# data[].attributes.body
Cathleen Synge Morawetz:
Born on May 5 1923 and Work long in the United States. One of her contribution is partial differential type. This involves two or more independent variables. another contribution is aerodynamics. Aerodynamics is the way air moves around the things, one of example of this is how an airplane is able to fly. Shock wave is also known by her knowledge. Shockwave is a strong pressure wave in any elastic medium such as air, water, or a solid substances.

Trivia: Nationality- American(canadian)
Studied at: University of Toronto
Award: National medal of science
Lester R. Ford Award
Etc.

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Name: Shafrira Goldwasser

Contribution:  Shafrira Goldwasser is an Israeli-American computer scientist and winner of the Turing Award in 2012. She is the RSA Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, a professor of mathematical sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, co-founder and chief scientist of Duality Technologies and the director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing in Berkeley, CA. She was on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2020.

Trivia:

Place of birth: New York

She joined MIT in 1983, and in 1997 became the first holder of the RSA Professorship.

She became a professor at the Weizmann Institute of Science, concurrent to her professorship at MIT, in 1993.

She is a member of the Theory of Computation group at MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser
https://scientificwomen.net/women/goldwasser-shafi-107#:~:text=She%20joined%20MIT%20in%201983,Science%20and%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20Laboratory.

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Name: Dr. Marian Roque
Background:
DR. MARIAN ROQUE is a Professor at the Institute of Mathematics in UP Diliman, where she has been teaching Math 1 (Math Appreciation) for more than 25 years. She finished her PhD in Mathematics in the same university (1996). Her area of interest includes differential equations.
Contribution:
One of the books she authored extensively introduces classical and variational partial differential equations (PDEs) to graduate and post-graduate students in Mathematics. The topics, even the most delicate, are presented in a detailed way. The book consists of two parts which focus on second order linear PDEs. Part I gives an overview of classical PDEs, that is, equations which admit strong solutions, verifying the equations pointwise. Classical solutions of the Laplace, heat, and wave equations are provided. Part II deals with variational PDEs, where weak (variational) solutions are considered. They are defined by variational formulations of the equations, based on Sobolev spaces. A comprehensive and detailed presentation of these spaces is given. Examples of variational elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic problems with different boundary conditions are discussed.

Trivia:
She is a recipient of several awards including the 2012 Gawad Tsanselor para sa Natatanging Guro, UP Scientist (2014-2016), and the NRCP Achievement Award in Mathematics (2016).

Sources:
https://networks.upou.edu.ph/10305/the-cardinality-of-infinite-sets-dr-marian-roque/
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marian-Roque

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Contribution: In 1874 she presented three papers—on partial differential equations, on Saturn’s rings, and on elliptic integrals—to the University of Göttingen as her doctoral dissertation and was awarded the degree, summa 🤬 laude, in absentia. Her paper on partial differential equations, the most important of the three papers, won her valuable recognition within the European mathematical community. It contains what is now commonly known as the Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem, which gives conditions for the existence of solutions to a certain class of partial differential equations.
Trivia:  She was the first woman in modern Europe to gain a doctorate in mathematics, the first to join the editorial board of a scientific journal, and the first to be appointed professo
r of mathematics.

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Contribution: is a mathematician whose research interests include noncommutative algebra, noncommutative algebraic geometry, symmetry in quantum mechanics, Hopf algebras, and quantum groups. She is an associate professor at Rice University and a Sloan Research Fellow.

Trivia: Nationality: american
Alma mater: Michigan State University University of Michigan
Awards: Sloan Research Fellowship Andre Lichnerowicz prize
Fields: Mathematician
Thesis: On Degenerations and Deformations of Sklyanin Algebras (2011)

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Full name: Marjorie Lee Browne

Background:
Parents: Mary Taylor Lee, Lawrence Johnson
Born: September 9, 1914, Memphis
Died: October 19, 1979, Durham
Professions: Mathematician

Trivia:
Marjorie Lee Browne was a prominent mathematician and educator who, in 1949, became only the third African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in her field.

She attended Howard University, majoring in mathematics and graduating 🤬 laude in 1935. After receiving her bachelor's degree, she taught high school and college for a short term, including at Gilbert Academy in New Orleans.

After receiving her doctorate, Browne was unable to keep a teaching position at a research institution. As a result of this, she worked with secondary school mathematics teachers, instructing them in "modern math." She focused especially on encouraging math education for minorities and women.

Marjorie Lee Browne died of a heart attack in Durham, North Carolina, on October 19, 1979. After her death, four of her students established the Marjorie Lee Brown Trust Fund at North Carolina Central University which sponsors the Marjorie Lee Browne Scholarship and the Marjorie Lee Browne Distinguished Alumni Lecture Series.

Contributions:
Between 1952 and 1953 Browne won a fellowship from the Ford Foundation.

For 13 years Browne served as director of the mathematics section of these Institutes. Four sets of lecture note were written by Browne to be used by these teachers. These notes were Sets, Logic and Mathematical Thought (1957), Introduction to Linear Algebra (1959), Elementary Matrix Algebra (1969), and Algebraic Structures (1974).

In 1975, Browne was recognized with the first W.W. Rankin Memorial Award for Excellence in Mathematics Education, an honor handed out by the North Carolina Council of Teachers of Mathematics.

Browne's other published work was her paper A Note on the Classical Groups. This was published in the American Mathematics Monthly in 1955.

Marjorie Browne served as a member of numerous organizations, including the Women's Research Society; the American Mathematical Society; and the Mathematical Association of America. In addition, Browne was one of the first African American women to serve as a member of the advisory council to the National Science Foundation.

Sources:
https://www.biography.com/scholar/marjorie-lee-browne
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Browne/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Lee_Browne

- Rosepearl Jade I. Mariano

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Name: Andrea Bertozzi

Contributions: Applied Mathematics; Theory of swarming behavior, Aggregation equations and their solution in general dimension, the theory of particle-laden flows in liquids with free surfaces, data analysis/image analysis at the micro and nano scales, and the mathematics of crime. She has developed numerous novel mathematical theories throughout her career. She developed the mathematical theory of thin film equations, fourth order degenerate parabolic equations that are used to describe lubrication theory for coating flows. She has also worked with Jeffrey Brantingham and other colleagues to apply mathematics to the patterns of urban crime.

Trivia: She was supposed to be invited for the Noether Lecture at the 2021 Joint Mathematics Meetings. Her status as lecturer was under searching/surveillance because if a controversial work of hers, the area of predictive policing. Due to the announcement being scheduled at the time of George Floyd’s protest, the sponsors and Bertozzi came to an agreement to cancel the lecture.
Picture:

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Iranian mathematcian who became the first woman and the first Iranian to be awarded a Fields medal.

Biography:
Born: 1997-12-MAY
Tehran, Iran
Died: 2017-14-JULY

Contribution:
-Her work focused on the study of hyperbolic space, in contrast to normal Euclidean space, Euclid's fifth postulate does not hold.
- She has made striking and original contributions to geometry and dynamical systems. Her work on Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces bridges several mathematical disciplines (hyperbolic geometry, complex analysis, etc.)
- She gained recognition for her early results in hyperbolic geometry, and her most recent work contributes a major advance in dynamical systems.

Trivia:
- When Maryam Mirzakhani was a teenager she won gold medals in the 1994 and 1995 International Olympiads for high-school students, attaining a perfect score in 1995.

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Background Information:
Born: 26 October 1935
Sumter, South Carolina, United States of America
Died: July 21, 2011

Contribution:
Originally entering Fisk University in 1952 to become a nurse, Hewitt, with the encouragement of Lee Lorch, the Mathematics Department Chair, was persuaded to take calculus for the first time during her sophomore year. In her sophomore year, on May 28, 1954, Hewitt also married Ronald Hewitt and the couple had a son, Randy Lattimore Hewitt. While juggling her family and school responsibilities and with her parents’ help and her professors’ support, Hewitt graduated with a degree in mathematics from Fisk University in 1956, intending to be a high school math teacher.

With Lorch’s recommendation and guidance, Hewitt instead pursued a master of science degree from the University of Washington, which she completed in 1960. Hewitt then took an assistant professor of mathematics position in 1961 with the University of Montana in Missoula. While teaching in Montana, Hewitt finished her Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Washington in 1962. Her dissertation, titled Direct and Inverse Limits of Abstract Algebra was written under the direction of Dr. Richard Pierce. She was only the third African American woman in the nation to earn a Ph.D. in this field. After her Ph.D., Hewitt remained at the University of Montana, becoming an associate professor in 1966 and a full professor in 1973. Hewitt was promoted in 1995 to the chair of the Department of Mathematical Sciences, becoming the first black woman to lead a department at that institution. She retired from the University of Montana in 1999.

Hewitt has spent her career working to inspire her students and other young people to become mathematicians. She has contributed to the national Advanced Placement (AP) calculus curriculum and examinations, served on the executive council of Pi Mu Epsilon (a mathematical honors society), and on the committee responsible for the math section of the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), including serving as chair from 1984 to 1986. Hewitt was associated with other organizations regarding scholarship and academia including the National Association of Mathematicians, the American Mathematical Society, and the Mathematical Association of America (where she served as a visiting lecturer from 1964 to 1972).

Throughout her career, Hewitt has received awards for her efforts, research, and merit. The National Science Foundation recognized her with a postdoctoral fellowship, which facilitated her work at the University of Oregon for a year in 1966. Additionally, she received a Certificate of Appreciation from the Educational Testing Service (ETS). Hewitt has dedicated her life to making math more accessible and achievable. Her work and values have become examples for women of color in STEM fields everywhere.

Sources:
Blackpast.org (2019, November 24). Gloria Conyers Hewitt. Received information from
https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/gloria-conyers-hewitt-1935/

Vince Peter M. Manalo
Passed on March 22, 2021

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Born: December 10, 1815
Died: November 27, 1852

Contribution:
Her translation of an article on Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine includes notations (three-fourths of the translation) that describe what later became known as a computer and as software. In 1980, the Ada computer language was named for her. Lovelace was the first to recognize the full potential of a 'computing machine', suggesting it had applications beyond pure calculations.

Trivia:
At the age of 12, Lovelace conceptualized a flying machine.
After studying the anatomy of birds and the suitability of various materials, the young girl illustrated plans to construct a winged flying apparatus before moving on to think about powered flight. “I have got a scheme,” she wrote to her mother, “to make a thing in the form of a horse with a steam engine in the inside so contrived as to move an immense pair of wings, fixed on the outside of the horse, in such a manner as to carry it up into the air while a person sits on its back.”

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Television presenter Rachel Riley studied Mathematics at Oxford University. At age 22 she joined Countdown where she applies her maths skills on a regular basis, handling the letters and numbers rounds to find solutions to complicated problems. She has gone on to present other shows including 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown and The Gadget Show, and even starred as a contestant on Strictly Come Dancing!

Rachel’s impact: Riley has visited many schools over the years in an endeavour to inspire children on the “joys of applied maths, quantum mechanics and time travel” and increase the numbers of females participating in STEM subjects. She has shown us that pursuing your passion and studying maths at university can lead to us down different avenues, including less conventional ones such as a career in television!

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First woman in the Western world to achieve a reputation in Mathematics. Born in May 16 1789 and died in January 9 1799. She was the eldest child fluent in several languages in an early age.

Contribution:
"Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana" (1748; “Analytical Institutions for the Use of Italian Youth”). This created new developments in calculus and a systematic treatment in algebra. This text includes the "Agnesi curve" which is a cubic curve.

Trivia:
After the death of her father in 1752, she devoted herself in religion and charity work. Maria establishes hospices and died in one of the houses she directed.

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Background Information:

Born: 3 April 1868

Cambridge, England

Died: 10 June 1948 (Aged 80)

Nationality: British

Contribution:

She was an English mathematician and educationalist. She was the first woman to obtain the top score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams. She taught at Newnham College, Cambridge, and at the normal school in Johannesburg, and she became an administrator for the London County Council. Philippa Fawcett was educated at Bedford College, London now Royal Holloway and Newnham College, Cambridge which had been co-founded by her mother. In 1890 she became the first woman to obtain the top score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams. The results were highly publicized, with the top scorers receiving great acclaim. Her score was 13 per cent higher than the second highest, but she did not receive the title of Senior Wrangler, as only men were then ranked and women were listed separately. Women had been allowed to take the Tripos since 1880, after Charlotte Angas Scott was unofficially ranked as eighth wrangler. When the women's list was announced, Fawcett was described as "above the senior wrangler". No woman was officially awarded the first position until Ruth Hendry in 1992.

Trivia:

Fawcett left Cambridge in 1902, when she was appointed as a lecturer to train mathematics teachers at the Normal School in Johannesburg, South Africa, now part of the University of Pretoria. She remained there, setting up schools in South Africa, until 1905, when she returned to Britain to take a position in the administration of education for London County Council. At the LCC, in her work developing secondary schools, she attained a high rank. Denied a Cambridge degree by reason of her sex, she was one of the steamboat ladies who travelled to Ireland between 1904 and 1907.

Sources:
"Fawcett, Philippa Garrett". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39169. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)^ Crawford, Elizabeth. "Spirited Women of Gower Street: The Garretts and their Circle" (PDF). Bloomsbury Project. University College London. Retrieved 12 July 2018^

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Background Info:
Born: October 9, 1949
Nationality: American, Taiwanese
Place of Birth: Kaoshiung, Taiwan

Contribution:
Fan Chung, is a Taiwanese-born American mathematician who works mainly in the areas of spectral graph theory, external graph theory and random graphs, in particular in generalizing the Erdős–Rényi model for graphs with general degree distribution (including power-law graphs in the study of large information networks).

Trivia:

Since 1998, Chung has been the Akamai Professor in Internet Mathematics at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). She received her doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania in 1974, under the direction of Herbert Wilf.

Chung has two children; the first child was born during her graduate studies from her first marriage.

She was married to the mathematician Ronald Graham from 1983 until his death in 2020.

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Chung

https://mathshistory.st-
andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chung/

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Background Information:
Born: 1 April 1776
Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, France
Died: 27 June 1831 (aged 55)
Paris, France
Nationality: French
Contribution:
Germain first became interested in number theory in 1798 when Adrien-Marie Legendre published Essai sur la théorie des nombres. After studying the work, she opened correspondence with him on number theory, and later, elasticity. Legendre showed some of Germain's work in the Supplément to his second edition of the Théorie des Nombres, where he calls it très ingénieuse ("very ingenious"). See also Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem below.

Fermat's Last Theorem can be divided into two cases. Case 1 involves all powers p that do not divide any of x, y, or z. Case 2 includes all p that divide at least one of x, y, or z. Germain proposed the following, commonly called "Sophie Germain's theorem":
Let p be an odd prime. If there exists an auxiliary prime P = 2Np + 1 (N is any positive integer not divisible by 3) such that:

1. if x p + y p + z p ≡ 0 (mod P), then P divides xyz, and

2. p is not a p-th power residue (mod P).

Then the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem holds true for p.

Germain used this result to prove the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem for all odd primes p < 100, but according to Andrea Del Centina, "she had actually shown that it holds for every exponent p < 197". L. E. Dickson later used Germain's theorem to prove Fermat's Last Theorem for odd primes less than 1700.

In an unpublished manuscript titled Remarque sur l'impossibilité de satisfaire en nombres entiers a l'équation x p + y p = z p, Germain showed that any counterexamples to Fermat's theorem for p > 5 must be numbers "whose size frightens the imagination", around 40 digits long. Germain did not publish this work. Her brilliant theorem is known only because of the footnote in Legendre's treatise on number theory, where he used it to prove Fermat's Last Theorem for p = 5 (see Correspondence with Legendre). Germain also proved or nearly proved several results that were attributed to Lagrange or were rediscovered years later. Del Centina states that "after almost two hundred years her ideas were still central", but ultimately her method did not work.
Trivia:
-Sophie Germain was a revolutionary. She battled against the social prejudices of the era and a lack of formal training in order to become a celebrated mathematician.
-legend of Archimedes' death was recounted. Legend has it that "during the invasion of his city by the Romans Archimedes was so engrossed in the study of a geometric figure in the sand that he failed to respond to the questioning of a Roman soldier. As a result he was speared to death" (Perl 64). This sparked Sophie's interest. If someone could be so engrossed in a problem as to ignore a soldier and then die for it, the subject must be interesting! Thus she began her study of mathematics.
Sources:
https://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/germain.htm#:~:text=Sophie%20Germain%20was%20a%20revolutionary,also%20very%20important%20to%20mathematics.

=GABRIEL Q. ROTILO

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I DO ABOUT HER:

Maryam Mirzakhani was a mathematician known for solving hard, abstract problems in the geometry of curved spaces. She was born in Tehran, Iran, and did her most important work as a professor at Stanford University, between 2009 and 2014.

CONTRIBUTION:

Her work helped explain the nature of geodesics, straight lines across curved surfaces. It had practical applications for understanding the behavior of earthquakes and turned up answers to long-standing mysteries in the field.

Mirzakhani received her medal one year after she was diagnosed with breast cancer, in 2013. The cancer killed her on July 14, 2017, at age 40. Mirzakhani continues to influence her field, even after her death; in 2019, her colleague Alex Eskin won the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in mathematics for revolutionary work he did with Mirzakhani on the "magic wand theorem." Later that year, the Breakthrough Prize endowed a new award in Mirzakhani's honor, which would go to promising, young women mathematicians.

TRIVIA:

In 2014 she became the first — and still only — woman to win the Fields Medal, the most prestigious prize in
mathematics. Each year, the Fields Medal is awarded to a handful of mathematicians under the age of 40 at the International Mathematical Union's International Congress of Mathematicians.

While a teenager, Mirzakhani won gold medals in the 1994 and 1995 International Mathematical Olympiads for high-school students, attaining a perfect score in 1995. In 1999 she received a B.Sc. degree in mathematics from the Sharif University of Technology in Tehrān. Five years later she earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University for her dissertation Simple Geodesics on Hyperbolic Surfaces and Volume of the Moduli Space of Curves.

SOURCE:

https://www.livescience.com/amazing-women-in-math-and-science.html
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maryam-Mirzakhani

-Destua

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Background Information:
Born in January 15, 1850 at Moscow, Russia.
Died in February 10, 1891 at Stockholm, Sweden.

Contribution:
Sofia Kovalevskaya was a Russian writer and mathematician who made a valuable contribution to the theory of partial differential equations. She was the first woman in modern Europe to gain a doctorate in mathematics, the first to join the editorial board of a scientific journal, and the first to be appointed professor of mathematics.

Trivia:
Both she and her older sister, Anyuta, married for convenience. In those years in Russia, a woman had no right to study at a university. The way out would be to move to another country, but without the permission of the parents there was no such opportunity, and the father of Sofia Kovalevskaya thought that she should forget “all this scholarly 🤬,” get married and live as she was told. Then the girl solved the problem in her own way – she entered into a marriage and moved abroad, to Germany.

Sources:
Britannica. (2021, February 6). Sofy Vasilyevna Kovaleskaya. Retrived from

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sofya-Vasilyevna-Kovalevskaya

Questions and Answers. (2018, December 8). Interesting facts about Sofia Kovalevskaya. Retrived from

https://howtodoright.com/interesting-facts-about-sofia-kovalevskaya/

Anonymous. (n.d.) Sofia Kovalevskaya. Retrived from

https://kowalevski.wordpress.com/fun-facts/

Passed on March 21, 2021.

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C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
> Her work is a permanent contribution to mathematics, science, and engineering and has found widespread use in image processing and time frequency analysis. Daubechies best known achievement is her construction of compactly supported wavelets in the late 1980s.

T R I V I A  T I M E:

Did you all know?
> That Ingrid Daubechies  is currently the James B. Duke Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
>Daubechies received the Louis Empain Prize for Physics in 1984, awarded once every five years to a Belgian scientist on the basis of work done before age 29.
> In 2000 Daubechies became the first woman to receive the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Award in Mathematics, presented every 4 years for excellence in published mathematical research. The award honored her "for fundamental discoveries on wavelets and wavelet expansions and for her role in making wavelets methods a practical basic tool of applied mathematics."

S O U R C E S:

https://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/daub.htm#:~:text=She%20is%20currently%20the%20James,fellow%20of%20the%20John%20D.

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Contribution:
-Believed to be the first women known to have taught mathematics.
-Wrote several works to help her students grasp mathematical concepts.

-Collaborated with her father on commentaries of famous mathematical works.

-Regarded as an accomplished astronomer and Neoplatonist philosopher.

Trivia:
She was the daughter of Theon of Alexandria. She was trained as a mathematician by her father and eventually replaced him as the leading mathematician of Alexandria and, indeed as the pre-eminent mathematician of her time. She was the last major mathematician of the Alexandrian tradition.

Sources:
https://online.aurora.edu/infographics/10-famous-women-mathematicians/

https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/hypatia-of-alexandria-mathematician-and-martyr

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Contributions:

Julia Bowman Robinson will long be remembered for her many important contributions to questions of algorithmic solvability and unsolvability of mathematical problems, in particular for her part in the negative solution of Hilbert's "Tenth Problem."

Contributed to decision problems, game theory and statistics.

She proved that the fictitious play dynamics converges to the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium in two-player zero-sum games in a 1951 paper on game theory.

Trivia:

Julia Robinson became the first woman mathematician elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the first female president of the American Mathematical Society, and the first woman mathematician to receive a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship.

“I like to think of mathematicians as forming a nation of our own without distinctions of geographical origin, race, creed, sex, age or even time…all dedicated to the most beautiful of the arts and sciences.”

Sources:

https://online.aurora.edu/infographics/10-famous-women-mathematicians/

https://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/julia-robinson.html

https://www.nap.edu/read/4560/chapter/21

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Katherine Johnson helped send Apollo to the moon. She was one of the first Black students to integrate West Virginia's graduate schools before becoming a NASA mathematician. She is an awardee of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the 2020 recipient of the Hubbard Medal, National Geographic's highest honor, recognizing a lifetime achievement in research, discovery, and exploration.

TRIVIA:

Did you know that Katherine Johnson graduated from college at the age of 18?

Katherine Johnson was rejected by NASA the first time she applied.

And she eventually received her doctorate.

SOURCES:

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/555114/facts-about-katherine-johnson-nasa

https://www.nasa.gov/content/katherine-johnson-biography/

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Background/Career:
Amandine Aftalion / Date of birth:
1973

Aftalion Studied in at the  École normale supérieure in Paris she studied there from 1992 to 1996 she earned her  agrégation in 1994. In 1995 she also earned Master of Advanced Studies she defend her doctoral dissertation(Quelques problèmes d'équations aux dérivées partielles elliptiques non linéaires et applications à des modèles en supraconductivité et en combustion). In 2002 with her thesis (Equations aux dérivées partielles elliptiques non linéaires : propriétés qualitatives et modèles en physique des basses températures.) she earned a habilitation.

Contribution:
Amandine Aftalion in her research about the mathematic of sports, she uses differential equations to model both motion and forces of a runner she also shows the aerobic and anaerobic fitness of the runner as a race progresses. She has used the theory of optimal control to show that long-distance sprinter can achieve greater endurance by small variations in speed, contradicting earlier research by Joseph Keller suggesting that sprinter should keep their speed nearly constant throughout a competition. In follow-on work, she showed that, although long-distance sprinter should speed up in the final sprint of a competition, the optimal strategy for a short footrace involves slowing down towards the end of the competition

Trivia
Did you know?
Aftalion is the author of the book Vortices in Bose–Einstein Condensates (Birkhäuser, 2006). The book studies quantum vortex and superfluid behavior in Bose–Einstein condensates, using the Gross–Pitaevskii equation to model the energy in these systems.

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandine_Aftalion

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- Christine Darden is a mathematician, data analyst, and aeronautical engineer who spent her 25-year career at NASA researching sonic booms—the sound associated with the shock wave of an object traveling through air faster than the speed of sound.

- In 1967, Christine Darden was added to the pool of 'human computers' who wrote complex programs and tediously crunched numbers for engineers at NASA's Langley Research Center.

-Darden conducted research on air traffic management, as well as other aeronautics programs, and has authored more than 50 technical articles, focusing on sonic-boom prediction and minimization, and supersonic wing design.

TRIVIA
-  She became one of the first female aerospace engineers at Langley, writing a computer program to measure sonic boom.
- After earning a doctorate in mechanical engineering, she became the leader of NASA's Sonic Boom Group.
- On her early age, instead of playing dolls on any given weekends, she could be found helping her dad work on his car.

"I was able to stand on the shoulders of those women who came before me, and women who came after me were able to stand on mine,"- Dr. Christine Darden

SOURCES:
https://leadership.ncsu.edu/static/board-of-trustees/degrees-conferred/darden.html#:~:text=She%20authored%2057%20technical%20articles,of%20the%20federal%20civil%20service.
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/researchernews/rn_CDarden.html
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/88279/15-female-mathematicians-whose-accomplishments-add

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Contributions:
-German mathematician who made contribution to both algebra and physics.
-In the first (1908-1919), she made contributions to the theories of algebraic invariants and number fields.
-Her work on diffrential invariants in the calculus of variations
-Noether's theorem, has been called "one of the most important mathemtical theorems ever proved in guiding the development of modern physics"

TRIVIA:
-Noether would never use lesson plans for her classes, but instead treated them as a time for spontaneous discussion to work out difficult mathematical problems. These discussions were so groundbreaking and thought provoking that the class noted from some of her students formed the basis for textbook
-She was described as the "most important woman in the history of mathematics"
-When Noether died, Einstein wrote in the New york times, "Noether was the most significant creative mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began"
"My methods are really methods of working and thinking' this is why they have crept in everywhere anonymously"

SOURCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether
https://www.energy.gov/articles/five-fast-facts-about-mathematician-emmy-noether#:~:text=Emmy%20Noether%20was%20a%20groundbreaking,reaching%20consequences%20for%20theoretical%20physics.
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/emmy-noether-theorem-legacy-physics-math

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CONTRIBUTIONS:
• She excelled in physics and mathematics. She focused on Newton's Physics. Due to her skills, she became a scientist that conducted experiments and research about Newtons Principia.

• Ever since she was a child she was always interested in math and science. By the age of twelve she already mastered 6 languages and she played fencing and other sports.

•One of her most important contributions to science was her elucidation of the concepts of energy and energy conservation. Following experiments done earlier by Willem ‘s Gravesande, the experiment she had done suggested that energy is proportional to mv2, not mv, as Newton had suggested.

• Before she died she worked on a French translation of Newton’s Principia, she included her own observations, notes, research and experiments that helped to confirm Newton's theories. Later on, with the book she created French scientists were able to understand Newton's theories better and build up on his ideas.

TRIVIA !!!
∆ Émilie du Châtelet was forgotten by history and was mainly remembered as Voltaire's mistress. Her scientific contributions and achievements were only brought recently to light.

SOURCE:
https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200812/physicshistory.cfm

Mercado, Alexandra Leah Ann B.
passed on 3/18/21

PICTURE OF ÉMILIE DU CHÂTELET

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Contribution:

She is one of the mathematicians to study the chaos theory. She saw a large number of solutions to a problem she was studying and this would later be seen as an example of the butterfly effect.

She also has her own theorem which is the Cartwright's theorem.

Trivia:

Did you know that she was the first woman to receive the Sylvester Medal and the first woman to be the President of the London Mathematical Society.

Sources:
https://scientificwomen.net/women/cartwright-mary-140
https://thirdspacelearning.com/blog/famous-female-mathematicians/

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Contribution:

The founders of the field of modern geometric analysis

She made "pioneering contributions to global analysis and gauge theory that resulted in advances in mathematical physics and the theory of partial differential equations."

Study Of Bubbles and Geometry

Trivia about the Mathematician:

She received her Ph.D. from Brandeis University in 1968 with a thesis on "The Calculus of Variations and Global Analysis."

In 1990 she became only the second woman (after Emmy Noether in 1932) to give a Plenary Lecture at an International Congress of Mathematics.

Uhlenbeck is Most Known for Her Work with Partial Differential Equations

Uhlenbeck At First Wanted to Become A Scientist Before Being Drawn to Mathematics During College

Uhlenbeck Struggled to Find a Full-Time Job Because She Was A Woman Married to a Well-Known Biophysicist

The founders of the field of modern geometric analysis.

The only woman to have received the Abel Prize, one of the highest awards in mathematics.

Sources:

https://online.maryville.edu/blog/women-in-mathematics-guide/

https://nationalmedals.org/laureate/karen-k-uhlenbeck/

https://mathigon.org/timeline/uhlenbeck

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Contribution:

She planned to reform hospital care. As part of her plan, she began gathering statistics. Not only her discovery saved lives but statistics had been presented with graphics only rarely before, and Nightingale’s work helped pioneer the field of applied statistics. She is particularly known for inventing a new kind of graph known as a coxcomb, which was a variation on a pie chart.

Trivia:

She was born on May 12, 1820 and known as "The Lady of the Lamp".

Nightingale was a British nurse, social reformer and statistician best known as the founder of modern nursing.

Sources:

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/88279/15-female-mathematicians-whose-accomplishments-add

https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/florence-nightingale-1

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Contribution: Mary Somerville translated a lot of books and works of other authors to English. She explained some complex problems and made the words easier to understand. Because of that, a lot of people appreciated math more and a lot understood everything that was written. She even spent 10 years writing a book written in English, Physical Geography.

Trivia Time!!

The term "scientist" was created for Mary Somerville, who was not just a mathematician, astronomer, or physicist, but possessed the intellect to seamlessly combine these concepts.

Somerville's work as a translator and interpreter influenced how developments in the physical sciences were discussed and delineated.

Known as the "Queen of nineteenth century science"

Born in Jedburgh, Scotland, on December 26, 1780, Somerville was the daughter of Sir William George and Margaret (nee Charters) Fairfax.

Sources:

https://koleenandbecka.wordpress.com/2013/06/23/contributions-to-math-3/#:~:text=Contributions%20to%20Math%20Mary%20Somerville%20translated%20a%20lot,and%20a%20lot%20understood%20everything%20that%20was%20written.

https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/somerville

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PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birth Date: December 10, 1815
Death Date: November 27, 1852
Place of Birth and Death: London, United Kingdom
CONTRIBUTION

Augusta Ada King-Noel was an English mathematician and writer.

She developed a computer-based algorithm, acquiring her the tile 'First Computer Programmer'.

Lovelace also included a way to calculate series of numbers using the engine. It is widely acknowledge as the first compute program ever to be written.

She was the first person to notice the capability of a 'computing machine', recommending that it had applications beyond authentic calculations.

She also created a vision where computers can do more things than calculations and number crunching, despite the fact that it was not figured out in her lifetime.

TRIVIAS

In acknowledgment of her work, there is a computer language named 'Ada'. There is also a yearly "Ada Lovelace Day' during mid-October, which focuses the profile of women in the field of science, technology, engineering and math.

Her nickname is 'Enchantress of Numbers'.

Lovelace was fascinated by Babbage's (Father of the computer) ideas making her interested in computers which resulted to her contribution.

She was privately tutored to be a mathematician and scientist.

QUOTE
"The more I Study, the more insatiable do I feel my genius for it to be."
SOURCES

AU Online. (2019, March 4). 10 Famous Women Mathematicians. Retrieved from https://online.aurora.edu/infographics/10-famous-women-mathematicians/
B. (2021, January 23). Ada Lovelace. Retrieved from https://www.biography.com/scholar/ada-lovelace
Minor, T. (2020a, June 12). Mathematicians who changed the world: Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) [Portrait]. Retrieved from https://www.doodlemaths.com/2017/03/10/mathematicians-that-changed-the-world-ada-lovelace-1815-1852/
Minor, T. (2020b, June 12). Mathematicians who changed the world: Ada Lovelace (1815-1852). Retrieved from https://www.doodlemaths.com/2017/03/10/mathematicians-that-changed-the-world-ada-lovelace-1815-1852/

Date: March 19, 2021

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(born September 20, 1910, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.—died November 10, 2008, Hampton, Virginia)
Contribution: Dorothy Johnson Vaughan worked as a mathematician on the SCOUT Launch Vehicle Program that sent America's first satellites into space.
Trivia
- mathematician and computer programmer who made important contributions to the early years of the U.S. space program and who was the first African American manager at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which later became part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dorothy-Vaughan

https://www.biography.com/scientist/dorothy-johnson-vaughan

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Contribution: Mary Winston Jackson Co-authored Her first report Effects of Nose Angle and Mach Number on Transition on Cones at Supersonic Speed. Also she worked to influence the hiring and promotion of women in NASA's science, engineering, and mathematics careers.

Trivia: NASA's first black female engineer

Source: https://www.nasa.gov/content/mary-w-jackson-biography

Jeffrey Flores Jr. Passed on 3/18/21