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Nick Vujicic

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Identify leader: Mother Teresa (Social emotional competence) 

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Identify leader: Mother Teresa (Social emotional competence) 

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1.cultural competence and global citizenship Global citizenship is the idea that one's identity transcends geography or political borders, and that responsibilities or rights are derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity". This does not mean that such a person denounces or waives their nationality or other, more local identities, but that such identities are given "second place" to their membership in a global community (Berg et al., 2014).
Cultural competence is a range of cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills that lead to effective and appropriate communication with people of other cultures (Deardorff, 2009). How does Mother Teresa demonstrate the quality? Throughout the life of Mother Teresa, she had did many things to help people all over the world. Mother Teresa was born in India, but she chose to help people in other countries. After she had her First Profession of Vows, she went to Calcutta and became a teacher in Saint Mary’s High School for Girls which is a school dedicated to teaching girls from the poorest family in the countries. She taught them geography and history. She also became the school principal afterwards. It was there that Mother Teresa learnt to speak both Bengali and Hindi. From an affective aspect, she knew that she was willing to communicate and help people from different cultural backgrounds. From a cognitive aspect, she considers herself as responsible for lending a helping hand to these poor people in other countries. From behavioral aspect, she tried her best to learn their language and do what she could to teach the poor girls. Overall, she had achieved cultural competence. On the other hand, Mother Teresa left Loreto convent and received basic medical training to help out the city's poorest and sickest people. We can see that Mother Teresa helps people from other countries and accomplish her responsibilities as a global citizen.
1.2.1 The definition of social-emotional competence is that an individual’s ability to respond emotionally yet strategically and to apply his or her emotional expressiveness in relationships with others towards accomplishing specific goals and objectives.

1.2.2About Mother Teresa (Stevenson, 2017) Gonxha (Agnus) Bojaxhiu was born in Skopje, Macedonia on August 27, 1910. When she was 18, she became a nun with the religious order of the Sisters of Loreto. She took a new name, Teresa, from a beloved French nun named Theresa Martin who was canonized in 1927 as St. Theresa of Lisieux . Then, she started her mission of helping others vulnearble:
• Teaching history and geography at Saint Mary's High School for girls
• Teaching the poor children of Calcutta to read, write, and to learn basic skills such as bathing with soap.
• Moving to abandoned Hindu temple and created a final home for helping those rejected by overcrowded hospitals and left to die in the streets.
• Care for those suffering from leprosy, and built a community called the City of Peace, or Shantinagar, for these people whom society had labeled outcasts.
• opened schools, free clinics, and orphanages in other countries.
She was awarded the Pope John XXIII Peace Prize and most notably, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.

1.2.3 Mother Teresa can demonstrate the social-emotional competence (contd)
a) She has tried to accomplish some specific goals and objectives: The belief of Mother Teresa - life's mission of helping those less fortunate, especially education. Eg, in 1948, the Catholic Church gave her permission to begin a new religious order, called the Missionaries of Charity. Her main goal in creating the order was to teach the poor children of Calcutta to read and write, as well as to learn basic skills such as bathing with soap. She firmly believed that everyone, regardless of his or her economic resources, had the right to be educated. She taught her thirty students in a garden set among the shacks in one of the poorest sections of the city and charged tuition of twenty cents per month

b) She can respond emotionally yet strategically and apply her emotional expressiveness because:

Emotional expressiveness: Mother Teresa considered the feeling of the vulnerable showing the cares mentally and physically. Eg, in 1957, she began to care for those suffering from leprosy, and her order built a community called the City of Peace, or Shantinagar, for these people whom society had labeled outcasts. Mother Teresa's humanitarian efforts soon spread to caring for mentally and physically disabled children and victims of the AIDS epidemic.

Respond emotionally strategically: Even when Mother Teresa receive a lot of crises, she can still demonstrate social emotional competence. Sister Theresa Alethia Noble has mentioned that Mother Theresa was uninterested in reputation. She had no intention to spend time on the criticism from Christopher Hitchens. Mother Theresa only said that ‘’Oh, the book. It matters not. He is forgiven”. She had responded to the criticism elegantly and strategically showing her kindness, emotional control, and generousness. She just spent the time remaining on the vulnerable but not the argument.

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effective communication

1. It is found that Keith Davis believed that communication is a process of passing information and understanding from one person to another.

2. Communication involve both sending and receiving messages successfully, as well as the ability of understanding and responding to the messages received (Rai, 2008)

3. Communication is a process of  verbal or non-verbal information exchanging, which helps sensitive patients easier to cope with and make decisions for their treatments (Bramhall, 2014).

4. Shared social identity is the determinant for successful communication (Greenway et al., 2015)

5. Nursing is known to be one of the industries that involve many effective communication skills in the discipline, such as showing empathy, active listening, focusing psychologically, and asking questions for an opening and exploration in cues (Bramhall, 2014).

Self-consolidation

Communication is the bilingual process that transfers information between one and others, including verbal and non-verbal messages. By co-experiencing to relate other’s thoughts, people can construct shared social identity to facilitate communication with close social relationships.

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Kobe Bryant

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1.      Practice of intentionally influencing your thinking, feeling and actions towards your objectives (Bryant and Kazan,2012)

2.      Bryant and Kazan (2012) define self-leadership as someone having a developed sense of who they are, what they can do and where they are going.

3.     Practice of understanding who you are, identifying your desired experiences, and intentionally guiding yourself toward them (Neuhaus, 2021)

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Florence Nightingale

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Cognitive competence is:

1. composed of critical thinking and creative thinking.

2. Cyclic process consisting of accommodation and assimilation, which incorporates personal experience into existing knowledge and apply them to solve problems, (similar to the operation of schemata in children's cognition) (Merrick, 2012)

Critical thinking
--> the ability to interpret knowledge and comments through education and communication, including conceptualization, analyzation, and the capability to challenge them. (Petress, 2004)
--> Making reasonable decisions based on the assortment and analytic evaluation of sources. (Bailin, 1987)

Creative thinking
--> imaginative means to think differently from existing beliefs, and generate contemporary ideas. (Bailin, 1987)

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1. Resilience is typically defined as the capacity to recover from difficult life events.Resilience is not a trampoline, where you’re down one moment and up the next. It’s more like climbing a mountain without a trail map. It takes time, strength, and help from people around you, and you’ll likely experience setbacks along the way.(Katie,2020)
2. Resilience has been used to describe people and systems that bounce back from negative experiences and disturbances. It has also been used to refer to systems that survive being jostled around — whether or not they go back to where they were before, or to any stable state, for that matter.(Kate,2019)
3.   Resilience is having the capacity to persist in the face of change, to continue to develop with ever-changing environments. Resilience thinking is about how periods of gradual changes interact with abrupt changes, and the capacity of people, communities, societies, cultures to adapt or even transform into new development pathways in the face of dynamic change. (Carl,2016)

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1. “Spirituality is characterized by faith, a search for meaning and purpose in life, a sense of connection with others, and a transcendence of self, resulting in a sense of inner peace and well-being. A strong spiritual connection may improve one’s sense of satisfaction with life, or enable accommodation to disability.” (Delgado, 2005)

2. “Spirituality is a personal search for meaning and purpose in life, which may or may not be related to religion. It entails connection to self-chosen and or religious beliefs, values, and practices that give meaning to life, thereby inspiring and motivating individuals to achieve their optimal being.” (Tanyi, 2002)

3. “Spirituality has become a kind of universal code word to indicate the human search for meaning and purpose in life, and as a quest for transcendent truth. In contrast to religion, which is an institutional and culturally determined approach to faith, spirituality is found in all human societies through an individual experience of the divine, a connection to nature, and/or through religious practice.” (Lanzetta, 2010)

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Any video, newspaper, or other media that demonstrated the leadership attributes/ qualities of the leader?

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Any video, newspaper, or other media that demonstrated the leadership attributes/ qualities of the leader?

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1. Atilla Ceylan. (2018). Short stories Florence Nightingale [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Frow559jWSE

2. LSHTM. (2020). Honouring Florence Nightingale at LSHTM [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbI5rXiR7K8

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How the identified leader demonstrate the quality

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How the identified leader demonstrate the quality

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Her spirituality was an energizing force behind her social action to improve conditions in British military hospitals in the Crimea and in London (Macrae, 1995).

Nightingale’s spiritual belief is connected to the path she pursued in nursing.

Firstly, Unitarianism influenced her a lot when she was young. The value of this spirt is to promote equality of men and women, these values made her become a lifelong learner and an agent for change although there was prevailing standard in 1800s that prevented women from attending universities (Nurse.com,2010). Besides, Nightingale said that spirituality was an integral part of nursing as they are asked to love, care and give to other humans every day. She also teaches us it is important to find out who we are and where we come from by walking, praying or mediating, so that nurses can take care of themselves mentally and are able to find the energy they need when serving patients.

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Any video, newspaper, or other media that demonstrated the resilience qualities of the Nick Vujicic? Please cite the sources of the video, newspaper or other media. 

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Any video, newspaper, or other media that demonstrated the resilience qualities of the Nick Vujicic? Please cite the sources of the video, newspaper or other media. 

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AWE(2017) Nick Vujicic: Attitude is Altitude - Challenging the VR/AR Community to Help Transform Lives. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtCN7bV3ghU

Attitude is Altitude(2019) Daily News. https://www.dailynews.lk/2019/09/11/tc/196560/attitude-altitude

Morris A.(2021) A Bank Kicked Me Out... Froze My Debit Cards': Why Nick Vujicic Is Launching a Bank for Pro-Lifers. CBN News. https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2021/july/a-bank-kicked-me-out-froze-my-debit-cards-why-nick-vujicic-is-launching-a-bank-for-pro-lifers

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Steve Jobs

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Articulate a clear vision of the team's goals and set clear direction with regard to how to achieve team goals.
Motivate and inspire team members as they pursue team goals.

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Issacson: The Real Leadership Lessons of Steve Jobs (Havard Business Review)

https://hbr.org/2012/04/the-real-leadership-lessons-of-steve-jobs

Muldrew: Motivating a workforce by Steve Jobs (Medium)

https://medium.com/

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How Steve Jobs demonstrate team building? 

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How Steve Jobs demonstrate team building? 

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Steve Jobs’ team is workers in the Apple company, who are all smart people.

Steve Jobs considered Apple, the company, as his most important creation. He confounded Apple in his parents’ garage in 1976, saved it from near bankruptcy in 1997, and transformed it into the world’s most valuable company in 2011.

In 1997, Steve Jobs decided to get Apple focused on making just four great products, and with that decision, he saved his company. His decision is to focus on a few priorities, then make them well. This is one of his clear visions of his team’s goals, which is valuing quality. He also aimed to make his creation intuitive and simple. During the design of the iPod interface, he insisted on being able to get to whatever he wanted in three clicks. He integrated the iPod and Mac with iTunes software, allowing iPod to have fewer functions and buttons and greater convenience.

Steve Jobs convinces and motivates his employees to believe in what they are creating as he desires to build something great. As a team leader, he has a famous quote: “Leadership is about inspiring people to do things they never thought they could”. He directed efforts of others through tasks and influenced his employees with strong desire for hard work, shared passion and clear vision.

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Self-discipline: https://therulemedia.com/stories/the-ruthless-self-discipline-of-kobe-bryant
He goes to practice before the actual practice begins and goes to the gym even though he was hurt

5 Qualities Kobe Bryant Possesses That Will Make You a Better Professional (wordpress.com)

He always studied opponents’ tactics before competition

Self-motivation: https://www.elitedaily.com/money/five-success-lessons-from-kobe-bryant-the-ultimate-self-motivator
He was always precise about his goal and what he want to achieve. Therefore, he set this role models as the other great basketball players

Self-management: https://www.superception.fr/en/2020/02/08/the-management-lessons-of-kobe-bryant/

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/commemorating-kobe-bryant-leadership-winner-mindset-kisha-freed

(self-control: set up his personal standard - “his only focus was to be the best that he could be” - challenged his hero, Michael Jordan, who was then becoming the greatest player of all time ; “Great things come from hard work and perseverance. No excuses.”

Self-acceptance: He created the alter ego of the Black Mamba, inspired by a particularly deadly snake, and the “Mamba Mentality which has five pillars: Passion, obsessiveness, relentlessness, resilience, and fearlessness. Aims to inspire the next generation to be better by applying these values to their own lives.)

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How Nick Vujicic demonstrate resilience?

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How Nick Vujicic demonstrate resilience?

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Nick Vujicic is one of the famous evangelists and motivational speakers. His inspirational life story is well-known in the world. Nick was born with the extremely rare Tetra Amelia Syndrome, which results in him being born without arms and legs. Living without limbs, he was being bullied at school and fearful for his future with no hope. The feeling of helplessness and isolation led him to attempt suicide. However, Nick persevered through life’s challenges and turn obstacles into opportunities, making him one of the most sought-after keynote speakers in the world. Many people have overcome their challenges through Nick’s inspirational speeches and powerful coaching.

Nick is an anti-bullying advocate who cooperates with the Education Departments of several Governments. In addition, Nick has created an innovative Social Emotional Learning (SEL) Curriculum called “Attitude Is Altitude,” wherein he teaches students to make positive changes in their lives and communities. He is also the founder and CEO of the non-profit ministry Life Without Limbs. The ministry helps people with a similar situation to light up their life.

In 2019, Nick Vujicic began to speak out against the innocent killing of unborn babies. At the same time, he talked with his friend Betsy Gray about launching Pro-life Bank and start planning it. However, he experienced more adversity from his bank later on. He got kicked out of a bank with no warning. Nevertheless, he doesn't give up his plan and successfully achieves it. In the Pro-life Bank project,  50 percent of net profits will donate to Judeo-Christian-aligned nonprofit organizations.

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W. E. B. Du Bois

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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

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Mengzi

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According to history, it is known that Mengzi mainly convinced others verbally. It is also known that there are some literary works, notably the well-known Mencius, which was one of the classical Four Books. Furthermore, there are plenty of  studies on Mengzi and his literature by professionals, those widely used ranging from the Han Dynasty to nowadays. Zhu Xi from the Song Dynasty is a great example to exemplify. His legendary life and masterpieces are collected nowadays teaching syllabus in Hong Kong and mainland China. Thus, his method to conduct his idea is easy to be seen and studied in various teaching materials, such as textbooks and videos.

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Bramhall. (2014). Effective communication skills in nursing practice. Nursing Standard., 29(14), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.14.53.e9355

Greenaway, Wright, R. G., Willingham, J., Reynolds, K. J., & Haslam, S. A. (2015). Shared Identity Is Key to Effective Communication. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(2), 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214559709

Rai, Rai, S. M, & ebrary, Inc. (2009). Effective communication (Rev. ed..). Himalaya Pub. House.

Sturgeon, D. (n.d.). Mengzi : Liang Hui Wang i - 齊宣王問曰：「齊桓、晉文之事可得聞乎？. Chinese Text Project. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://ctext.org/mengzi/liang-hui-wang-i?searchu=%E9%BD%8A%E5%AE%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%95%8F%E6%9B%B0%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E9%BD%8A%E6%A1%93%E3%80%81%E6%99%89%E6%96%87%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%97%E8%81%9E%E4%B9%8E%EF%BC%9F

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Barack Obama

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1)     a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enable that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations

2)     The capacity to take part morally and viably in individual and proficient intercultural settings, which requires the understanding of other’s cultural values and view respectfully and collaboration in various cultural contexts

3)     The ability of a person to work, develop meaningful relationships, and interact with people that come from different cultural backgrounds effectively, including one’s behaviors, customs, and beliefs from different groups.

https://doi-org.ezproxy.lb.polyu.edu.hk/10.1177%2F1043659614524790

The University of Sydney. (n.d.). What is cultural competence? Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.sydney.edu.au/nccc/about-us/what-is-cultural-competence.html

De Guzman, M. R. T., Durden, T. R., Taylor, S. A., Guzman, J. M., & Potthoff, K. L. (2016). Cultural competence: An important skill set for the 21st century.

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Background informations of the identified leader

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Background informations of the identified leader

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·       The first president of colour

·       Fostering cultural competence in America by prioritizing intercultural competence in government reports, policy papers and articles

·       In 2009, Obama said that we need greater cooperation and understanding between nations to respond and tackle fascism and communism.

·       America as a nation of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Jews, and non-believers, we believe that the lines of races and old hatreds shall soon dissolve and show the common humanity (Obama, 2009)

the White House. (2009, January 21). President Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2009/01/21/president-Barack-obamas-inaugural-address

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How did he fight against discrimination and reach cultural competence

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How did he fight against discrimination and reach cultural competence

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·       Equal Pay

®    Obama as the former president of America, had launched a National Equal Pay Task Force to monitor the existing law is functional and ensure all people paid equally no matter their race and gender

®    Additionally, Obama has also signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act to reach gender equality in salary

·       Protect LGBT individuals

®    Ensuring equality of different sexual orientation and gender identity

®    In 2009, he promulgated a directive on same-sex domestic partner benefits and signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act into law

®    In 2010, he invested funds to support LGBT community

®    In 2013, he signed the VAWA reauthorization

®    In 2014, he signed an Executive Order to prohibit the discrimination because of gender identity, race, color, sexual orientation, sex, national origin, religion and ethnicity.

the White House. (n.d.). Strengthening Protection Against Discrimination. The White House President Barack Obama. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/civil-rights/discrimination

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Definition (general & from our thoughts)

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Definition (general & from our thoughts)

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Definition (general): Morality indicates what is the “right” and “wrong” way to behave, for instance, that one should be fair and not unfair to others (Haidt & Kesebir, 2010). It is considered of interest to explain the social behavior of individuals living together in groups (Gert, 1998). Reconciliation of people who endorse different political orientations and adhere to different religions is required to achieve morality (Ellemers et al., 2019).

Definition (from our thoughts): Using ethics as a standard for evaluating morality.

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Gandhi faced racial discrimination in South Africa:

1.       He was asked to remove his turban by the European judge on the court of Durban, yet he declined

2.       When traveling to Pretoria, he was abandoned of a first-class railway compartment that he was left on the station in Pietermaritzburg

3.       He had been beaten by the stagecoach driver who was white as he refused to sit on the footboard so that one European customer could have a seat

4.       He was prohibited from “for Europeans only” hotels

->Object injustice in South Africa ->Studied the situations of South Asians in South Africa and taught them their rights and obligations (Nanda, 2022)

Gandhi stayed in South Africa in 1893, he noticed that the Indian immigrants in South Africa still encountered the difficulties of having civic rights since the 1860s

·       As slaves of the European in Natal in which the European assured that they could travel freely, having the salary of 10 shillings a month for the first year and rise 1 shilling every year, and could return to India after 5 years contract. Yet, the Indians workers was settled as citizens by the European and they needed to pay £3 tax for each family.

·       Humiliations:

--> described as "Asian dirt to be heartily curse, chokeful of vice, that live upon rice and the black vermin". They could not ride first and second class and rode on the footboards of train or being kicked out if a white passenger insisted. Cannot go into European hotels.

Gandhi founded Natal Indian Congress to protect Indians’ rights on politics and economics ->eliminated discriminatory laws and regulations (Nanda, 1972).

Sacrifice: Gandhi was assaulted and nearly lynched by a white mob.

Inequality in India:

-Despite considerable Indians’ opposition, the British persevered on passing the Rowlatt Acts, which gave authorities the right to arrest those suspected of sedition without trial.

-The Massacre of Amritsar which was the killing by British-led soldiers of nearly 400 Indians who were gathered in an open space in Amritsar in the Punjab region.

Gandhi’s action:

-The nonviolent noncooperation movement including boycotts not only of British manufactures but of institutions operated or aided by the British in India: legislatures, courts, offices, schools→ against British government

Sacrifice: Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years’ imprisonment.

-Salt March: a satyagraha against the British-imposed salt tax, which disproportionately affected the poorest members of society

-He fasted to persuade Ambedkar to drop his proposal for a separate electorate for the Untouchables (Jha, 2004). Even stopped the rioting in Calcutta (1947) and made the city of Delhi into a communal truce (1948)

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How the identified leader demonstrates the quality? 

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How the identified leader demonstrates the quality? 

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•       Disregard former grudges: When the South African (Boer) War broke out in 1899, Indians who claimed full citizenship rights in the British crown colony of Natal were obligated to protect it. Gandhi enlisted 1,100 volunteers, 300 of whom were free Indians and the remainder indentured laborers, to form an ambulance corp. Even though Indians were unfairly treated and oppressed.

•       Choose to do what is right even though he might face imprisonment

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What is the theory/model about? Whose theory? Please cite the source.

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What is the theory/model about? Whose theory? Please cite the source.

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Kohlberg’s level and stages of moral development. Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory claims that our development of moral reasoning happens in six stages. The stages themselves are structured in three levels: Pre-Conventional, Conventional and Post-Conventional. To understand this better, imagine a conflict at school.

Lawrence Kohlberg, a American psychologist

How Kohlberg developed his theory

Kohlberg modified Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (Cherry, 2021). He provided some dilemmas and ask interviewers for their choices and the behind reasonings. One of the most best-known scenario is Heinz steals the drug to save his wife. He focused on the reasons behind the judgement but not the right or wrong. He further divided the decisions into several stages of his theory.

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How can this theory help us understand the topic? 

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How can this theory help us understand the topic? 

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Kohlberg’s theory suggests how humans develop morality and moral reasoning. It shows the general understanding of morality. Besides, it allows us to know the factors that may influence morality.

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Level 1: Preconventional level (“Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development,”2020)

-          At this level, morality is controlled by an external environment. People tend to follow the rules to avoid punishment or receive rewards (concrete consequences). In this level of stage, people make decision according to what they can get away with or are satisfied. Level one has two stages: Punishment orientation, Instrumental hedonism orientation

-          Stage 1: Punishment orientation: In order to avoid punishment, people may choose to obey. = Self protection

-          Stage 2: Instrumental hedonism orientation: People’s behavior focuses on having rewards or satisfying their own needs. = Being cunning

Level 2: Conventional level (“Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development,”2020)

-      At this level, following social rules is more important than the individual's will. People focus on having a relationship or connection with others and society and not consider about self-interest. People follow the rules which are set forth by others e.g., parents, peers as well as the government so as to gain their agree and to maintain social order. Level two has two stages.

-      Stage 3: Good boy/ Nice Girl orientation: Social approval may determine the individual’s behavior. People want to gain approval from others of being a good person. = Group loyalty

-      Stage 4: Law and order orientation: The individual has the desire to maintain a functional society by obeying fixed law and authority and keeping social order. Doing one’s duty, respecting authority, and maintaining social order are the right behaviors to avoid feeling guilty about not finishing the duty and censure of authorities. Failure of the individual in this stage may break the social system and make it flawed.
= Good citizen (Baxter & Rarick, 1987).

Level 3: Postconventional level (Kohlberg & Hersh, 1977).

-      Moral values and principles of this level have different applications and validity apart from the authority of groups or other individuals. It is determined by universal principles and also has two stages.

-      Stage 5: Social contract orientation: Actions determined by rule and law commonly agreed in society which could enhance the greatest benefits for the greatest number of people. However, changing law or rule could be possible under rational consideration of social utility reasons which is different from Stage 4 to freeze them. = Reason.

-      Stage 6: Universal principled orientation: Actions determined by self-chosen universal ethical principles, such as dignity, equality, and kindness. Helping other people to achieve better interests and well-being status is the basis of principles. If laws violate these principles, individuals may still uphold the principles, no matter what the price.

= Personal integrity

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What are the strengths and weaknesses of the model? 

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What are the strengths and weaknesses of the model? 

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Strengths:
-        The model covers explanation of human behavior in moral way widely à Show the consistency between human in the society at a certain extent (van den Enden et al., 2018).

-        Reliability & Credibility: It is the most respected measure model of moral development because it is widely used by different experiment/ research project (van den Enden et al., 2018).

-        Emphasizes the importance of experience of childhood: it recognizes the moral (mental) development of a person are developed by the experiences and social interaction during childhood (Cuypers, 2020).

-        Explanation to higher stage of moral reasoning: The model helps describe the progression of human behavior in moral way.

Weaknesses:

-          Sex-biased: Kohlberg’s theory is developed by observing 84 boys’ development for 20 years, Gilligan (1993) believed that it is unsuitable for to be used for females

-          Cultural-biased: Kohlberg’s theory is developed by interviewing samples of middle-class white males, which may not suit the global population, this could be shown with South Africans (Goldschmidt et al., 2020) and Chinese (Dien, 1982; Ma, 1988)

-          Does not consider human feeling: this model is based on logic and reason, which is seldom present in young children from 3 to 4 years old which also show ‘moral’ behavior according to their feeling(empathy) (Baldwin, 2016)

-          Only considered individual’s morality: This model did not account for group morality, how human come to consensus on decisions for the ‘greater good’, unlike models such as model of moral motives (Janoff-Bulman & Carnes,2013)

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Model: Three key elements of spirituality

1. Personal Beliefs & Values

She believed that the glory of God is goodness -> no need for people to praise / worship God -> she wanted to reflect God’s kindness to the world by achieving some God’s works in order to make the world better -> she became a nurse -> cure sick people (which is something that God would do) -> show God’s kindness to the world

1. Connectedness to Others

2. Meaning in Life

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Mengzi is an expert in communication, especially in using empathy and shared social identity. By looking into the example in “The Chapter of Qihuan Jinwen (齊桓晉文之事章)” provided in the syllabus of Chinese Literature in Hong Kong DSE, it is found that Mengzi had been using various of techniques of communication throughout the conversation with the king Xuan of Qi, including active listening, empathy and shared social identity. To convince the king Xuan of Qi, Mengzi had asked the king to express his current story, as well as his feelings. This is using the skills of questioning and active listening in effective communication. Afterwards, Mengzi had analyzed with the king about his thoughts and showed empathy towards the king about being misunderstood by the citizens.  Moreover, Mengzi had the king grouped as the kind of person having the characteristics of “ren (仁)”, which is demonstrating shared social identity, to impel the king to engage in the communication, as well as pushing on the conversation. Not only did he elaborate his own idea, but also ask the king questions to provoke his reflection. It is shown that his thoughts had successfully passed to his audience, which is the king, together with elevating his understanding. The thought of Mengzi had successfully been sent, while it was also well-received by his audience, after the effective communication. (Sturgeon)