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Ethan, Syafiq & Wallace

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ming jun
nigel
robin
fitri

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Hanis, Rica, Deeraj, Isaac

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abdullah
keane
eleanor
alfred hehe

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- Doesn't detect muscle related injury
- Can cause cancer
- Pregnant women won't be able to scan

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ashley
min
branson
deborah

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Berissa
Raisah
Joshua
Danish

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- Cheap
- Easily Accessible
- Able to draw diagnosis for bone related injuries

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- Provide high-resolution reconstructions of the imaging data
- Detect small areas of calcification better than MRI
- Effective in evaluating spine, fractures in small bones and anatomically complex regions like ankle

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structured of:
-carbon
-oxygen
-hydrogen

it is a group of medications - salicylates
-stops the production of natural substances that cause fever, pain, swelling and blood clots
-relieves mild to moderate pain for muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, headaches

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MRI Disadvantages:

It is costly compared to other diagnostic tools.

It may cause claustrophobia in some patients.

It cannot be used for patients with certain types of metal implants. ( such as nickel alloys and stainless steel materials )

It may not be suitable for patients with kidney problems. ( because the contrast agents called gadolinium used in MRI can be harmful to patients with kidney problems. )

It may not be suitable for patients with severe respiratory problems. (may have difficulty lying still for an extended period of time )

It may not be suitable for patients with certain types of heart conditions. ( because the strong magnetic fields used in MRI can interfere with pacemakers and other implanted devices that regulate the heart's rhythm )

It may not be suitable for patients who are pregnant and are in their first trimester.

It may not be suitable for patients who cannot lie still

Omega PDS MRI & CT Scan. (2019, January 5). MRI advantages and disadvantages. Omega PDS. https://www.omegapds.com/mri-advantages-and-disadvantages/
Felson, S. (2021, February 8). Is there any reason I shouldn’t get an MRI? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/who-should-not-get-an-mri

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Injury management:
Providing immediate care on the field, responsible for diagnosing and treating sports-related injuries and develop treatment plans.
Injury prevention:
Work with the coaches and trainers to develop strategies of reducing the risk of injuries. Give advice to other professionals and prevent further problems.

References:
Kinderknecht, J. (2016). Roles of the team physician. The Journal of Knee Surgery, 356-363.

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1)     Detailed Images

Ø  MRI offers detailed visuals of the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and soft tissues to aid in detecting knee issues.

2)     Multi-angle views

Ø  Provides images from different angles of the knee which is useful for complex diagnoses

3)     Non-invasive

Ø  No surgery or radiation is involved which is safe for the patients.

Bruno, F., Barile, A., Arrigoni, F., Laporta, A., Russo, A., Carotti, M., ... & Masciocchi, C. (2018). Weight-bearing MRI of the knee: a review of advantages and limits. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 89(Suppl 1), 78.

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- exposure to ionizing radiation can increase risk of cancer
- allergic reaction to dye used for visualizations in CT scan
- Hard to get detailed images of soft tissue like muscles, tendons or ligaments

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Injury Management:

1. Designing and implementing a treatment/rehab plan

2. Collaborate with other professionals (e.g physiotherapists, doctors)

3. Oversee progress of athlete's rehab programme and modify when necessary

4. Evaluate the readiness of the athlete to return back to sports training/match play

5. Communicate efficiently with the athlete, coach and other medical professionals in coordination with the approach in injury management

Injury Prevention:

1. Educate the athletes about the importance of warm-up and cooldown to prepare their bodies for training and prevent injuries

2. Develop exercises and drills which target high-risk areas of injury based on the sporting demands

3. Implement training protocols which focus on the weakness/imbalance of the athlete to reduce the chances of re-injuring/injury

4. Address psychological factors like stress, anxiety, etc. which may contribute to the risk of injury by providing mental health support.

5. Communicating with coaches on their training programs and schedules to align with their injury prevention goals

References:
Content.External. (2023). Athletic Trainer job description. Recruiting Resources: How to Recruit and Hire Better. https://resources.workable.com/athletic-trainer-job-description

Middlesworth, M. (2015). The role of a workplace athletic trainer: injury prevention specialist. ErgoPlus. https://ergo-plus.com/workplace-athletic-trianer-role/

taylorcounselinggroup (2023, June 21). Importance of mental health in athletes | Taylor Counseling. Taylor Counseling Group. https://taylorcounselinggroup.com/blog/athletes-and-mental-health/

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US Advantages:

Ultrasound Scans are safe and non-invasive. This means that the procedure do not require any surgery nor exposure to radiation. The procedure uses a device called Transducer which emits high-frequency sound waves, which are not audible to the human ear. Since the sound waves used in ultrasound are harmless and non-ionizing, they do not pose any risk to the patient's health.

There is no need to cut or penetrate the skin to obtain images, making it a non-invasive procedure. Ultrasound is a safe and painless imaging technique. It is commonly used for various medical purposes, including prenatal examinations, diagnostic imaging of organs, musculoskeletal assessments, and vascular studies.

Another advantage of ultrasound being non-invasive is that it allows for real-time imaging of moving structures. This dynamic imaging capability is particularly useful for assessing organs, blood flow, and musculoskeletal injuries during movement.

Additionally, it’s non-invasive nature makes it a preferred choice for many medical applications. It reduces the risk of infection, eliminates the need for anesthesia, and minimizes patient discomfort compared to invasive procedures like surgery.

It’s also usually quick to perform, and the results are available immediately, enabling prompt diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Compared to other imaging techniques like MRI or CT scans, ultrasound scans are generally more cost-effective, making them a more accessible option for many patients.

Ultrasound scans can also help detect injuries and conditions early, which is crucial for timely intervention and better treatment outcomes.

Ref:

Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of Radiology (ACR)

https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/genus#:~:text=Ultrasound%20is%20widely%20available%2C%20easy,well%20on%20x%2Dray%20images.

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Injury prevention

- design a suitable training program. Coaches are responsible for designing training programs that are appropriate for the athletes. The program should consider gradual progression, proper warm-up and cool-down routines, and adequate rest periods to minimize the risk of overuse injuries.

- Ensure proper technique and form. Coaches should provide guidance and corrections to ensure that athletes are executing movements correctly. Poor technique can lead to musculoskeletal imbalances and increase the risk of injury.

- monitoring workload. Coaches need to monitor the intensity, frequency, and volume of training. This is to prevent any overtraining. Sudden spikes in workload can increase the risk of injuries.

- educating the athletes.  Coaches should educate athletes about injury prevention strategies, including proper nutrition, hydration, sleep, and recovery practices.

References:

https://www.seattleponybaseball.org/coaches-role-in-minimizing-the-risk-of-injurt/

https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/fulltext/2017/06000/sports_injury_prevention__the_role_of_the_strength.3.aspx#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20according%20to%20the,an%20injury%20occurs%E2%80%9D%20(pg.

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US disadvantages

1. Unlike  other diagnostic imaging tools, US can only evaluate a small area at a time

2. US cannot go through structures like bone and air. As the knee has many bony structures like the femur, patella and tibia, there are some parts of the image that may not be seen and have a chance to miss out certain things

3. The resolution of an US get less clear the deeper the scan goes. It is only maximized for more superficial scans

Ultrasound - Mayo Clinic. (2022, April 30). https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ultrasound/about/pac-20395177#:~:text=Ultrasound%20is%20a%20valuable%20tool,deep%20in%20the%20human%20body.

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Injury management:
The role of general practitioners in injury management is to assess the extent and nature of the injury, and then diagnose the injury to prescribe the appropriate treatment processes that are required. This may also include providing referrals to secondary care specialities, as a general practitioner is not specialised.

Injury prevention:
A general practitioner will conduct follow-up appointments on an injured site, as well as monitoring the overall health of an individual.  He can also identify a patient for a risk for re-injury and thus recommend specific exercises and rehabilitation for prevention of re-injury.

References:
Fernandes, A., McDonnell, L., & Regel, S. (2016). The role of general practice in following up patients with trauma. British Journal of General Practice, 66(642), 10-11.

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Injury Management:

- Apply mechanical loads to injured tissues with different techniques such as massage, manual therapy, electrotherapy, such as ultrasound, and exercise.

-  Physiotherapy is the focus on exercises to help strengthen the injured area and prevent future injuries.

Injury Prevention:

- A physiotherapist can come up with a treatment plan for patients to help prevent injury or re-injury. This plan can include regular exercises, stretching, or any manual therapy to strengthen the body and improve flexibility.

REFERENCE:
- https://www.physio-pedia.com/Injury_and_Healing_Within_Sports_Physiotherapy#:~:text=Physiotherapists%20can%20apply%20mechanical%20loads,and%20remodelling%20of%20injured%20tissues.

-https://www.focusphysiotherapy.com/the-role-of-physiotherapy-in-sports-injury-rehabilitation/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20most%20important,of%20body%20position%20and%20movement).
https://www.squareonephysio.ca/blog/how

-can-physiotherapy-help-with-injury-prevention#:~:text=A%20physiotherapist%20can%20come%20up,overall%20strength%20of%20the%20body.

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Some form of injury prevention include the use of protective equipments such as helmets, guards and braces which prevent injury via protection or increasing stability. Other forms include playing is safe spaces.

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Injury Prevention:

1. Proper Lifting Techniques:
Employing correct lifting techniques while handling heavy objects can help prevent musculoskeletal injuries. This involves bending the knees, keeping the back straight, and using leg muscles to lift, reducing strain on the back muscles.

2. Helmet Use in Cycling:
Wearing helmets while cycling can significantly reduce the risk of head injuries in case of accidents. Helmets absorb impact forces and protect the skull and brain, preventing severe injuries.

Injury Management:

1. R.I.C.E. Method for Sprains and Strains:
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation (R.I.C.E.) is a common approach to manage minor sprains and strains. Resting the affected area, applying ice to reduce swelling, using compression bandages, and elevating the injured limb can aid in healing and pain reduction.

2. CPR for Cardiac Arrest:
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an essential skill for managing cardiac arrest. Administering proper chest compressions and rescue breaths can maintain blood circulation and oxygen supply until professional medical help arrives.

Difference:
Injury prevention focuses on taking proactive measures to reduce the likelihood of injuries occurring in the first place. These measures are aimed at eliminating or minimizing the risk factors that can lead to injuries. On the other hand, injury management involves responding to injuries that have already occurred. It includes immediate actions and procedures to mitigate the severity of the injury and provide appropriate care for a faster recovery.

Reference List:

1. National Safety Council. (2021). Lifting Techniques to Prevent Injury. Retrieved from: https://www.nsc.org/home-safety/tools-resources/seasonal-safety/summer/heat

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Helmet Use Saves Lives. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/injury/features/helmet/index.html

3. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. (2018). Sprains, Strains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries. Retrieved from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/sprains-strains-and-other-soft-tissue-injuries/

4. American Heart Association. (2021). CPR & First Aid. Retrieved from: https://www.heart.org/en/cpr

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injury management:
-coaches often work closely with the athletes so it is important to recognize the signs and symptoms of potential injury before it occurs.

-they should also be trained in basic first aid and initial injury care to provide immediate assistance.

-coaches should work closely with the team physician, GP and physiotherapist to to make informed decisions about when an athlete can safely return to training and competition after an injury.

-the role of the coach in injury management is by supervising the recommended treatment or rehabilitation program.

https://us.humankinetics.com/blogs/excerpt/defining-a-coachs-role-on-the-athletics-health-care-team

https://cdnsm5-ss9.sharpschool.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_89424/File/Teachers/Ahlstrom/Sports%20med%20web/Doc/Red%20Cross%20Lesson%209.pdf

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As a coach you are likely to be involved in each portion of the athletic health care relay-prevention, recognition and first aid care, assessment and treatment, and rehabilitation.

Your roles are defined by

certain rules of the legal system and rules of your school administration,

expectations of parents, and

interactions with other athletic health care team members.

Legal Definitions of Your Role
Basically, the legal system supports the theory that a coach's primary role is to minimize the risk of injury to the athletes under the coach's supervision. This encompasses a variety of duties.

1. Properly plan the activity.

Teach the skills of the sport in the correct progression.

Consider each athlete's developmental level and current physical condition. Evaluate your athletes' physical capacity and skill level with preseason fitness tests, and develop practice plans accordingly.

Keep written records of fitness test results and practice plans. Don't deviate from your plans without good cause.

2. Provide proper instruction.

Make sure that athletes are in proper condition to participate.

Teach athletes the rules and the correct skills and strategies of the sport. For example, in football teach athletes that tackling with the head (spearing) is illegal and also a potentially dangerous technique.

Teach athletes the sport skills and conditioning exercises in a progression so that the athletes are adequately prepared to handle more difficult skills or exercises.

Keep up-to-date on better and safer ways of performing the techniques used in the sport.

Provide competent and responsible assistants. If you have coaching assistants, make sure that they are knowledgeable in the skills and strategies of the sport and act in a mature and responsible manner.

3. Warn of inherent risks.

Provide parents and athletes with both oral and written statements of the inherent health risks of their particular sport.

Also warn athletes about potentially harmful conditions, such as playing conditions, dangerous or faulty equipment, and the like.

4. Provide a safe physical environment.

Monitor current environmental conditions (i.e., windchill, temperature, humidity, and severe weather warnings).

Periodically inspect the playing areas, the locker room, the weight room, and the dugout for hazards.

Remove all hazards.

Prevent improper or unsupervised use of facilities.

5. Provide adequate and proper equipment.

Make sure athletes are using equipment that provides the maximum amount of protection against injury.

Inspect equipment regularly.

Teach athletes how to fit, use, and inspect their equipment.

6. Match your athletes appropriately.

Match the athletes according to size, physical maturity, skill level, and experience.

Do not pit physically immature or novice athletes against those who are in top condition and are highly skilled.

7. Evaluate athletes for injury or incapacity.

Require all athletes to submit to preseason physicals and screenings to detect potential health problems.

Withhold an athlete from practice and competition if the athlete is unable to compete without pain or loss of function (e.g., inability to walk, run, jump, throw, and so on without restriction).

8. Supervise the activity closely.

Do not allow athletes to practice difficult or potentially dangerous skills without proper supervision.

Forbid horseplay, such as "wrestling around."

Do not allow athletes to use sports facilities without supervision.

9. Provide appropriate emergency assistance.

Learn sport first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). (Take a course through the American Red Cross, American Heart Association, or the National Safety Council.)

Take action when needed. The law assumes that you, as a coach, are responsible for providing first aid care for any injury or illness suffered by an athlete under your supervision. So, if no medical personnel are present when an injury occurs, you are responsible for providing emergency care.

Use only the skills that you are qualified to administer and provide the specific standard of care that you are trained to provide through sport first aid, CPR, and other sports medicine courses.

If athlete is a minor, obtain a signed written consent form from their parents before the season. For injured adult athletes, specifically ask if they want help. If they are unresponsive, consent is usually implied. If they refuse help, you are not required to provide it. In fact, if you still attempt to give care, they can sue you for assault.

Some states expect coaches to meet additional standards of care. Check with your athletic director to find out if your state has specific guidelines for the quality of care to be provided by coaches.

You should become familiar with each of these 9 legal duties. The first 8 duties deal mainly with preventive measures, which are explained more thoroughly in chapter 2. This book is primarily designed to help you handle duty number 9.

Parental Expectations
Parents will look to you for direction when their child is injured. They may ask questions such as these:

What do you think is wrong with my child's knee?

Will it get worse if my child continues playing?

Should my child see a doctor?

Does my child need to wear protective knee braces for football?

Will taping help prevent my child from reinjuring the ankle?

When can my child start competing again?

While you can't have all the answers, it helps to know those who can. That's where the other athletic health care team members can help. Let's look at the other members of the team, their roles, and your roles in interacting with them.

Learn more about Sport First Aid, Fifth Edition.

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Defining a coach's role on the Athletics Health Care Team

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As a coach you are likely to be involved in each portion of the athletic health care relay-prevention, recognition and first aid care, assessment and treatment, and rehabilitation.

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Role in injry management
Ojective: Reduce tension and improve ROM
1. Assessment
- Discuss medical history
- What causes the injury
- The location of injury
- Any pain or discomfort
2. Suitable and relevant massage technique used
- Lympathic drainage massage
- Effleurage
- Deep tissue massage

Role in injury prevention
- Palpate tension or tightness
- Provide deep tissue massage or types of massage to release muscle tension
- Warm-up the muscles
- Improve range of motion
Manchester physio. When massage can help - Manchester Physio - Leading Physiotherapy Provider in Manchester City Centre and Sale. (n.d.). https://www.manchesterphysio.co.uk/treatments/massage/when-massage-can-help/post-injury.php