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Developmental Level:
- Infant
- 8 months old
Physical Description:
- Brown Eyes
- Brown and Curly Hair
- Darker skin
- Hispanic descent
- Normal Vision
- Type O blood

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Leonardo is the first son of Alicia and Hector Ramirez. Alicia is 25 years old; Hector is 26. Both have high school diplomas, and they work as undocumented farm laborers in a fruit orchard.  Due to their citizenship status, they are paid in cash, and their earnings are not tracked. They do no have any health insurance. Alicia does not qualify for any benefits such as WIC or Medicare.

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It's the notion that humans have basic biological urges or drives that must be satisfied.
5 stages
- Oral Stage (birth-1 year)
- Anal Stage (1-3 years)
- Phalic stage (3-6 years)
- Latent Stage (6-12 years)
- Genital stage (12 years and older)
(Sigelman & Rider , 2018).

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Polygenic Inheritance: multiple pairs of genes, interacting with multiple environmental factors, rather than by a single pair of genes. 

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Polygenic Inheritance: multiple pairs of genes, interacting with multiple environmental factors, rather than by a single pair of genes. 

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Examples:
-intelligence
-personality
-depression
(Sigelman & Rider, 2018).

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The parents exposure to harmful teratogens directly affect the fetus development.
(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)
examples : Fumigants and fungicides that are commonly used in fruit orchids.

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Crtitical periods
Dosage and duration
Genetic makeup

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Leonardo is being breast fed by his mother. She chose to breast feed him because it most natural and nutritious. Breast feeding was the best financial choice for the family, due to formula being too expensive.

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Rubella is fairly common, the womb leaves the fetus vulnerable to any outside influences. Due to Alicia contracting a case of rubella during the pregnancy it led to a variety of defects. Leonardo is born with the defect of being deaf.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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- The Moro reflex is when a loud noise or sudden change in the baby's head will cause the baby to throw their arms outward, arch their backs, then bring the arms inward.
- Leonardo's deafness hinders his ability to practice the Moro reflex.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018).

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Leonardo would be tested using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development. This test measures an infant's motor scale, cognitive scale, and language scale. The scores then contribute to General Adaptive Composite (GAC) which compare how the infant perform compared to other infants of the same age.

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Now that Leonardo's mother is able to stay home during the day, his IQ begins to increase. His IQ is increasing because his mother is influencing intelligence. She is doing this by expanding his play and drawing time to increase gross and fine motor skills. His mother now has time to learn sign language and begin introducing it to Leonardo.

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The Ramirez family has moved into a new home. Leonardo's father has received a promotion allowing the family to find a better living space.

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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory and Successful Intelligence

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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory and Successful Intelligence

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According to Sternberg's theory there are three components that contribute to intelligent behavior: practical, creative, and analytic intelligences.
- Practical intelligence/ street smarts is just problem solving in everyday life. It involves adapting to the environment that you are in, shaping your environment to fit your strengths, figuring out what you need to succeed in your environment.
- Creative Intelligence deals with novel problems and automating responses to familiar problems that you have dealt with.
- Analytic Intelligence involves the mental processes that will lead to success; thinking critically and analytically (planning, analyzing, and evaluating).

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018).

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- In his new home, Leonardo is able to gain new skills. The living space is a big enough to create a sensory environment for Leonardo.
- 8 month old's  Leonardo is able to work on crawling and examine new objects that he did not encounter before.
- This new sensory environment increases development physically, emotionally, and cognitively.
-In his new home, Leonardo's sleep schedule has gone back to normal. The fathers promotion allowed his mother to stay home and regulate Leonardos sleep.

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"When given two 9 minute training sessions, 2 months-olds remember how to make the mobile move for up to 2 days, 3-months-olds for about 1 week, and 6-months-olds for about 2 weeks" (Sigelman & Rider, 2018).
Leonardo's mother practices ASL with him for two 9 minutes sessions daily. She does this to improve his memory and expand his ASL vocabulary.

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The Substages of the Sensorimotor Period

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The Substages of the Sensorimotor Period

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The six substages include:
1. Reflex activity
2. Primary Circular Reactions
3. Secondary Circular Reactions
4. Coordination of Secondary
5. Tertiary Circular Reactions
6. Beginning of thought

Leonardo is 8 months old, he is currently in Stage 3 and 4.  He is able to repeatedly shake his rattle toy to receive satisfaction of the noise his just heard and push away things that are in his way. Leonardo has developed what is called symbolic capacity.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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From a young age Leonardo has been drawn to societal male toys. This is because infant start have rudementary recognition of gender-specific information.
(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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Situation-specific and changeable ways in which people adapt to their roles and environments.
(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

Leonardo's father getting a promotion and his mom being to stay home during the day the environment is going to change influencing his character traits to change making him adapt to his environment.

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Evenly tempered, usually content and happy, open and adaptable to new experiences, regular feeding, and sleeping habits, tolerable when they are frustrated or uncomfortable.
(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

Although Leonardo may have some different disabilities unlike some children. His personality temperament is classified as easy. He is deaf but with his ability to do sign language he can communicate easier.

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"A theory of how children come to know their world by constructing their own schemes or cognitive structures through active exploration" (Sigelman & Rider, 2018).

- Piaget created four stages to study cognitive development in children.

- However, Piaget's perspectives have been questioned and even criticized because he failed by "offering vague explanations of development, and underestimating the role of language and social interaction in cognitive development" (Sigelman & Rider, 2018).

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Barr, R., Rusnak, S. N., Brito, N. H., & Nugent, C. (2020). Actions speak louder than words: Differences in memory flexibility between monolingual and bilingual 18‐month‐olds. Developmental Science, 23(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12881

Sigelman, C.K. & Rider, E.A. (2018). Life-Span human development (9th ed.) Cengage.

Zieber, N., Kangas, A., Hock, A., & Bhatt, R. S. (2014). Infants’ Perception of Emotion from Body Movements. Child Development, 85(2), 675–684. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12134

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- The emergence of different emotions specifically primary emotions begin in the first 6 months of life.
- Those emotions include joy, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust.

- At birth babies can show contentment, interest, and distress.

- Infants can reduce negative arousal by sucking a pacifier.

- At 4 months old, infants are able to express anger very visibly.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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- Leonardo is a part of a nuclear family.

- Specifically a childbearing family.

- Leonardo’s mother is a stay at home mom.
- Both of Leonardo’s parents serve as a secure base.

- Leonardo’s father often bathes, feeds, and changes diapers when his wife is tired or busy.

- Leonardo’s mom does caregiving like wiping his nose and bathing him whereas his father does more interactive play with Leonardo on most days.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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Permissive & Authoritarian Parenting Styles

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Permissive & Authoritarian Parenting Styles

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Leonardo's mother and father are both unique. They both accept Leonardo for who he is, they just show it differently.

Leonardo's father has an authoritarian parenting style. It authoritarian because he wants the best for Leonardo. He won’t let him grow as a child or allow him to interact with anyone besides family. Only because he fears the judgment from others

His Mom's parenting style is  permissive. She has that style because she interacts with him more and have a much better understanding than his father. She accepts him for who he is and how he is. They both love to embrace Leonardo Leonardo is a momma's boy.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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Infant development goes along best when parents get along well. Leonardo's parents have a good relationship and get along with each other. Co-parenting is effective when the relationship of the parents is good. According to Sigelman & Rider, "A strong relationship between partners helps both parents engage with infants."

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Leonardo would be in the 3rd phase of Attachment: Active proximity or true attachment. He follows and copies eveything his mother does, which makes it easier to teach him American Sign Language.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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Since Leonardo has a secure attachment to his mother, he would be show an increase of exploritory bahaviors knowing his mother is always home with him.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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Leonardo developed a sleeping problem while his parents were both working full time every day. His sleep schedule has become irregular making him fussy.

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Denial, anger, bargaining, depression & acceptance are all the stages of Kubler-Ross stages of death.
Both Leonardo and his mother are expressing the symptoms but due to Leonardo being so young he expresses his feelings differently. He does not fully understand the concept of death. After the passing of his father Leonardo became more rowdy, and having some issues sleeping regularly. Leonardo's expression are symptoms of depression and sadness.
His mom displays multiple symptoms of Kubler-Ross stages of death. Such as denial, anger,  depression, and acceptance.
(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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Leading causes of death for different age gruops 

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Leading causes of death for different age gruops 

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In the United States the leading cause for people between the age of 25-44 in 2014 is accident.
Leonardo's father worked on a fruit farm. Unfourtuanly, one day the father had a freak accident and a farming machinery malfultioned killing the father in the process.
With the father death, Leonardo's mother became a single parent and sole provider for the family, therefore now she had to be mother and father for Leonardo, Which caused an immense amount of stress on her.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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After the death of Leonardo's father, him and his mother moved back home to Mexico. They have moved in with Leonardo's grandparents/the mother's parents. While they are back in Mexico, Leonardo's father's life is celebrated across the family. His life is also celebrated on Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), which is a common cultural tradition in Mexico, to celebrate the lives of those who have previously passed away. Each year Leonardo's father is celebrated on this day.

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- John Bowlby was a British psychiatrist.
- His theory (based off of ethology) asked the big question on how attachment could of helped our ancestors adapt to their environment (Sigelman & Rider, 2018).
- Later on in discussion, Colin Murray Parkes and John Bowlby created the Parkes/Bowlby attachment theory of bereavement.

(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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1.  Numbness
2. Yearning
3. Disorganization/Despair
4. Reorganization
Leonardo's mother would be in the yearning reaction phase, adding to her stress and symptom of depression.
(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)

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We have been at the forefront of exploring mental health and wellbeing since the First World War. Our history informs our mission and our values - we work to pioneer the development and delivery of...

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A family of three, a mother, father, and 8-month-old son named Leonardo, who was born deaf, goes through a long series of development. The Ramirez family were poor immigrants who moved to America in hopes of a better life, which they had achieved through hard work on a fruit farm. Later, Leonardo's father passed away from an accident at work, leaving Alicia and Leonardo devastated. Causing them to move back to Mexico for support.