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1941-1945 - Joint British and Soviet occupation of Iran

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1941-1945 - Joint British and Soviet occupation of Iran

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Britain and the Soviet Union invade Iran to secure control of Iranian oil during World War II and to prevent German influence in the region.

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Spring 1946 - Britain withdraws from Iran

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Spring 1946 - Britain withdraws from Iran

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Soviets initially refuse, sparking one of the first crises in the Cold War.

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After the Soviet Union withdraws under U.S. pressure, the Iranians crush Azeri and Kurdish independence movements supported by Russia.

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1951 - Election of Nationalist Govt. in Iran

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1951 - Election of Nationalist Govt. in Iran

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Iranian nationalists were pushing for more of an Iranian stake in the Anglo-Iranian Oil company. This leads to the election of Mohammed Mossadegh, intent on nationalizing oil industry. On May 1st, oil is nationalized, and Mossadegh starts allying himself with left wing groups.

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The CIA and British intelligence assist in a coup against the democratically elected prime minister, Mohammed Mossadeq. Leads to the 1954 Iran oil agreement.

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1956- General Somoza is assassinated (Nicaragua)

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1956- General Somoza is assassinated (Nicaragua)

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Anastasio Somoza ordered the muder of the Sadino leader in 1934 and is assassinated by a civilian.
He is succeeded by his son Luis Somoza Debayle

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Organization of the Petroleum Exporting (OPEC) is formed between Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to rival Western oil companies.

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1961- Sandinista National Liberation Front is established 

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1961- Sandinista National Liberation Front is established 

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Also known as FSLN- A protesting revolutionary group

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Succeeded by his brother Anastasio Somoza

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1978- Assassination of the Democratic Liberation Union's leader

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1978- Assassination of the Democratic Liberation Union's leader

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Pedro Joaquin Chamorro was assassinated, leading to a strike and an alliance with the FSLN to dispose of Somoza

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The Iranian Revolution kicks off and the shah flees. Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini becomes the leader after 14 years of exile. Iran becomes anti-West Islamic theocracy.

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George  1979 - Overthrow of US Dictator in Nicaragua

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George  1979 - Overthrow of US Dictator in Nicaragua

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In 1979, Marxist-inspired rebels took power in Nicaragua when they ousted the US-backed dictator from office. Calling themselves the Sandinista Front, they instated radical programs meant to solve their country's ongoing economic issues.

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The FSLN entered Managua, resulting in the yielding of power to the revolutionary movements

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Anastasio Somoza is assassinated during a visit to Paraguay

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Radical Iranian college students take 52 Americans hostage in the American embassy. Washington severs ties with Iran, sanctions Iranian oil imports, and freezes Iranian assets. 444 days later, the hostages are released under the Algerian Accords.

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Iraq invades Iran due to fears of a Shiite revolt against Saddam Hussein, the leader of Iraq. The US supports Iraq through funding and training Iraqi military. 1 million Iranians die and 250k-500k Iraqis die.

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George 1981 - Reagan issues organization of counterrevolutionary forces in the country

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George 1981 - Reagan issues organization of counterrevolutionary forces in the country

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Calling themselves the Contras, the United States trained troops and supplied them with weapons. Their goal, at first, was to pressure the Sandinista government to stop its involvement in El Salvador, but their mission shifted to the complete overthrow of Nicaragua's government. The efforts failed and only bolstered the general population's support of the Sandinistas.

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The Contras begin assassinating members of the government in 1982 and in 1983, the CIA supports them in the placing of mines in harbors to avoid foreign weapon shipments

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From a foreign perspective, it appeared to be a fair election, with 75% participation rate in the election, electing the Sadanistas as victors. The Reagan administration declared it was a "Soviet Style Sham"

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1984 - Boland Amendment passed in the US

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1984 - Boland Amendment passed in the US

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The Boland amendment would prohibit any US government measure that would have the effect of supporting military operations in Nicaragua. Was passed after CIA reported that the Contras, even with American support, would not succeed. Reagan could not get Congress to budge on the issue, but he continues to support the Contras through illegal means.

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During the Iran-Iraq war, the Iranian requested an arms sale with the US despite an embargo. National Security Advisor Robert McFarlane suggested that Reagan follow through with the deal to improve relations between Iran and Lebanon. Reagan's motivation behind the deal was to secure the release of American hostages held by Hezbollah in Lebanon. Opinions within the White House were divided but the deal went through.
Eventually, a Lebanese newspaper wrote an exposé exposing the deal, with Reagan denying the accusation. He later retracted the statement a week later and admitted the sale insisting on the motive to be to negotiate for the hostages.
However, when an investigation was conducted, only $12 million of the $30 million was actually given to the government. Lieutenant Oliver North revealed that the other $18 million was used to fund the Contras in Nicaragua. North assumed that Reagan knew of this but only National Security Adviser Admiral John Poindexter knew. This entire affair was known as the Iran-Contra affair.

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- under Obama
- non-proliferation pact with five other countries

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Under Trump, the relationship got real bad

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Under Trump, the relationship got real bad

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- Trump abandoned the deal and imposed economic sanctions on Iran, damaging the relationship
- Hostility peaked in 2020, when Trump ordered assassination of General Qassem Suleimani, the head of Iran’s Quds force, and then Iran fired missiles at US airbases to retaliate

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2016-2020 Iran nuclear program expanded drastically

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2016-2020 Iran nuclear program expanded drastically

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- a lot of technological advances, US identify its ballistic missiles an equally strong threat as its nuclear tech
- now one of the world’s top missile producers
- meanwhile, Iran is facing LOTS of internal problems, so that makes a nuclear deal less possible

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2022- Biden is trying to slow Iran down but also salvage the relationship to avoid a nuclear blowout

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2022- Biden is trying to slow Iran down but also salvage the relationship to avoid a nuclear blowout

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- proposing a new package that ends Trump’s sanctions
- more diplomatic talks to reduce tension

- dropped bombs on Abu Kamal to halt Iran’s nuclear production, but didn’t work
- also tried intimidation: dispatched B-52 bombers around Iran, didn't work, but DID reassure allies in the region
- working with five other countries to restore the nuclear deal