success or failure in restoring the world's forests will be judged not by the number of trees planted, but via satellite imagery, viewed over the long term, and discussed the old-fashioned way - in hectares.

On that April morning, as Eden's team of tree planters continued transforming the field in Engenho into a future forest, Damião Santos drove me and two visiting Eden employees to see his vision of how that forest might look. A few miles south of the village, we parked on the edge of the red dirt road and crossed another brushy expanse, following muddy tire tracks. At the edge of the field, the open landscape turned suddenly to towering forest, a mix of hardwoods and buriti palms, with dense underbrush and draping vines. Water pooled among the roots, trickling from a nearby spring. Santos stooped to pick up a just-sprouted seed. He rolled it in his hands. When scientists say that people shouldn't plant trees in the Brazilian cerrado, he said, they spoke of grasslands and savannas, ignoring the scattered areas of dense forest like this one. These patches needed restoration, too, he said. That meant planting trees. In any case, the opinions of outside scientists were secondary - the Kalunga wanted the trees, and it was their land.

Later that day, in Engenho, I watched Eden Reforestation employees carefully counting piles of trees, working to provide the raw numbers that would eventually add to the steadily climbing tree tally on Eden's website. These trees had already fulfilled one of the tree-planting movement's promises, offering work to people in a place with few economic opportunities. It would take much longer to see whether the trees, which were really just seeds and seedlings, would grow up into the forest that Santos envisioned, providing the expected benefits to the local environment, or whether they and all of the billions or tens of billions of other seeds and seedlings that Eden and other groups had planted around the world would survive long enough to have any meaningful impact on biodiversity or the global carbon cycle. As a solution to the world's most pressing problems, the trees seemed both obviously useful and woefully uncertain. Even as countries, companies and individuals spend billions of dollars to fund tree-planting projects around the world, much about the trees themselves must be taken on faith.

The tree-planting visionaries, company founders and employees I spoke with insisted that they had learned the lessons of past failures, that they had dialed back their boldest claims, that they understood tree-planting to be just one solution among the many that are needed. "We know how complicated it is," says Jad Daley, the American Forests chief executive. "We know we have to get the science right, especially in a changing climate. They're saying, 'Well, if you're focused on a trillion trees, then you're not focused on these details of ecologically appropriate, climate-informed, community-centered reforestation,' which is factually false. To be honest, it's infuriating." Maxime Renaudin, the founder of Tree-Nation, agrees. The tree-planting movement is working toward greater accountability and transparency, he says. "It's more important that we make a few mistakes than do nothing," he says, referring to the broader movement. "We are talking about an urgent problem. Our focus should not be on perfection."

Certainly, any shortcomings of the tree-planting movement as a whole cannot be attributed to a lack of sincerity on the part of its members. As an employee of One Tree Planted told me: "At the end of the day, the best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago, right? The next best time is, like, as soon as possible." Indeed, Stephen Fitch, of Eden Reforestation Projects, says one of his biggest worries about the movement is that it's simply not moving fast enough. "We really need about a hundred Edens," he says, every one of them planting thousands, millions, billions of trees.

Zach St. George is a Baltimore-based reporter and the author of "The Journeys of Trees," which tells the story of a woman who tried to save her favorite species of tree from the effects of climate change. He previously wrote about Jeff Lowenfels, a gardening columnist who ended up documenting climate change. Lalo de Almeida is a photographer based in São Paulo, Brazil. He won the World Press Photo Long-Term Project Award in 2022 for documenting the destruction of the Amazon rainforest.

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Can Planting a Trillion New Trees Save the World?

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To fight climate change, companies and nonprofits have been promoting worldwide planting campaigns. Getting to a trillion is easier said than done. Villagers hired by Eden Reforestation Projects planting trees in the northern part of Goiás State, Brazil. Credit...

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Contents:Leaders can also experience emotional imbalances due to extreme adversity.

I was impressed and sympathized with the fact that it brings greater responsibility, confusion and tension because of leadership in the role of a leader. I don't usually take on a leader well, but when I happened to become a leader, I felt a sense of responsibility and tension, so I can relate to this article.

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Our Perception Manipulated by Cognitive Selection

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Our Perception Manipulated by Cognitive Selection

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내용:사람들은 어떤 일을 자기 생각이나 자신의 상황에 맞게 왜곡하여 인지한다.
People perceive certain things by distorting them according to their thoughts or their circumstances.

의견:우리는 살면서 꼭 진실만을 보는 것은 아니다. 각자 자신이 처한 상황이나 입장에서 생각하기 마련이다. 이러한 인지의 지속은 결국 부정적인 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 나는 나 자신도 의심하며 진실을 보고, 남이 상황을 왜곡하여 인지할 때 진실을 볼 수 있도록 도와줄 수 있는 사람이 되고 싶다.
We don't always see the truth in life. everyone thinks about their situation. this continuation of cognition can eventually lead to negative consequences. l want to be a person who can help myself to see the truth with doubts, and to see the truth when others perceive it by distorting the situation.

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According to this paper, it can be seen that certain genes are involved in hand tremors.
This study was conducted through genetic analysis of 485,220 people, and hand tremors are so common that they are observed in 1% of the total population and 5% of those 65 years of age or older.
이 논문에 따르면 수전증 발병에 특정 유전자가 관여하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구는 485,220명의 유전자 분석을 통해 이루어졌고 수전증은 전 인구의 1%, 65세 이상에서는 5% 정도에서 관찰될 정도로 흔한 이상운동질환이다.

My opinion : It was amazing that genes are also related to these common diseases and I want to find out more. If gene manipulation technology develops further in the future, I think it will be completely cured through gene therapy. And if I have a job related to gene therapy like that, I want to work there.
유전자가 이런 흔하게 볼 수 있는 질환과도 관련있다는 것이 신기했고 더 알아보고싶다. 앞으로 유전자 조작 기술이 더 발전한다면 유전자 치료를 통해 완치할 수 있을 것이라고 생각한다. 그렇게 유전자 치료와 관련된 직업이 생긴다면 나는 그쪽에서 일해보고싶다.

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방화복의 법적 내구연한은 3년이다. 3년간 평균 354번 화재 현장에 출동했던 방화복은 내구연한이 다하면 폐기된다. 방화복의 원단인 아라미드는 총알도 뚫지 못한다고 알려진 고강도 신소재 특수섬유로 현장에서의 기능이 다했다해도 일상생활에서는 충분히 사용가능하다. 따라서 생활방수와 방염 기능이 뛰어난 튼튼한 가방을 만들 수 있다.

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버려진 폐지를 사용하여 지갑으로 다시 만들었다
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카테고리 이동 친환경 소재 중심의 고품격 에코젬이기

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After K-pop and K-dramas, explore the true beauty of South Korean webtoons.

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After K-pop and K-dramas, explore the true beauty of South Korean webtoons.

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Naver Webtoon, a subsidiary of the South Korean tech giant Naver, is one of the most popular webtoon platforms in the country; it had 65 percent of total webtoon viewing traffic in South Korea in 2019. Providing translated content in nine different languages to over 100 countries, Naver Webtoon, known as Line Webtoon internationally, said it has surpassed 72 million monthly active users in the global market.

After looking at the article above, I could see how much the webtoon market has grown.  Through this article, I thought about how to succeed in such a big webtoon market and I will keep trying

의견: 위의 기사를 보고 웹툰 시장이 얼마나 성장했는지 알 수 있었습니다.  이 기사를 통해 어떻게 하면 이렇게 큰 웹툰 시장에서 성공할 수 있을지 고민했고 앞으로도 계속 노력할 것입니다.

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업사이클링 사례: 해양 폐기물을 스마트폰 부품으로

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업사이클링 사례: 해양 폐기물을 스마트폰 부품으로

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바닷속 쓰레기 중 가장 골칫거리는 바로 버러진 어망입니다. 이른바 '유령 그물(Ghost Nets)'로 불리는 폐어망은 자연 생태계를 교란 시켜 결국 인류의 식량과 물 자원 공급에도 영향을 미치고 있습니다. 이렇게 버려지는 폐어망은 전 세계적으로 한 해 64톤이나 됩니다. 그런데 이런 폐어망이 스마트폰의 부품으로 다시 쓰일 수 있게 됐습니다. 폐어망을 스마트 기기에 쓸 수 있는 소재로 개발하는데 성공했기 때문입니다. 앞으로 출시되는 갤럭시 시리즈에는 수거된 폐어망을 스마트폰 부품 소재로 재활용함으로써 환경에 미치는 영향을 최소화할 방침입니다. 향후 해양 폐기물을 재활용한 소재를 스마트폰뿐만 아니라 MX사업부 전 라인업으로 확대 적용할 계획입니다.

-JTBC 이세현 기자

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폐어망,_갤럭시_S22_친환경_소재가_되다

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엘비스와 크레스는 버려지고 있는 소방 호스로 지갑과 벨트 등으로 재활용해서 업사이클링을 했다.
출처-엘비스앤크레스

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요약 : 사과가 사과 소스가 되기 까

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요약 : 사과가 사과 소스가 되기 까지는 많은 에너지를 필요로 한다 이러한 가공된 무언가를 먹기 위해 많은 에너지가 배출된다 가정에서는 가능한 범위 내에서는 덜 가공된 식품을 먹음으로써 탄소 발자국을 줄일 수 있다

느낀점 : 단순히 가공된 식품을 보고 많은 에너지가 배출되고 있을 것이라는 생각을 하지 못했는데 이러한 단순한지문을 보고 많은 것을 느꼈다 평범한 일상에서도 우리가 이산화탄소를 배출하고 있다는 것이 충격이였다 많은 사람들이 이산화탄소에 대한 관심을 가지고 일상생활에 조금이라도 이산화탄소 배출을 줄이기 위해 노력해주었으면 좋겠다

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관심있는 분야에 관한 영어로 된 기사나 글을 찾아 내용을 요약하고 느낀 점을 남겨주세요.

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Beige Colorful Illustrative Reminder Classroom Poster

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Blue Minimalist Earth hour (Instagram Post) (1)

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연두색배경 초록색 재활용봉지 일러스트가있는 한강변 쓰레기줍기 홍보 페이스북 포스트

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Game On: How Virtual Reality is Changing Physical Therapy

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Game On: How Virtual Reality is Changing Physical Therapy

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https://www.lvhn.org/news/game-how-virtual-reality-changing-physical-therapy

content:
Physical therapists at Lehigh Valley Health Network use virtual reality to help patients heal.
내용:
Lehigh Valley Health Network의 물리치료사들은 환자들의 치유를 돕기 위해 가상현실을 사용한다.

My opinion:
It seemed groundbreaking to incorporate virtual reality into physical therapy, and I felt that physical therapists were really for patients.
Physical therapy may feel painful, but if it is combined with virtual reality, physical therapy will be better accepted.
나의 의견:
물리치료에 가상현실을 접목시킨다는 게 획기적인 것 같고 물리치료사들이 정말 환자들을 위한다는 게 느껴졌다.
물리치료가 고통스럽다고 느낄 수 있는데 가상현실과 접목시킨다면 물리치료를 더 잘 받아드릴 수 있을 것 같다.

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There’s an Alarming Rise in Diabetes during Pregnancy

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There’s an Alarming Rise in Diabetes during Pregnancy

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Centent: Among the most common complications of pregnancy is a high level of glucose in the blood, a condition known as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Because it usually goes away after birth, GDM was not always seen as a serious concern, although the excess sugar often produces very large, hard-to-deliver newborns. “For a long time it was not regarded as a real disease,” says clinical epidemiologist Cuilin Zhang of the National University of Singapore. That has changed after multiple studies, including some by Zhang, linked the condition to a long-term risk of chronic diabetes for the mother and of obesity for the child.
This summer the first-ever national analysis of trends in gestational diabetes conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention brought alarming news. Between 2016 and 2020 the prevalence jumped 30 percent, affecting nearly 8 percent of U.S. pregnancies in 2020. Some increase was expected, says Elizabeth Gregory, a CDC health scientist and co-author of the report: “We know that risk factors, including overweight and obesity and older maternal age, have been increasing over time.” For those reasons, the condition has been rising globally. What was unexpected was a giant jump in a single year: GDM was up 13 percent in 2020, as opposed to about 5 percent in each of the previous four years.
The CDC report did not examine the reasons for the 2020 surge, but the COVID pandemic is an obvious culprit. “Decreased physical activity, weight gain and other lifestyle factors during lockdowns are known to impact gestational diabetes,” Gregory points out. An Italian study of 1,295 women, published earlier this year, supports this idea. It found that the incidence of GDM nearly tripled during lockdown periods—rising from 3.4 percent prelockdown to 9.3 percent. Pregnancy weight gain averaged 20.5 pounds during Italy's strict lockdowns versus 14.5 pounds prepandemic. A higher body mass index (BMI) was linked to greater risk.
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Other contributing factors, Zhang says, could be a poorer diet—more snacking and less fresh produce—stress, inability to exercise and depression. Work by Zhang and her former colleagues at the National Institutes of Health showed that depression is associated with a higher risk of GDM, particularly in nonobese women.
The CDC analysis found that gestational diabetes rose in nonoverweight women as well as those with a high BMI. Those of non-Hispanic Asian origin had by far the highest incidence (14.9 percent); non-Hispanic Black women had the lowest (6.5 percent). Asian people in general tend to develop type 2 diabetes—a form in which the body does not use insulin effectively—at a lower BMI than do people of other ethnicities, and the same appears to be true with gestational diabetes. Learning why and what interventions might help was a key reason Zhang recently relocated to Singapore to head up her university's new Global Center for Asian Women's Health.
Women with gestational diabetes face about seven times the average risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, along with increased chances of cardiovascular disease. It is not clear whether GDM causes these ailments or if individuals who are vulnerable to GDM also have an underlying vulnerability to type 2 diabetes and heart disease. For the baby, there is a short-term danger of birth injury as a result of large size and a longer-term elevated risk of obesity and impaired glucose tolerance.
Zhang and others have shown that early intervention can reduce the likelihood of gestational diabetes. A 2016 study done in Finland, for example, found that a healthy diet and exercise regimen during pregnancy cut the incidence of GDM by 39 percent among participants who had a history of the ailment or who were obese. Evidence suggests that beginning such a regimen early in pregnancy—or better yet, before becoming pregnant—works best. Unfortunately, most pregnant patients are not tested for diabetes until the sixth or seventh month. Those with obesity or other risk factors are supposed to be screened much earlier, but that recommendation may not be widely followed by physicians, says obstetrician-gynecologist Veronica Gillispie-Bell of Ochsner Health Center–Kenner in New Orleans.
For low-income women who do not receive routine medical care, “pregnancy may be their first opportunity to find out if they have diabetes,” says Gillispie-Bell, who helps to lead Louisiana's efforts to reduce its high rate of maternal mortality. And the rise in GDM adds yet another element to an ongoing crisis in maternal and reproductive health.

My comment: I've learned that diabetes is the most dangerous thing during pregnancy and I don't think it's important to produce babies that are difficult to deliver, so if I become a medical professional, I'll try to promote this risk, and I'd like to make this news to my school friends because healthy diet and exercise can reduce the incidence by 39%

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There’s an Alarming Rise in Diabetes during Pregnancy

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A spike in diabetes during pregnancy, worsened by the pandemic, raises the risk of chronic diabetes, heart disease and birth complications

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4차 산업혁명으로 대표되는 미래시대에 대비하여 국제 기구에서 제안하는 미래시대 교육에서 중점으로 두는 수학적 교육의 틀이 수학 핵심 내용, 미래 수학 주제, 수학적 역량, 사회•정서적 역량 등이 있다는 것이 내가 나중에 교사가 되어서이런것을 중점으로 두고 수업을 진행해야겠다는 생각이 들었다.

In preparation for the future era represented by the 4th Industrial Revolution, I thought that I would later become a teacher and focus on the core contents of mathematics, future math topics, mathematical competencies, and socio-emotional competencies.

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Education, job, and social life may help protect brain from cognitive decline

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Education, job, and social life may help protect brain from cognitive decline

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위의 기사에 따르면 직업 및 사회생활, 그리고 가장 중요한 교육은 인지 기능 저하로부터 뇌를 보호하는데 도움이 될 수 있다고 한다. 이에 대한 근거로 연구자들은 사람들에게 인지 검사를 받게 하였다. 이 연구 결과 학사 학위 또는 기타 고등 교육 자격을 가진 사람들은 정규 교육을 받지 않은 사람들보다 평균 1.22점 더 많은 점수를 받았다.

According to the article above, jobs, social life, and education can help protect the brain from cognitive decline. On the basis of this Researchers had people undergo cognitive tests. As a result of the study, people with bachelor's degrees or other higher education qualifications scored an average of 1.22 points higher than those without formal education.

나는 이 기사를 보고, 내가 미래에 영어 교사가 되었을 때 내가 가르칠 학생들에게 하게 될 나의 교육이 그 아이들의 미래에 큰 영향을 끼칠 수 있다는 것을 알게 되었다. 그러므로 내가 미래에 교육을 할 때에는 정확한 내용을 이해하기 쉽게 해야겠다고 생각했다.

I saw this article and found out that my education that I will do to the students I will teach when I become an English teacher in the future could have a great impact on the children's future. Therefore, I thought that I should make it easier to understand the exact contents when I educate in the future.

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Why do some people with amyloid plaques in their brains associated with Alzheimer's disease show no signs of the disease, while others with the same amount of plaque have clear memory and thinking problems? Researchers looked at genetic and life course factors that may help create a "cognitive reserve" that provides a buffer against the disease in a study published in the August 3, 2022, online issue of Neurology®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.

They found that factors such as taking part in clubs, religious groups, sports or artistic activities, along with educational attainment by age 26, occupation and reading ability, may affect the brain's cognitive reserve. The study suggests that continuing to learn over a lifetime may help protect the brain, which is true even for people who have lower scores on cognitive tests in childhood. Previous studies have shown that people with low scores in childhood are more likely to have a steeper cognitive decline in old age than people with high scores.

"These results are exciting because they indicate that cognitive ability is subject to factors throughout our lifetime and taking part in an intellectually, socially and physically active lifestyle may help ward off cognitive decline and dementia," said study author Dorina Cadar, PhD, Brighton and Sussex Medical School in the United Kingdom. "It's heartening to find that building up one's cognitive reserve may offset the negative influence of low childhood cognition for people who might not have benefited from an enriching childhood and offer stronger mental resilience until later in life."

The study involved 1,184 people who were born in 1946 in the United Kingdom. They took cognitive tests when they were eight years old and again when they were 69 years old. A cognitive reserve index combined people's education level at age 26, participation in enriching leisure activities at age 43 and occupation up to age 53. Their reading ability at age 53 was also tested as a measure of overall lifelong learning separate from education and occupation.

The cognitive test participants took at age 69 has a maximum total score of 100. The average score for this group was 92, with the lowest score being 53 and the highest score being 100.

The researchers found that higher childhood cognitive skills, a higher cognitive reserve index and higher reading ability were all associated with higher scores on the cognitive test at age 69. Researchers found that for every unit increase in childhood test scores, the old-age cognitive test score increased by 0.10 points on average. For every unit increase in the cognitive reserve index, cognitive scores increased by 0.07 points on average, and for every unit increase in reading ability, cognitive scores increased by 0.22 points on average.

People with a bachelor's degree or other higher education qualifications scored 1.22 points more on average than those with no formal education. People who engaged in six or more leisure activities such as adult education classes, clubs, volunteer work, social activities and gardening scored 1.53 points more on average than people who engaged in up to four leisure activities. Those with a professional or intermediate level job scored 1.5 points more on average than those with partly skilled or unskilled occupations.

The study also found that for people with a higher cognitive reserve index and reading ability, their scores on cognitive tests did not decline as rapidly as people with lower scores, regardless of their test scores at age eight.

Michal Schnaider Beeri, PhD, of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, who wrote an editorial accompanying the study, said, "From a public health and societal perspective, there may be broad, long-term benefits in investing in high education, widening opportunities for leisure activities and providing cognitive challenging activities for people, especially those working in less skilled occupations."

A limitation of the study is that the people who remained involved in the study until age 69 may be more likely to be healthier, have better overall thinking skills and be more socially advantaged than those who did not complete the study, so the results may not reflect the general population.

The study was supported by the U.K. Alzheimer's Society, U.K. Medical Research Council, U.S. National Institute on Aging and U.K. Economic and Social Research Council.

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healthy aging; down syndrome; multiple sclerosis research; alzheimer's research; intelligence; dementia; behavior; k-12 education

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Education, job, and social life may help protect brain from cognitive decline

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Why do some people with amyloid plaques in their brains associated with Alzheimer's disease show no signs of the disease, while others with the same amount of plaque have clear memory and thinking problems? Researchers looked at genetic and life course factors that may help create a 'cognitive reserve' that provides a buffer against the disease.

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Mental health-related emergency department visits and revisits are on the rise among children, study finds

: Emergency department visits and revisits in children’s hospitals that are related to mental health are “increasing rapidly,” a new study suggests.

Between 2015 and 2020, mental health visits in pediatric emergency departments increased by 8% annually, with about 13% of those patients revisiting within six months, according to the study published Tuesday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics. Whereas, all other emergency department visits increased by 1.5% annually.

Mental health revisits increased by 6.3% annually, but in general, the percentage of mental health visits that had a subsequent revisit remained stable, “which may reflect that the factors associated with revisit did not change substantially during the study period, even as the pediatric mental health crisis worsened,” wrote the researchers, from Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, the University of Southern California and Boston Children’s Hospital.

“However, the significant increase in the raw number of revisits is still concerning,” the researchers added in their study.

The study findings suggest that pediatric mental health emergency department visits and revisits are both climbing, “and identifying patients at high risk of revisit provides an opportunity for tailored interventions to improve mental health care delivery.”

The new study included data on more than 200,000 patients seen at 38 children’s hospitals across the United States between October 1, 2015 and February 29, 2020. The data came from the Pediatric Health Information System, an administrative database of children’s hospitals.

The researchers examined how many visits included diagnoses of mental health disorders or intentional self-harm. They also analyzed mental health revisits, meaning a patient visited the emergency department again within six months of their initial visit.

The ongoing surge in pediatric mental health emergency department visits may be associated with “a combination of factors, including a worsening crisis of pediatric mental illness and shortage of mental health clinicians,” the researchers wrote.

The most common diagnoses among the mental health emergency department visits were suicidal ideation or self-harm, representing 28.7% of patients; mood disorders at 23.5%; anxiety disorders at 10.4%; and disruptive or impulse control disorders at 9.7%.

The data showed that 13.2% of mental health emergency department visits had a revisit within six months. Patients with diagnoses associated with behavior disturbance, including disruptive or impulse control disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders and psychotic disorders, were at the highest risk of revisiting. Patients with substance use disorders were less likely to return to the emergency department.

“Given more-than-doubling in fentanyl overdose deaths in teens from 2019 to 2021 just published by the CDC, it concerns me that we may only get one opportunity to intervene and help this highly vulnerable population who we urgently need to keep,” pediatrician Dr. Scott Hadland, chief of adolescent and young adult medicine at Mass General for Children and Harvard Medical School, who was not involved in the new study, wrote in an email to CNN.

The trend of increasing pediatric mental health emergency department visits and revisits matches what health care providers see on the front lines – even prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, Hadland said.

“We are absolutely seeing this rise. I run our primary care clinic for teens in Boston, and on a typical day in clinic, more than four out of every five teens I see are struggling with mental health concerns,” he said. “We know that Covid socially isolated many young people, and kept them from school and other activities important to their healthy development. As a result, rates of the same mental health problems are probably even higher now.”

Hadland added that there is a growing need for improved access to mental health services for youth and better funding to keep these services sustained.

“Because our mental health systems are so strained, with psychiatrists and therapists who work with youth in short supply, pediatricians like me are increasingly having to take on these roles,” Hadland said, adding that without more support and resources, the country may continue to see emergency department mental health patients revisit.

요약 : 어린 아이들의 정신 건강 응급실 방문 비율이 다른 응급실 방문에 비해 4배 이상 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 특히 자해의 비율이 가장 높게 나타났다. 연구진들은 이러한 어린아이들의 정신적 문제에 코로나의 영향이 있을 것이라고 말했다. “코로나가 많은 사람들을 사회적으로 고립시키고 건강한 발달에 중요한 학교 및 기타 활동 참여하지 못하게 한다. 이는 결과적으로 정신적인 문제로 이어질 수 있다.”고 전하였다. 해당 기사는 마지막에 현재 정신건강 시스템이 부족하다며 정신과의 관심을 가져야 한다는 의견을 덧붙여 기사를 마무리 하였다.

의견 : 아이들의 정신 건강 응급실의 재방문 비율이 높아지고 있다는 사실이 상당히 안타까웠다. 많은 요인을 가지고 있을지라도 코로나라는 질병으로 인해 많은 부문에서 피해를 입고 있는 것 같아 빨리 코로나가 사라지길 바란다.

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Content: Scientists correct their mistakes by building new knowledge on older discoveries. Through this, science makes our lives much easier and better.
내용: 과학자들은 더 오래된 발견들에 새 지식을 쌓으며 그들의 실수를 바로 잡는다. 이를 통해 과학은 우리의 생활을 훨씬 더 쉽고 나아지게 만든다.

My opinion: After reading this article, I realized that science is not just about new knowledge, but about building new knowledge on previous discoveries, and I was attracted to science. I want to have a job in science in the future so that many people think that science is not only convenient but also fun.
나의 의견: 이 글을 읽고 과학은 새 지식만 가지고 하는 것이 아닌 이전 발견에 새 지식을 쌓는 것이라는 것을 깨닫고 과학에 대해 매력을 느꼈다. 나는 미래에 과학 분야의 직업을 가져 많은 사람들이 과학은 편리할 뿐만 아니라 재밌는 것이라고 생각하도록 만들고 싶다.