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Legislation restricted the movements of free blacks, barred them from certain occupations, and placed them at a disadvantage in other ways.

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In 1987, Abuk Bak, then a twelve-year-old girl, was captured in one of these slave raids. (Located in the south villages of Africa, captured by the Sudanese government). Abuk describes the terrifying raid and the subsequent decade she spent in slavery as the worst thing she’s every experienced. Hers is one of the few accounted for child slaveries, although there are millions of children caught up in modern-day slavery around the world. Bak today is free, yet in Sudan alone thousands of women and children remain in bondage.

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1970s, Rose Iftony’s Enslavement in America

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1970s, Rose Iftony’s Enslavement in America

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In 1978, FBI agents in Miami discovered Rose Iftony, a young girl from Sierra Leone, kept as a domestic slave inside the house of a Pakistani couple. At the time, one agent described Iftony’s bondage as “the first classic case of slavery [in the United States] this century that the FBI knows of.”

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Wade In The Water was an inspirational song that was sung while people were trying to escape slavery. It kept people going, it motivated them.

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Understanding the Long-Run Effects of Slavery

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Understanding the Long-Run Effects of Slavery

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In the years that followed the end of World War II, African Americans more and more viewed their fate as inextricably connected with the fate of non-white peoples throughout the world. African Americans assumed a strong moral position as they became more articulate in the area of peace and freedom for the world.
#freedom

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See how American abolitionists, such as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Garrett, helped enslaved persons escape to freedom

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#helpfulfacts

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See how American abolitionists, such as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Garrett, helped enslaved persons escape to freedom Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

NARRATOR: Before the American Civil War, slavery was legal in the Southern part of the United States but illegal in the North. People opposed to slavery were called abolitionists, because they wanted to abolish the practice throughout the entire country. Abolitionists used a variety of methods to try to end slavery: abolitionist editors published antislavery newspapers; politicians, clergymen, and other community leaders gave speeches and sermons; poets and authors denounced slavery in their literary works.

Abolitionists also outright defied the institution by helping black slaves in the South escape to freedom in the North. The journey for an escaping slave was long and dangerous. Many fugitives had to travel hundreds of miles across unknown terrain and rivers, with little or no resources. They all ran the risk of being caught and sent back south.

The Underground Railroad was a secret organized system established in the early 1800s to help these individuals reach safe havens in the North and Canada. The network extended through 14 Northern states. The system used railway terms as code words: safe houses were called stations and people who aided fugitives were called conductors.

Conductors included former slaves, such as Frederick Douglass, a prominent abolitionist who directed activities in Rochester, New York, and Harriet Tubman, a fugitive who made 19 journeys back south to lead others north. Tubman risked her own freedom each time she helped others escape and became known as the "Moses of her people."

Conductors also included white abolitionists, such as Thomas Garrett, who may have helped about 2,700 fugitive slaves, and Congressman Owen Lovejoy, who spoke openly of his involvement in the Underground Railroad before Congress.

The unofficial "president of the Underground Railroad" was Levi Coffin, whose home was known as the Grand Central Station. More than 3,000 runaways passed through Coffin's care. One mother and child made the perilous journey during winter, forcing them to flee across the frozen ice of the Ohio River. The woman's story served as the inspiration for the character of Eliza in Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin."

Stowe-a friend of the Coffins-used her familiarity with the Underground Railroad to fill her novel with vivid depictions of the suffering endured by black slaves. Her words helped inflame many white Northerners against slavery.

Participating in the Underground Railroad could have dire consequences. The Fugitive Slave Acts provided for the capture and return of escaped slaves, even from free states and U.S. territories. Upon return, runaways faced harsh and potentially violent punishments. Anyone caught helping a fugitive could be sentenced to a fine or jail time. One abolitionist, Jonathan Walker, had his hand branded with "SS"-for slave stealer-for his efforts to help escaping slaves.

Because of the danger involved, few people kept records of the activities of the Underground Railroad, but it is estimated that 40,000 to 100,000 escaped slaves journeyed to freedom along its routes.

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See how American abolitionists, such as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Garrett, helped enslaved persons escape to freedom

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NARRATOR: Before the American Civil War, slavery was legal in the Southern part of the United States but illegal in the North. People opposed to slavery were called abolitionists, because they wanted to abolish the practice throughout the entire country.

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Harriet Tubman was an American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some 13 missions to rescue approximately 70 enslaved people, including family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.
#abolitionist

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Most of African American ancestors come from Ghana, Mali, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, The Gambia, and Burkina Faso.

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The first West African state of which there is any record is Ghana, which lay about 500 miles northwest of its modern namesake.

The earliest observations of Ghana were made when it was a confederacy of settlements extending along the grasslands of the Senegal and the upper Niger.

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“Miss Watson’s big n*****, named Jim, was setting in the kitchen door; “ (Chapter 2, Page 4). (In this scene, this word is used to degrade Jim).

“Thinks I, what is this country a-coming to? It was ‘lection day, and I was just about to go and vote, myself, if I warn’t too drunk to get there; but when they told me there was a State in this country where they’d let that n***** vote, I drawed out. I says I’ll never vote agin.” (Chapter 6, Page 27). (In his vendetta against the government, Pap tries to argue that he refuses to cast a ballot because black men can vote).

“Well, I RECKON! There’s two hunderd dollars reward on him. It’s like picking up money out’n the road.” (Chapter 31, Page 212). (The boy sees Jim as a commodity, not as a person).

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“I owns myself” (Chapter 8, Page 47). (Jim being a black man (a slave), he was seen of no moral value or not valuable enough to have their own freedom, but Jim acknowledging his freedom meant something to the character).

“Hain’t we got to saw the leg of Jim’s bed off, so as to get the chain loose” (Chapter 35, Page 240). (By rendering Jim of the chains that enslave him, he becomes free. Removing the chains are a symbol of freedom).

#selfworth

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A privateer, the white lion, brought 20 enslaved Africans ashore in the British Colony of Jamestown, Virginia. (The Africans were seized from a Portugues slave ship).

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An estimate of 7 million enslaved people were imported to the new world. Depriving the African continent of its people

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After the American Revolution, many colonists, particularly in the North (when slavery was relatively unimportant to the agricultural economy) began to link the oppression of enslaved Africans to their own oppression by the British, and to call for slavery’s abolition

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Free Black people and other antislavery northerners had begun helping enslaved people escape from southern plantations to the North via a loose network of safe houses as early as the 1780s. This practice is known as the Underground Railroad. (This movement gained attention in the 1830s).

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Due to events that happened in the 19th Century…

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Due to events that happened in the 19th Century…

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Although estimates vary widely, it may have helped anywhere from 40,000 to 100,000 enslaved people reach freedom.

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The South would reach the breaking point the following year, when Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as president. Within three months, seven southern states had seceded to form the Confederate States of America; four more would follow after the Civil War began.
Abolition became a goal only later, due to military necessity, growing anti-slavery sentiment in the North and the self-emancipation of many people who fled enslavement as Union troops swept through the South.

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The 13th Amendment, adopted on December 18, 1865, officially abolished slavery, but freed Black peoples’ status in the post-war South remained precarious, and significant challenges awaited during the Reconstruction period.

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Mali, also called Melle, began as an organized kingdom about 1235, but the nucleus of its political organization dates back to the beginning of the seventh century.
#mali

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Cheff, Noah. “Long Term Effects of Slavery in the Americas.” Prezi.Com, prezi.com/tk3gi1qnlywm/long-term-effects-of-slavery-in-the-americas. Accessed 18 Mar. 2022.

Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred Moss. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans, Volume One. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999.

“Harriet Tubman Biography.” National Women’s History Museum, www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/harriet-tubman. Accessed 16 Mar. 2022.

History.com Editors. “Slavery in America.” HISTORY, 23 Aug. 2021, www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery.

Holt, Rinehart And Winston. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: With Connections (HRW Library). 1st ed., HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON, 2000.

Sage, Jesse, et al. Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery. Illustrated, St. Martin’s Griffin, 2008.

“See How American Abolitionists, Such as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Garrett, Helped Enslaved Persons Escape to Freedom.” Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/video/169075/overview-abolitionist-movement-Underground-Railroad-discussion. Accessed 16 Mar. 2022.

“The Slave Trade’s Effect on African Societies - Implications of the Slave Trade for African Societies - Higher History Revision.” BBC Bitesize, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/1. Accessed 16 Mar. 2022.

“Wade in the Water.” Spotify, 20 Oct. 1998, https://open.spotify.com/track/7exER11O6jaBmUWhOvWRGh.

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African Americans assumed a strong moral position as they became more articulate in the area of peace and freedom for the world.

#peacefulnations

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In the years immediately following World War I, no meeting of a national organization of African Americans neglected to register its protest against the failure of the United States to grant them first-class citizenship.

In July 1919 the NAACP meeting in Cleveland adopted resolutions expressing its large concern over the status of blacks.

In September, that same year, the National Equal Rights League, meeting in Washington, followed the lead of the NAACP

The next month, the National Race Congress also met in Washington and passed resolutions of protest.

#protestracialinequality

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The triumph of white supremacy meant that blacks would not share the educational opportunities on any basis.

In 1899 the Supreme Court had set the stage for flagrant discrimination against blacks in education.

In Cumming v. School Board of Richmond County, Ga., Justice John Marshall Harlan, speaking for an unanimous court, refused to grant any relief to blacks who's high school had been closed by county officials, while two high schools for whites remained open.

In 1935-1936 the current expenditures per white pupil in ten Southern states averaged $37.87, while such expenditures per black pupil averaged $13.09.

More money was spend in 1929-1930 for school buses for white children than was spent for new schools for black children.

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The widening horizons of African Americans, the increasing world interest in the American race problem, and the leadership of the United States in world affairs were factors that commended the greater participation of blacks in the foreign relations work of the U.S. government.

African Americans had a special functions to perform in carrying forward the struggle for freedom at home, for the sake of America's role, and abroad, for the sake of the survival of the world.

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Slavery affected the economy greatly. The cotton industry provided more than half of the US's export earnings and relied on slaves to be grown and harvested. Cotton was a resource that was traded and made the economy sky-rocket in value.

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Racial discrimination

Stereotyping

Assumptions about appearance and race