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Life course:

The concept of chronological age is increasingly blurred in modern societies.  A more useful concept of social age has come about and it is the idea that, over an individual’s lifetime, certain structured life events mark the divisions between different phases and experiences. This has become more significant because it conforms with the post modern social change.

Causes for divorce:

-Legal change: each time a divorce is made easier or more affordable, the number of divorces increases.

-economic change: aid was made available to divorcing couples, which meant that divorce was no longer something only the rich could do.

-the process of secularization: many couples no longer regard marriage as a ‘sacred institution’ that must be preserved.

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T' Anna
Old age is socially constructed. The start, meaning, significance and status of old age is interpreted in different ways. Examples are retirement which sets the social position of the elderly. There is disparity between societies, pre modern and modern. Victor suggests that elderly depends upon a number of factors.

Such as social organization. We can understand this by looking at nomadic

societies. The society sees old people as burdens. The elderly in these societies are neglected and can be killed. This differs from other societies who praise elderly people.

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Life course is everything that happens through out one's life, from start to finish. The major events that define certain ages is a social construct as it always changes. Yet the life course is always from birth to death and start to finish

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T' Anna
Aries has theories of the nature of childhood and the status of children. He believes that childhood is a distinctive phase in social

development as a consequence of modern societies. Childhood, through Aries’ eyes, is seen as a link to the change from pre industrial society to industrial society. Childhood is known as ‘uncorrupted innocence.’

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There are four main reasons for the trends of cohabitation. These are changing attitudes to marriage, represents a trial for their partner to prove they can settle down, work and successfully interact with others, people believe it's easier to leave this kind of relationship and this leads to more equal relationships.

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Serial monogamy is the concept that individuals can mare, divorce and remarry. This is often a contributing factor that complicates marriage patterns.

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T' Anna P.
Social Construction of Childhood.

Archard argued that every human society has a concept of childhood. However, the concepts of childhood might differ by meaning and ideas. It is a social construct. We know this because if it was a biological category then we would think childhood to be the same for everyone. However, it’s not. So, childhood is socially constructed.

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The new right means by dependency culture is that although someone is financially stable and independent that does not mean they don’t have family and social roles to complete. This means that even though they are dependent on others, usually the government, the people want to stay on the benefits. The new right states that family structures that are not traditional or nuclear need help from the government which encourages them to stay with the government help instead of working. Because of this family structures such as single parenthood are seen as immoral and unproductive where the children will grow up to be dysfunctional, poorly socialized and, they will be adults dependent on states and/or crimes.

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Domestic violence is becoming more common between partners. This violence many times leads to child abuse. Men that are abusive to their partner are more likely to be abusive towards their child. The highest homicide rates are in infants. The majority of those happen within the family.

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People can marry, divorce and remarry. This makes simple comparisons between past and present marriage patterns less reliable, because we may be counting the same people more than once.

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The new right means by dependency culture is that although someone is financially stable and independent that does not mean they don’t have family and social roles to complete. This means that even though they are dependent on others, usually the government, the people want to stay on the benefits. The new right states that family structures that are not traditional or nuclear need help from the government which encourages them to stay with the government help instead of working. Because of this family structures such as single parenthood are seen as immoral and unproductive where the children will grow up to be dysfunctional, poorly socialized and, they will be adults dependent on states and/or crimes. 

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Changing patterns in childbearing - Hannah Mammen

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Changing patterns in childbearing - Hannah Mammen

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Over the past 50 years there has been major changes, which are defined by...
1. Decline and drop in birth rates.
2. Decline and drop in family sizes.
3. The average age when women have their first kid in on the rise and increasing.
4. Birth outside marriage is also on the rise.

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The Youth stage reflects a range of identities including pre-teens, teens and young adults. These reflect social changes in areas such as education, work and consumption. The youth stage provides a “period of transition between childhood and adulthood,” according to functionalists.

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The cross-cultural dimension is used to prove age groups are a social construct. Evidence shows that different age groups don't have the same set of standards, rules, values, norms, etc.

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Group 2 On the topic of the decline in marriage- Frida 

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Group 2 On the topic of the decline in marriage- Frida 

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This groups focuses on wider influences on people's behavior.

One reason would be that women now have more career opportunities which allows them for greater financial independence, so they have less economic pressure for them to marry.

There is also cohabitation as an alternative to marriage has increased over the years.

They also just have been a increased of choosing of remaining together or just not marrying at all.

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Kiemo (2004) suggests that social and economic changes do not have a uniform

impact, which makes it difficult to see ‘the elderly’ as a distinctive stratum in

modern societies in any but the broadest sense.

Meadows (2003) further argues

that job performance does not significantly deteriorate with age and ‘there is no

evidence to support the view older workers are inherently less productive than

younger workers’.  She notes, however, that older workers do not always receive

the same levels of workplace investment and training as younger colleagues.

Where they do receive training they ‘reach the same skill standards’.

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Conflict:
Conflict theory argues that the costs of family life outweigh the benefits. They view the family as:
1. Psychologically destructive
2. Socially oppressive and exploitive of women
3. Violent and oppressive institution

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Childbearing
There has been a significant decline in birth rates around the world. Children are less of a benefit and are more of a financial burden. This way families don't normally have more than three children. Also since we are living longer women have a certain window where they can have children. Women are also busy with jobs and many don't want to take time away from work to have child.

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Group 1 On the topic of the decline in marriage - Frida 

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Group 1 On the topic of the decline in marriage - Frida 

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They explain the decline of marriage rates through demographic changes rather than a change in people’s behavior. An example would be the Second World War where there was a baby boom where the average number of babies increased over a short period of time.

Another reason would be that with people have an age range in which more marriages are likely to happen.

Also, that the size of the two cohorts affects marriage statistics.

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The social generational theory looks at the effect that the biological aging process has on individual self-perceptions and identities. The theory suggests that behavioral choices are formed by values that are not able to successfully adapt to social and technological changes. For example, elders lose their social status because the life experiences are based on values, norms and customs that are from the past.

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Hayden Garafolo

Childhood for many reasons we can see is a social construct, first let’s look at history

Around the time of the early 1200s childhood was completely different, you could often have marriages by the time people were 12 or 13 years old, if we look at the time of king tut he was a king by 9. Childhood looked so drastically different at every point in history you can’t even compare them.

Let’s also look at the adaptation of technology

As we have moved into a post modern society technologist advancements have been made to advance the average lifespan, before people were only living to 40 if they were lucky compared to now, it isn’t uncommon to live past 80, so essentially every part of growth has doubled, the length of childhood, the length of adulthood, and we have even added things like adolescent/Teen.

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Age Stratification: Age groups exist in a social hierarchy

Modernization theory suggests age stratification varies in social change, especially when comparing pre-industrial times to present societal structures

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Cross-Cultural Dimension and modern times: It can be argued that in modern times, the line between childhood and adulthood is being blurred through the things such as the internet. Children are exposed to knowledge that was previously and purposefully held from them until adulthood. The spreading of technology to people of all ages blurs the line of how each person takes in knowledge and the type of knowledge that they take in, regardless of age.
Life Course:
This view suggests that the concept of chronological age is becoming less and less relevant as time goes on, and that a more accurate way to look at age is to look at it in terms of a sociological age. Sociological age is determined by the time in which society decides childhood changes into adulthood based on their unique norms. Therefore, different people around the world may seem similar in terms of how long they've been alive, but very different in terms of the things they deem as childlike or adult-like, or when they each think that people are supposed to cross over that line.
Causes of Marital Changes:
There are two distinct groups that people determine to be causes of marital changes. One being related to various demographic changes, and another being influences on behavior. An example of demographics could be war. The Second World War resulted in less couples having children during the war and a "baby boom" occurring shortly after the war. This certainly affected marriages as well, as children are a big part of that for many married couples. An example of behavioral influences and changes could be radical feminism, where staying in school and focusing on a career, rather than a relationship and children is a very popular idea. Another demographic example could be the increase in lifespan in post-industrial times, where there is less pressure to have children in the 20's while many women go on to have children in their 30's and even 40's.

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Childbearing:

Over the past 50 years there has been a decrease in birth rates from 30 live births per 1000 to 10 live births per thousand. Family size has gone down from an average of 3 children to 1.6. There has been an increase in the age at which women have their first child, and birth’s outside of marriage have become much more popular, accounting for over half of births. Some factors of these dropping fertility and birth rates are an increase in the female workforce participation, limitied fertility spans, and economic and cultural factors.

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Postmodern two arguments- The first is that the declining social position of the elderly is not inevitable and irreversible.  The second is that although certain age markers still exist, the meaning of age in postmodern societies is increasingly fluid.

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Thiara (2002) argue that child abuse has strong links to domestic violence.  Men who are violent towards their partner are also violent and abusive towards children in their care.

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The differing positions of the Elderly in various Societies-Tim

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The differing positions of the Elderly in various Societies-Tim

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In different societies the elderly have different statuses and roles depending on what that society values, specifically how modern and industrialized they are. In industrial and and post-industrial societies the elderly are seen as burdens to their children and others as they are no longer productive members of society. Occasionally, the younger elders of a post-industrial society will spend their time helping take care and raise their grandchildren while their parents are off working. The elderly in pre-industrial society however, the elderly are seen as high-ranking members due to their life and survival experience. This means that they are crucial to their society's continuation and survival as they have the knowledge to help fellow members.

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Middle class childhood- is characterized by a future orientation and deferred gratification – such as staying in education to get qualifications that will lead to professional careers

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Changing patterns of chid birth can be explained by a decline in birth rates, a decline in family size from an average of 3 to 1.6 children, an increase in the average age at which women have their first child, and births outside marriage now account for nearly half of all births.
The causes for falling fertility rates include women taking part in the work force, waiting longer to have children, smaller families and economic and cultural factors, limited fertility span, the disruption of work and life, and there is a less need for children in society.

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- Although Gillis (1985) argues that common law marriage, where a couple live

together ‘as if married’, was extensively practiced in the past, cohabitation (a

relationship where two people live together as if they were married) is not legally

recorded in the UK and this limits the reliability of the data.
- Reasons for increase in Cohabitation:

1.  reduced social pressures to marry

2.  lower levels of stigma attached to living with someone without being married

3.  the wider availability of contraception/abortion.

Smart and Stevens (2000) suggest four main reasons for the recent upward trends:

1.

Changing attitudes to marriage (indifference, uncertainty, is partner ‘suitable’.

2.

Cohabitation represents a trial for their partner to prove they can settle down,

keep work, and interact successfully with the mother’s children.  Self & Zealey

suggest that later marriage is a factor here, both males and females move into

and out of serial cohabitation.

3.

Many believe it is easier to leave a cohabitating relationship if it doesn’t work

out.

4.

Philosophical opposition to marriage and that cohabitation leads to more equal

relationships.  Smart and Stevens note two basic forms of “commitment to

cohabitation”; 1.  couple cohabitate until It was ‘safe or sensible to marry’, and

2.  mutual, where couples felt as committed to each other and their children as

married couples.

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Rachel ~ Social position of the elderly in different societies

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Rachel ~ Social position of the elderly in different societies

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- In nomadic societies the elderly are often neglected and may even be killed once they start to become a hindrance.
- In more settled societies, the elderly’s knowledge and skills may be valuable to the family or society. The status of the elderly relates to the control of social resources. On the other hand, the elderly's social position is degraded by ‘making them different’.
-  While in some societies, old age is valued because the elderly are close to death (afterlife). these are welcomed because they symbolize the idea the elderly will soon begin their ‘real life’ after death.

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Social Construction of age in 4 stages - Zack

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Social Construction of age in 4 stages - Zack

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Childhood is the first social identity consciously experienced by ‘immature

humans’.
Youth is the next stage, and reflects a range of identities, including pre-teens (‘teenies’), teens

and young adults.
Adult identities are generally built on rights and responsibilities that set them apart from other

identities.
Elderly is the last, which is about old age in contemporary societies, which is generally seen as a special category of

adulthood.

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Nurturing Child: Offspring of the rich. These children spend their childhood looking after or nurturing others such as siblings or others in need. The nurturing child contributes to the family capitol.

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Age Stratification - Age groups always exist in some sort of status hierarchy (ranked above or below each other on the basis of their social standing – adults, for example, have a higher status position than children).  Theoretical explanations for why societies are age stratified fall into three broad categories:  Modernization, Cohorts and Life Course.

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Children and childhood
Childhood is the first social identity consciously experienced by ‘immature

humans’.  During this period, whose length differs across cultures, children

are first exposed to primary socializing influences from adults and, increasingly, secondary sources such as the media.  In our

society, ‘childhood’ can have several different meanings, from the idea of

‘innocence’ to children being in need of adult care, supervision and

protection. Archard (2004) argues that every human society has developed a concept of childhood, but societies differ in

their definitions of childhood and, by extension, adulthood.  If childhood was a simple biological category, we

would expect every society to see it in a similar way.  The fact that they do not suggests that childhood is

socially constructed rather than biologically determined.

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>Leach- argues that the close-knit family group is a source of social and psychological conflicts that damage people’s live
>Laing and Esterson- See the family as an emotionally exploitative institution
>Cooper- suggests that family stunts individual development and freedom

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CHILDHOOD AS A CONCEPT THAT IS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED - Orion

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CHILDHOOD AS A CONCEPT THAT IS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED - Orion

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Archard (2004) argues that every human society has developed a concept of childhood, but societies differ in

their definitions of childhood and, by extension, adulthood.  If childhood was a simple biological category, we

would expect every society to see it in a similar way.  The fact that they do not suggests that childhood is

socially constructed rather than biologically determined.

Aries argues that ‘childhood’ as a distinctive phase in social

development is a consequence of modern societies.  Childhood as both a social and biological category only

came into existence around three centuries ago.  Childhood as a special status, therefore, is linked to social

change and, more specifically, the change from pre-industrial society to industrial society.

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Cohort theory sees various ages placed together in groups that a similar to one another. where the individuals share similar experiences due to being raised in similar areas during similar times. These cohorts often have differing statuses and roles in societies that can evolve over time.

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Hannah Mammen / Increase in Cohabitation 

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Hannah Mammen / Increase in Cohabitation 

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Reasons for increase in Cohabitation:
1. Lower social pressures to marry and less stigma surrounding not getting married in general.
2. Less stigma is attached from living with someone that you are not married too.
3. The wider use and availability of concentration and abortion.
These three main reasons increase cohabitation and decrease marriage rates.

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It's an aspect of the ‘Darker Side’ of the family life. Humphreys and Thiara (2002) argue that child abuse has strong links to domestic violence. There is the idea that Men who are violent towards their partner they are also abusive and violent towards children in their care.

Examples/Statistics:

-Around 80 children are killed each year by parents or caretakers.

-The National Commision of Inquiry into the Prevention of Child Abuse has said the most likely abuser is someone the child knows personally and has a connection like a parent.

-Home Office found that most serious offenses, 25% of recorded 🤬 victims are children.

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Nurtured Child: Offspring of the wealthy. These children are looked after or nurtured throughout their childhood by parents or other care takers. The nurtured child draws upon the family capitol.

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The conflict interpretation argues that the costs of family life outweigh its benefits

Within this approach, there are three general views – those who see family as:

1.  psychologically destructive

2. socially oppressive and exploitative of women

3.  violent and abusive institutions.

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Hayden Garafolo

Social generational theory examines the impact of biological ageing processes on individual self-perceptions and identities.  In particular, it suggests that behavioral choices are conditioned by values that fail to adapt to social and technological changes.  The elderly become, in Dowd’s (1986) phrase, ‘immigrants in time’.  They lose social status because their life experiences are rooted in the values, norms and customs of the past.  As society moves on, they remain trapped in the identity conferred by their past experiences, both in their own eyes and those of others.  Cultural separation between age groups is reflected in a social distance between those ‘from the past’ and ‘those in the present’, with the social position of the latter rising as that of the former declines.

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The difference between the nurtured and the nurturing child.

Nurtured – Middle class childhood is characterized by a future orientation and gratification such as staying in education and qualifications.

Nurturing – working class childhood is frequently focused on the ‘here and now’ and immediate gratification. More mentally and emotionally focused using primary socialization.

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Critical Theory
This approach highlights the ‘darker social and psychological side’ to family

life,  for example, focus on the psychological

damage family life does to children – and suggests the ‘abolition of family’ as

a solution. However, the critical theory does not locate the family group within the

structure of society as a whole to consider whether families serve a useful

social purpose, regardless of how the lives of its individual members may be

affected.

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Hayden Garafolo

Childhood is the first social identity consciously experienced by ‘immature humans’.  During this period, whose length differs across cultures, children are first exposed to primary socializing influences from adults (mainly parents) and, increasingly, secondary sources such as the media.  In our society, ‘childhood’ can have several different meanings, from the idea of ‘innocence’ to children being in need of adult care, supervision and protection – something that supports Jenks’ (1996) argument that ‘childhood is not a natural but a social construct’.

CHILDHOOD IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT

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Amerina - Different Sociological Perspectives on Family Life

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Amerina - Different Sociological Perspectives on Family Life

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Functionalists - Stresses positive aspects of family where benefits outweigh costs

Postmodernists - Families play a stabilizing role to individuals and society

Conflict - Costs of family life outweigh the benefits; families are seen as psychologically destructive, socially oppressive and exploitative to women, and violent

Marxist Feminism - Women are exploited by family; they are unpaid servants to their kids and partner

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Divorce has become more common over the past 40 years . The causes include legal changes, economic changes, and the process of secularization. The legal changes include the cost of divorce decreasing which allows more people to get divorce and the economic changes gave financial aid or the independency of women which allows separation. The process of secularization is where marriage is no longer seen as a sacred process and it is now considered acceptable to get a divorce.

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Gender:

boys and girls have different experiences of childhood.  parents tend to make girls do more of the chores inside the house than the boys; the boys are more likely to do the chores outside like mowing the lawn.

Elderly:

in some cultures, the elderly is treated differently. normally by the age 55 the elderly start to retire and start to settle down. being apart of the elderly community gives you a lot of benefits from the government. you get discounts for being over the age of 55 as well as money due to them not working anymore. this also allows them to take a role as being a full-time grandparent too.

Marriage:

the causes of marital changes can either be explained by behavior or the influence on behavior. women now have career opportunities due to their being less stigma attached to having children. Parents that are in the military tend to not want to marry and start a family to to their life bing on the line which increases less people wanting to get married.

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Cohabitation is becoming more common than marriage. Marriage is becoming less of a requirement for taking care of children. Cohabitation allows the partner to prove their role by working and taking care of children. It is also easier to leave cohabitation than a marriage. With marriage you have to go through the divorce process whereas cohabitation you can just leave. In postmodern societies there are also less social pressures to marry. It is not seen as required.

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As people biologically age they progressively disengage from social relationships. The older one becomes, the greater likelihood of family and friends.

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Three dimensions that affect how childhood is constructed in contemporary societies:
1. Class
2. Gender
3. Ethnicity

Pre-industrial tribal societies differ from their industrial counterparts in three ways:
1. Children had more responsibility and rights.
2. Adult-Child relationships were closer and less authoritarian.
3. Children were encouraged to explore their sexuality.

Historically, there are two childhood statuses:
1. The Dionysian child, children are naturally bad and adults must prevent them from falling victim to this badness.
2. The Apollonian child, children are naturally good and adults must create conditions for them to develop this.

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Rachel ~ Why divorce has become more common...

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Rachel ~ Why divorce has become more common...

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1. Legal change - divorce is made easier, more affordable and without reason.
2. Economic changes – legal aid made available.
3. The process of secularization – no longer regard marriage as sacred that must be preserved, and less stigma attached to divorce. Longer life expectancy places greater strain on the relationship.

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The 2 groups of causes of marital changes:
Group 1: Suggests that the general decline can be explained by

demographic changes rather than a change in people’s behavior.
Group 2: A second set of explanations focuses on wider influences on people’s behavior.

There is now less stigma attached to having children outside marriage and there

is also less social pressure to get married.

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The cohort theory focuses on societies having an age structure based on different roles and statuses. With this theory, age is divided in groups rather than having an individual construct and that the status of the groups/cohorts change with age.  The flexible interpretation of structural theories show each group being associated with specific roles that are created from normative expectations

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Statistically there has been a decline in birth rates over the past 50 years. This can be explained by factors such as a decline in birth rates, a decline in family size from an average of 3 to 1.6 children, an increase in the average age of when women have their first children, and births outside of families accounting for half the births.

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2 Broad Groups
1: Suggests that the general decline can be explained by

demographic changes rather than a change in people’s behavior. A related explanation is that, in any society, some age groups (cohorts) are

more likely than others to marry.  This means there are “peak periods” for

marriage (the age range at which marriage is more likely). The size of the two cohorts affects marriage statistics.  If we focus on those

most likely to marry – the marriageable population – we find only a relatively

small decline in marriage rates over the past 30 years.
2: A second set of explanations focuses on wider influences on people’s behavior.

There is now less stigma attached to having children outside marriage and there

is also less social pressure to get married.  Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage has increased in recent years and

although many cohabitating couples eventually marry, many do not.  Self and

Zealey suggest that falling marriage and rising cohabitation are the result of

more people choosing to delay marriage until later in life.  Secularization processes, whereby the influence of religious

beliefs has generally declined, leads to changes in the meaning

and significance of marriage.  As secularization has spread, there

is less pressure to marry and the importance of the institution of

marriage has declined. The statistical likelihood of divorce, with its attendant emotional

and economic consequences, can lead to the avoidance of risk by

not marrying.

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Hayden Garafolo

Divorce has been both a legal and financial possibility for most people in the UK for only around 60 years.  Since 1921 the number of divorces has risen from around 3000 to 127,000 divorces in 2009.An anomaly occurred in the late 1940’s, as people who married in haste during wartime realized their mistake when the war ended.

Divorce used to been seen as something to look down upon but now as post modern society adapts we have become more accepting of it.

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The pre-industrial family took place before 1950 and was a relatively stable structure where men and women worked together inside and outside the home.  Although family members were not equal men led the household while women were not solely domestic laborers. The asymmetrical family developed after this and was changed from industrialization. Home and the workplace were now separated while men began working for profit and women continued child care. The symmetrical family developed after this and was characterized by joint conjugal relationships.

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Marxism: Conjugal roles- Mackenzie Focuses on families as social spaces involving complex conflicts and power struggles. Morgan (2001) illustrates this though the 3 family economies: 1: political economy centers on the economic aspect of family life- where men are made the most important financial decisions. 2: moral economy refers to the values and norms relating to the conjugal roles and responsibilities of different family members. 3: emotional economy relates to interpersonal relationships and affective power and who loves who the most in a relationship. 

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Marxism: Conjugal roles- Mackenzie Focuses on families as social spaces involving complex conflicts and power struggles. Morgan (2001) illustrates this though the 3 family economies: 1: political economy centers on the economic aspect of family life- where men are made the most important financial decisions. 2: moral economy refers to the values and norms relating to the conjugal roles and responsibilities of different family members. 3: emotional economy relates to interpersonal relationships and affective power and who loves who the most in a relationship. 

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Family and the state

Families can be seen as crucial to social order and stability. The government supports the family both generally and particular family structures, roles, and relationships. Families are shaped and influenced by family ideology. This ideology defines the family as a public institution supported by the government and a private institution where family members should be left alone to work out their relationships.

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neo functionalism/ conjugal roles

Through this perspective parents give their children both expressive and instrumental relationships and it does not matter which partner it is provided by. Conjugal roles can be fluid in contemporary families. Women can provide instrumental values and men can provide expressive values and vice versa. Same sex families, lone parent families, and even extended family members can provide these roles. For example, grandparents can provide an expressive role while the parents provide an instrumental role. This view believes that anti social behavior stems from the instability of family roles and relationships.

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Liberal feminism- idea that men and women can compete equally in both private and public domain

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A family centered around the mother, with the father playing a minor role

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Amerina - Evidence that conjugal roles have been adopted

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Amerina - Evidence that conjugal roles have been adopted

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1. Increase male housework
2. decreased female housework
3. Men participating in child care
4. the family is more home centered

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Family becoming more emotionally based- MAGS

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Family becoming more emotionally based- MAGS

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In preindustrial times, family members took sole responsibility for physical survival of children, for example health care, as well as education which was also taken care of within the family. The family was more of a self-contained unit with fewer connections to wider society as most people worked with and around the home and children were taught roles and responsibilities. In industrial society, children receive education and health care from institutions outside the family. Since the family no longer acts as a school for teaching children, more emphasis has been placed on establishing emotional attachments. The nature and extent of the family has changed which has altered the focus of primary socialization.

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Feminism and the state- Mackenzie Feminist society has focused on the family being patriarchal and oppressive. Different types of feminism look at the relationship between the family and the state differently.  For example, liberal feminism looks to the state and legal agencies for social policies that will break down barriers to female emancipation. These policies may include equality in pay and representation and protection against domestic labor and discrimination. Finch outlined the problem that the government is in danger of presuming a standard model of the family because they can differ greatly between different family structures. We must recognize that the family is a fluid and dynamic institution where the government has great control between that and itself. 

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Feminism and the state- Mackenzie Feminist society has focused on the family being patriarchal and oppressive. Different types of feminism look at the relationship between the family and the state differently.  For example, liberal feminism looks to the state and legal agencies for social policies that will break down barriers to female emancipation. These policies may include equality in pay and representation and protection against domestic labor and discrimination. Finch outlined the problem that the government is in danger of presuming a standard model of the family because they can differ greatly between different family structures. We must recognize that the family is a fluid and dynamic institution where the government has great control between that and itself. 

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parental roles and responsibilities - T’ Anna

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parental roles and responsibilities - T’ Anna

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Parental roles are fixed and unchanging roles. Parents provide guidelines for the family. An example being behavioral guidelines. There are two sort of sub categories, for lack of a better word. The categories being a mother and a father. The mom raises children and works around the home while the father is working as an economic provider.  These play into gender roles, where the mom and dad must fit into these stereotypes. However Mann argues parental roles are open to negotiation and are provided with an interpretation of roles. Understanding the different ideas about this helps to understand the change in parental roles that have occurred in society. Changes involving the motherly and fatherly roles. Cleaning, Cooking, Teaching, and etc. The parental roles can be seen as women with children doing childcare. Difference in domestic labor also comes from this. Male and female differences come from socialization and life differences.

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Peripheral Functions: certain functions that were once performed by the family but have now been taken over by other institutions. For example, education is now being handled by the school system.

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Conjugal roles in terms of Functionalism- Mags 

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Conjugal roles in terms of Functionalism- Mags 

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Functionalists sees family development in evolutionary terms as asymmetric gender relationships have gradually become based on conjugal roles. This is based on the idea that gender roles gradually converge through stratified diffusion. Neo Functionalists state that while men tend to take an instrumental role within the family while women take an expressive role, therefore giving their children a knowledge of both expressive and instrumental relationships. In the present, women can provide instrumental values and men can provide expressive values. This is necessary since there are more diverse types of family structures such as same-sex families and lone-parent families which do not have a mother figure to be expressive and a father figure to be instrumental. Grandparents may also play an expressive role while parents may play the instrumental role. According to Swenson, the source of antisocial behavior in children is the instability of families, and that optimal socialization takes place in stable relationships.

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Having a single sexual or marriage partners at any given time

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Skylar - The relationship between the family and the state usually involves a governing force regulating who can marry who and how many people are involved in that marriage. Bigamy and invest are illegal in most parts of the U.S, which can be viewed as a result of our countries rooted ideas being heavily influenced by the Christian religion.

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Married couples who stay together despite no longer being in love ;(
This happens due to several reasons, some being because of a need to provide for children, or maintaining an appearance of marriage

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It surround the role about how children will one day replace their parents in life and their overall placement regarding their families, there are 2 things to remember about children. 1. Processors of rights who should enjoy life because they are young. Plus still growing 2. Children should be held somewhat accountable for their actions and children's lack moral conscious so they should still be held accountable as they are growing.

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Men are expected to “man up” and push their feelings down and be able to handle domestic abuse from their wives because “they’re women and can’t hurt you”. This leaves them prone to keep being abused and experience victimization over and over.

Men and women have an equal opportunity for all jobs to this day. This is a myth that is incorrect because women are not as represented in certain fields of work like construction and stem. Another feminist myth perpetuated by radical feminism is that there is a huge wage gap in the same jobs amongst men and women, when really that wage gap is just based around an overall salary and is not job specific.

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Multi-generational family that is long and thin that deals with very few uncles, aunts, and grandparents. Mainly due to fewer children being born and life expectancy becoming born.

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How individuals interpret and play parental roles is conditioned by what the role means by what society expects parents to do and how individuals interprets their role in the personal context of family relationships

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Wilmott and Young believe there are 3 different types of family:
1. The pre-industrial family,  where men and women worked both inside and outside the home. Gender roles were not equal, but women still performed tasks outside of domestic labor
2. The asymmetrical family, which developed after 1750 and was changed during industrialism. Men worked outside the home while women took care of home and children
3. The symmetrical family, which developed mid 20th century and contained conjugal roles

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Conjugal roles- Where both the man and female in the relationship are Able to choose their roles in the family and household

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In the traditional functionalist approach where it stresses the role that families have in maintaining order. The family group has the essential functions which are crucial to any social system. This is where the relationship between the family and political institutions is ambivalent. The state has removed functions from the family group such as education and welfare. As well as state policies have affect family life as a whole.

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Skylar - In the relation to the family and the state, Marxism points out their view of the family supporting the ruling class. They believe the ruling class benefits from modern family structures because most families will end up raising children that are almost guaranteed to become future ‘employees’ to the ruling class.

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Stabilization has two different meanings, specifically stabilization in the past saw economic stability as the main concern for a stable family and/or society. In modern and contemporary societies emotional stability is the focus and definition of a stable family and/or society.

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Particularistic Values- The way people treat each other (family members or work colleagues) differently based on the value of their particular relationship
Universalistic Values- These values relate to a larger society, and is the idea that everyone is treated equally by the law, regardless of individual situation

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universalistic values: values that apply equally to all members of society, regardless of who they are.

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Conflict theory, heavily founded by the ideas of Karl Marx states that society evolves and changes based on the idea that there is constant conflict between classes. For example economic classes the rich the working and the poor. The rich or ruling class want to stay ruling so they do any means required to keep it that way. The working class makes a living by working in the factories and places owned by the ruling class. There is always a fight to try and change classes most of the time to move up but it is a difficult climb.  But overall society will always have this conflict and this is what we grow and change from.

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- Patriarchy is the primary source of male domination within the family, radical feminism believes this problem can be resolved in multiple ways.

Argument 1: Firestone (1970)
- Biology is main gender difference from which all cultural differences flow.
Example: Women experience pregnancy and are forced to depend on men, this creates a ‘culture of sex discrimination’.

Argument 2: Stanworth (1987)
- Women should exploit the "Values of femininity" (sense of community, family, empathy and sharing). This makes them different.
- Women should embrace "power of reproduction" because its an important pert of the female identity.

Freiden (1963) and Millett (1969)
- practices of the family itself is a source of female oppression.
Freiden
- solution to gender inequality is either the abandonment of the patriarchal family or the development of matriarchal family structures and conjugal roles that exclude men through (for example) lesbian relationships.

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particularistic values: people treating other differently

based on the value of their particular relationship

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Grandparents, the parents of the father or the mother. Which they have the main role that they support the extensions of their family from childcare to money wise and beyond.
3 things to not about grandparents is,
1. Grandparents will sooner or later have to be taken care of further on in the relationship with their children, which is seen as returning the favor.
2. Grandparents will take care of the grandchildren, which will be at their own comfort and at their own willingness.
3. The extent of money and welfare that will be extended from the grandparents will be also at their own willingness.

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Argues that in industrial societies the stabilization of adult personalities is a major family function. Family functions provide many things, such as physical, emotional, psychological and ecological comfort, security, support and companionship. This happens through developments of affectionate relationships built wit love and senses of belonging to a social group with strong kinship bonds.

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pre-industrial family was a more self-contained unit, with fewer connections to wider society.

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The conjugal role refers to the separation of roles within the household based on the individual's gender.  So traditionally women have been given the care taker role and that would be considered their role. To take care and be there for emotional support. While traditionally Men have been the providers and they are seen as the strong ones to protect. Now in a more post modern setting many traditional conjugal roles have been thrown out the window and men and women now really are able to choose which role they would like to take on. They still have the norms within the family but there is much more flexibility.

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Changes and Continuities in Family Functions

the family has shifted from being a unit of production to being one of consumption: they tend to rely on things to help them survive rather than building the things for survival. this is a change because of how it affects both the family roles and the relationship between the family and society; functional linkages between families and other institutions.

stabilization in changes and continuities have two specific meanings. economic stability was a significant in the past whereas now in contemporary societies emotional stability weighs more. Empty-shell marriages for example are when a married couple stays together even though they are not in love, and this is because they don't want to tear the family apart so they can still provide a stable home for their family.

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The managerial state the role of the government in modern society involves managing groups and relationships. when doing so the state sets boundaries by encouraging desired forms of behavior keeping the family a private unit, and it must do this without becoming directly involved.
The way society views children has changed from pre-industrial to industrial times. In pre-industrial times the child's role was more clear cut, for example Aries argues they were seen as "little adults" and were an asset to the family. They began assisting there family at very young ages compared to now where the dependency age has increased. Resulting in children becoming more of an economic burden, because the family specifically the parents have focused more the child's emotional and psychological development. One criticism argues they provide a small contribution to caring responsibilities, or that roles between the children and parents have switched or at least taken on each others attributes.

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Liberal Feminism believes in the equality of opportunity. Unlike other forms of feminism, liberal feminism sees the system as flawed instead of broken. This means it can be fixed. This is a "softer form" that promotes practical and realistic ways of creating gender balance within the family.

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Traditionally focused on the family group as patriarchal and oppressive, imprisoning women in a narrow range of service roles and responsibilities, (domestic labor and childcare.)
Different forms have different perspectives on the relationship between the state and the family.

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The new right argument is about the fundamental important of the family group in any society. It argues for a supportive state where it would be socially beneficial to family structure and relationships. From the new right perspective, family structures and relationships such like single parents will only be sustained with government support. This creates dependency culture that had two aspects economic and moral. Economic is that without the state these family structures wouldn’t exists. Moral is that someone will have to pick up the bill who want that support.

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Sullivan et al suggests that industrial societies have experienced a quiet revolution in conjugal roles based on a general acceptance of gender equality. Evidence for conjugal roles can be seen through increased male housework, decreased female housework, men devoting more time to childcare and the family group becoming more home centered.