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Energy is the ability to do work and energy cannot be created or destoryed according to The Law of Conservation of Energy. 

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Energy is the ability to do work and energy cannot be created or destoryed according to The Law of Conservation of Energy. 

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(From Gianna's One-note)

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Energy can also transfer and change, here's an example of it:

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Energy can also transfer and change, here's an example of it:

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And these are some of the different types of energy there is:

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And these are some of the different types of energy there is:

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Below is the more information that explains it.

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Anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.

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Anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.

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Information from website:

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Anaerobic Respiration Definition

Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells that do not breathe oxygen liberate energy from fuel to power their life functions.

Molecular oxygen is the most efficient electron acceptor for respiration, due to its nucleus' high affinity for electrons. However, some organisms have evolved to use other oxidizers, and as such, these perform respiration without oxygen.

These organisms also use an electron transport chain to generate as much ATP as possible from their fuel, but their electron transport chains extract less energy than those of aerobic respiration because their electron acceptors are weaker.

Many bacteria and archaea can only perform anaerobic respiration. Many other organisms can perform either aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on whether oxygen is present.

Humans and other animals rely on aerobic respiration to stay alive, but can extend their cells' lives or performance in the absence of oxygen by using forms of anaerobic respiration.

Function of Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration is the process through which the energy stored in fuel is converted into a form that a cell can use. Typically, energy stored in the molecular bonds of a sugar or fat molecule is used to make ATP, by taking electrons from the fuel molecule and using them to power an electron transport chain.

Respiration is crucial to a cell's survival because if it cannot liberate energy from fuel to drive its life functions, the cell will die.

This is why air-breathing organisms die so quickly without a constant supply of oxygen: our cells cannot generate enough energy to stay alive without it.

Instead of oxygen, anaerobic cells use substances such as sulfate, nitrate, sulfur, and fumarate to drive their cellular respiration.

Many cells can perform either aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on whether oxygen is available.

The image below illustrates a test tube test whereby scientists can determine if an organism is:

An obligate aerobe - an organism that cannot survive without oxygen

An obligate anaerobe - an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

An aerotolerant organism - an organism that can live in the presence of oxygen, but does not use it to grow

A facultative aerobe - an organism that can use oxygen to grow, but can also perform anaerobic respiration

Where Does Anaerobic Respiration Occur?

Anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of cells. Indeed, most cells that use anaerobic respiration are bacteria or archaea, which don't have specialized organelles.

What do Anaerobic Respiration and Aerobic Respiration Have in Common?

Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with the splitting of a sugar molecule in a process called "glycolysis." This process consumes two ATP molecules and creates four ATP, for a net gain of two ATP per sugar molecule that is split.

In both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the two halves of the sugar molecule are then sent through another series of reactions that use electron transport chains to generate more ATP.

It is these reactions that require an electron acceptor - be it oxygen, sulfate, nitrate, etc. - in order to drive them.

What's the Difference Between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration?

After glycolysis, both the aerobic and anaerobic cells send the two halves of glucose through a long chain of chemical reactions to generate more ATP and extract electrons for use in their electron transport chain.

However, what these reactions are, and where they happen, varies between aerobic and anaerobic cells.

In aerobic cells, the electron transport chain, and most of the chemical reactions of respiration, occur in the mitochondria. The mitochondria's system of membranes makes the process much more efficient by concentrating the chemical reactants of respiration together in one small space.

In anaerobic cells, however, respiration typically takes place in the cell's cytoplasm, since most anaerobic cells do not have specialized organelles. The series of reactions is typically shorter, and uses an electron acceptor such as sulfate, nitrate, sulfur, or fumarate instead of oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration also produces less ATP for each sugar molecule digested than aerobic respiration. In addition, it produces different waste products - including, in some cases, alcohol!

Types of Anaerobic Respiration

The types of anaerobic respiration are as varied as its electron acceptors. Important types of anaerobic respiration include:

Lactic acid fermentation - In this type of anaerobic respiration, glucose is split into two molecules of lactic acid to produce two ATP.

Alcoholic fermentation - In this type of anaerobic respiration, glucose is split into ethanol, or ethyl alcohol. This process also produces two ATP per sugar molecule.

Other types of fermentation - Other types of fermentation are performed by some bacteria and archaea. These include proprionic acid fermentation, butyric acid fermentation, solvent fermentation, mixed acid fermentation, butanediol fermentation, Stickland fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.

Anaerobic Respiration Equations

The equations for the two most common types of anaerobic respiration are:

* Lactic acid fermentation:

C ₆H ₁₂O ₆ (glucose)+ 2 ADP + 2 phosphate → 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP

* Alcoholic fermentation:

Examples of Anaerobic Respiration

Sore Muscles and Lactic Acid

During intense exercise, our muscles use oxygen to produce ATP faster than we can supply it.

When this happens, muscle cells can perform glycolysis faster than they can supply oxygen to the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

The result is that lactic acid fermentation occurs within our cells - and after prolonged exercise, the built-up lactic acid can make our muscles sore!

Yeasts and Alcoholic Drinks

Alcoholic drinks such as wine and whiskey are typically produced by bottling yeasts - which perform alcoholic fermentation - with a solution of sugar and other flavoring compounds.

Yeasts can use complex carbohydrates including those found in potatoes, grapes, corn, and many other grains, as sources of sugar.

Putting the yeast and its fuel source in an airtight bottle ensures that there will not be enough oxygen around to interfere with the anaerobic respiration that produces the alcohol!

Alcohol is actually toxic to the yeasts that produce it - when alcohol concentrations become high enough, the yeast will begin to die.

For that reason, it is not possible to brew a wine or a beer that has greater than 30% alcohol content. However, the process of distillation, which separates alcohol from other components of the brew, can be used to concentrate alcohol and produce hard liquors.

Methanogenesis and Dangerous Homebrews

Unfortunately, alcoholic fermentation isn't the only kind of fermentation that can happen in plant matter. Glucose is fermented into ethyl alcohol - but a different alcohol, called methanol, can be produced from fermentation of a different sugar found in plants.

When cellulose is fermented into methanol, the results can be dangerous. The dangers of "moonshine" - cheap, homebrewed whiskey which often contains high amounts of methanol due to poor brewing and distillation processes - were advertised in the 20 th century during prohibition.

Death and nerve damage from methanol poisoning is still an issue in areas where unskilled people try to brew alcohol cheaply. So, if you're going to become a brewer, make sure you do your homework!

Swiss Cheese and Propionic Acid

Propionic acid fermentation gives Swiss cheese its distinctive flavor. The holes in Swiss cheese are actually made by bubbles of carbon dioxide gas released as a waste product of a bacteria that uses propionic acid fermentation.

After the implementation of stricter sanitation standards in the 20 th century, many producers of Swiss cheese were puzzled to find that their cheese was losing its holes - and its flavor!

The culprit was discovered to be a lack of a specific bacteria which produce propionic acid. Throughout the ages, this bacteria had been introduced as a contaminant from the hay the cows ate. But after stricter hygiene standards were introduced, this was not happening anymore!

This bacteria is now added intentionally during production to ensure that Swiss cheese stays flavorful and retains its instantly recognizable holey appearance.

Vinegar and Acetogenesis

Bacteria that perform acetogenesis are responsible for the making of vinegar, which consists mainly of acetic acid.

Vinegar actually requires two fermentation processes, because the bacteria that make acetic acid require alcohol as fuel!

As such, vinegar is first fermented into an alcoholic preparation, such as wine. The alcoholic mixture is then fermented again using the acetogenic bacteria.

Related Terms

ATP - The cellular "fuel" which can be used to power countless cellular actions and reactions.

Oxidation - An important process in chemistry, where electrons are lost. A molecule which has lost electrons through the process of oxidation is said to have been "oxidized," or "had its oxidation level increased."

Quiz

2. The process of anaerobic respiration explains how some cells can survive without oxygen.
A. True
B. False

3. Cells can live without ATP, as long as they have sugar as a food source.
A. True
B. False

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Anaerobic Respiration - Definiton, Types, Examples | Biology Dictionary

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Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells that do not breathe oxygen liberate energy from fuel to power their life functions. Molecular oxygen is the most efficient electron acceptor for respiration, due to its nucleus' high affinity for electrons.

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Aerobic cellular respiration uses oxygen

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Aerobic cellular respiration uses oxygen

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Below is the more information that explains it.

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Aerobic cellular resperation is a process in which energy is generated from food molecules, involving a series of reactions during which oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced.

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Aerobic cellular resperation is a process in which energy is generated from food molecules, involving a series of reactions during which oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced.

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The mitochondria is usually located in cells of living things.  It's also the main point in some types cellular respiration, in anaerobic cellular respiration that's not the case.

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The photo is naturally there, the website has the animals.

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Link to website we  found all the animals in and information!

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Link to website we  found all the animals in and information!

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You might be able to undergo photosynthesis, with the chlorophyll mutated in your cells, but unlike plants, you would require a lot more sunlight.

Plants have it so easy, right? Basking in the sun all day long, looking fresh and green, and getting their essential nutrients, all while enjoying the weather out in the open air. Being the ultimate producer has its perks!

We, the consumers, spend our time foraging for food, tracking it down, making something palatable from it and undeniably expending a lot more energy to acquire it. Unlike humans, most plants don't have mouths, yet d espite not eating any food, the majority of plants can grow much larger and stronger than any of us! By photosynthesizing, plants are able to convert moisture, minerals, and sunlight into usable energy. However, it isn't just a mechanism that feeds the plant; it's also the only reason you're still breathing, and why everything on this planet hasn't been burnt to a crisp!

What if you could learn a trick or two from plants and harness the massive amount of sunlight falling on Earth's surface through photosynthesis?

What would you require?
Recommended Video for you:
Chlorophyll

Photosynthesis in green plants demands a combination of carbon dioxide, water and light energy. The leaves carry the primary burden of creating food for the plant, so they are spread flat across the stalk, to catch as much sunlight as possible and ensure maximum absorption. So what does your body lack that would makes it possible for your skin to do the same?

Within a plant's leaves are mesophyllic cells containing , the food producers of the cell. The chloroplasts contain a photosynthetic, light-sensitive pigment known as chlorophyll, which aids the plant in carrying out photosynthesis and also imparts the green color to a healthy, growing plant.

Once these pigments have absorbed the light, it is stored as ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a chemical that readily provides the plant with energy, when required.

Now, imagine a world where every organism contained this magical pigment...

A Green Green World

With chloroplast running through your blood, your skin would most definitely turn green. It might not be your favorite color, but isn't that a price you're prepared to pay for a life of sunbathing and leisure?

By this point, you're well aware of how plants absorb light. However, it would be a little different when you consider yourself "photosynthesizing". Comparatively, you would require a tremendous amount of energy, much more than plants do. In a single day, good exposure to sunlight might provide a tree with as many as 200 calories, whereas a healthy human requires 2,000 calories each day to "survive", let alone the energy that would be expended in regular physical work! Also, while plants are environmentally friendly, they're certainly not efficient. A meager 5-10% of the sunlight they receive is converted into useful energy.

New adaptations and a change in lifestyle

If you somehow manage to learn how to photosynthesize, you better get good at it-fast! As a natural adaptation, humans would evolve to become much larger, with fewer contours/features on the body to ensure the maximum absorption of light. Traveling in a transport vehicle would be a hassle, as there would be a constant fight for the window seats, especially when a person is hungry!

To get just the right amount of daily calories, you would have to lie out in the sun all day; sweating is not an option, as With any luck, you might evolve to start growing leaves on your body, branching out from every side. This would certainly make the process a little easier, and provide you with some shade, although you wouldn't want it, since shade would only hinder the absorption of sunbeams by your skin. every drop counts when you gotta photosynthesize.

Why is this impossible?

First of all, a human body cell does not, in any way, produce light-sensitive pigments like chlorophyll. The viability of this wild idea comes to a stop then and there. However, consider a hypothetical situation where humans did manage to mutate our cells to produce chloroplasts in the cells. What would happen?

Along with sunlight and water, your body would require CO 2 to initiate the process. Your nasal openings won't be enough to inhale just the right amount of air containing just the right amount of carbon dioxide. In fact, your body would have to be one hundred times more porous to take in the right amount of CO 2 .

However, did you know that in the air we breathe, CO2 comprises less than 0.05%? Also, if humans started photosynthesizing, carbon dioxide would become a limiting factor, meaning that photosynthesis would cease to occur for humans, let alone all the other organisms on Earth that were trying to photosynthesize. Eventually, all life would die in this situation.

The distinction between animals and plants has always seemed reasonably coherent, but this line of distinction began to blur with the discovery of organisms that could produce those molecules essential for photosynthesis.

Photosynthesizing creatures: Organisms that can prepare their own food

1. The Green Sea Slug

. This extraordinary sea-dwelling creature steals the genes of green Elysia chlorotica algae, which make up most of their diet. Upon eating the algae, its body cells manage to integrate the chloroplasts into themselves. The secret lies in the complex breakdown of food in their bodies, which is in contrast with the rest of the animal kingdom. Rather than digesting every ingested material, the sea slug's intestines form cell pouches to engulf entire cell parts, thus the ability to photosynthesize!

2. The Spotted Salamander

Ambystoma maculatum. Quite similar to a sea-slug, the spotted salamander also maintains a symbiotic relationship with green algae cells. The chloroplasts in this creature are found near the mitochondria of the cell, which are directly consuming the oxygen and carbohydrates created through photosynthesis.

The most astounding part of this relationship is that all vertebrates have robust immune systems, destroying any foreign material entering the bodies. This makes the spotted salamander an intelligently immune vertebrate that has the ability to photosynthesize.

3. The Oriental Hornet

Vespa orientalis. Unlike the " chloroplast stealing" sea slug and spotted salamander, this photosynthetic insect's yellow patches contains xanthoperin, a chemical that actively absorbs light and converts it to electricity.

This is achieved by the microscopic grooves in the hornet's body, which trap photons from the sunlight, engaging with the xanthoperin and building up the voltage that is necessary for generating current. This current helps the hornet in darkness and serves an integral part in the development of its pupae. Compared to other wasps, oriental wasps are more active and lethal.

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What If Our Body Could Make Food Like Plants Do Using Sunlight?

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You might be able to undergo photosynthesis, with the chlorophyll mutated in your cells, but unlike plants, you would require a lot more sunlight. Plants have it so easy, right? Basking in the sun all day long, looking fresh and green, and getting their essential nutrients, all while enjoying the weather out in the open air.

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And this is another website we found the animals in:

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And this is another website we found the animals in:

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We all know that plants are photosynthetic - they can create their own energy by harnessing sunlight through chloroplasts or carotenoids. However, in recent years, a small number of photosynthetic animals have been discovered that process sunlight through symbiosis with algae and even generation of their own electric current.
Sea Slug - Elysia chlorotica
The first of these amazing photosynthetic animals is a sea slug, Elysia chlorotica, which effectively steals genes from the algae that makes up its diet. When E. chlorotica eats the algae, it integrates chloroplasts into its own cells - this process is made possible due to the fact that these slugs have a much less complex food breakdown than most animals. Its intestine lining forms a cell pouch to engulf whole cell parts of whatever it is digesting, allowing the chloroplasts to come through.

Researchers have found that in addition to chloroplasts, E. chlorotica can intake other photosynthetic genes in a horizontal genetic transfer - a process in which genes are transferred between organisms where one is not the offspring of another. HGT is very uncommon in organisms other than bacteria, and causes the slugs to not only retain the algal cells for themselves, but pass them on to their offspring as well. The stolen chloroplasts can be so efficient that these slugs can live up to nine months without eating and still maintain normal nutritional rates.
Spotted Salamander - Ambystoma maculatum
The spotted salamander is similar to the sea-slug in that in order to be partially photosynthetic, it maintains a symbiotic relationship with algae cells. While it has long been known that a relationship existed between the salamander and the algae, it was presumed to be a relationship in which both organisms worked separately. However, when researcher Ryan Kerney was studying a batch of spotted salamander embryos, he found a bright green color coming from inside their cells.

The chloroplasts were found near the mitochondria within the salamander's cells, meaning that the mitochondria were likely directly consuming the oxygen and carbohydrates that are created through photosynthesis. The most amazing part about this relationship is that all vertebrates have strong immune systems that tend to destroy any foreign material found within their cells. Although the reason for this is unknown, this makes the spotted salamander the first vertebrates to be discovered to have the ability to photosynthesize.
Oriental Hornet - Vespa orientalis
The oriental hornet, in contrast to the sea slug and spotted salamander, was discovered by Dr. Jacob Ishay to conduct electricity through the cuticle of its exoskeleton, as well as through silk surrounding the hornet pupae and the colony's comb walls. As opposed to stealing chloroplasts from algae, this photosynthetic insect's yellow band contains xanthoperin, which actively absorbs light and converts it to electricity. Microscopic grooves in the hornet's exoskeleton trap sunlight, and as the photons reach the yellow pigment, they build up voltage.

This voltage is released as current when the hornet is in darkness, and seems to be important for the development of the hornet pupae. The oriental hornet also differs from other wasps in that higher temperatures and current flows correspond to higher activity in the colony - making them most active in the early afternoon as opposed to most wasps that are most active in the first hours after dawn. A solar cell was created by Dr. Marian Plotkin to asses the efficiency of the xanthoperin pigment, and while it was found to be inefficient, the project demonstrated that the pigment really could create electricity from sunlight.
Pea Aphid - Acyrthosiphon pisum
The pea aphid takes advantage of its food source for photosynthetic powers as well as our first two organisms, but it doesn't make use of chloroplasts. While a fungal gene was copied within the aphid's cells, research on the little bugs shows that they make use of production of carotenoids - a type of pigment used for various functions like vision, bone growth, and vitamin production. You might be more familiar with beta carotene, a carotenoid found commonly in carrots, which is often suggested to upkeep vision and bone growth.

After measuring the aphid's adenosine triphosphate (ATP - or energy) levels, it could be seen that different colored aphids had different levels of ATP. Aphid coloring ranges from white to orange to green, white having the lowest amount of carotenoids and green having the highest. Green aphids were found to have significantly more ATP than white aphids, while orange aphids were seen to generate more ATP in light rather than dark. While more research is necessary to be sure that aphids really have photosynthetic abilities, it is clear that carotenoids can absorb light and pass that energy on to the aphids.

Through better understanding and research of these unique animals, we can gain a better understanding not only of how they function, but how they became what they are, and how we may apply our knowledge of them to ourselves and our ever-growing technologies.
Source:

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We all know that plants are photosynthetic - they can create their own energy by harnessing sunlight through chloroplasts or carotenoids. However, in recent years, a small number of photosynthetic animals have been discovered that process sunlight through symbiosis with algae and even generation of their own electric current.

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A shell-less marine mollusk which is typically brightly colored, with external gills and a number of appendages on the upper surface.

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Spotted Salamander

A spotted salamander's appearance differs depending on its life cycle stage. In its larval stage, the spotted salamander lives in the water and has external gills. The back is closer to a dull greenish color, and it has a mottled tail and a pale belly. When they hatch, larvae are approximately half an inch long. Glands on their backs and tails release a sticky toxic liquid when the animal is threatened.

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Oriental Hornet

The Oriental Hornet is distributed in the semi-dry sub-Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, the United Arab Emirates, India and Madagascar. However, due to human introduction, its habitat has spread to South America up to Mexico. It is considered as indigenous to the Maltese islands.

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The pea aphid is a pest of legume crops including, peas, clovers, and alfalfa.

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Leaf sheep’ are a bizarre kind of sea slugs that is biologically named ‘Costasiella Kuroshimae'.

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Photo of How Anaerobic Respiration works:

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Photo of How Anaerobic Respiration works:

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Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and other bakery products.

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Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and other bakery products.

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From Merick's one note

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Yeast is a fungus. There are many kinds of yeasts. You use one type to make bread, another to brew beer. One called candida lives inside your body. If it grows out of control, you can get an infection. Yeast infections can strike your skin, feet, mouth, penis, or vagina. If your immune system is weak, you may be more likely to get one.

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Yeast is a fungus. There are many kinds of yeasts. You use one type to make bread, another to brew beer. One called candida lives inside your body. If it grows out of control, you can get an infection. Yeast infections can strike your skin, feet, mouth, penis, or vagina. If your immune system is weak, you may be more likely to get one.

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This is the website the information is from:

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Yeast isn’t just for baking bread or brewing beer. You also have it in your body. Learn from WebMD’s slideshow what it can do for -- and to -- your system.

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Anarobic cellular respiration takes place in the cell Cytoplasm.

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Anarobic cellular respiration takes place in the cell Cytoplasm.

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Example of How Aerobic Respiration works:

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Example of How Aerobic Respiration works:

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 Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation are two types of Anaerobic respiration methods. Therefore, both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation do not require oxygen. The main difference between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation is that Latic acid fermentation produces Latic acid molecules from pyruvate whereas alcoholic fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and Carbon dioxide. Alcoholic fermentation of yeast is used in the food industry to produce wine and beer. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the muscle cells when they are run out of oxygen.

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 Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation are two types of Anaerobic respiration methods. Therefore, both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation do not require oxygen. The main difference between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation is that Latic acid fermentation produces Latic acid molecules from pyruvate whereas alcoholic fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and Carbon dioxide. Alcoholic fermentation of yeast is used in the food industry to produce wine and beer. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the muscle cells when they are run out of oxygen.

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Information from: https://pediaa.com/difference-between-lactic-acid-and-alcoholic-fermentation/

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Main Difference - Lactic Acid vs Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation are two types of anaerobic respiration methods. Therefore, both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation do not require oxygen. The main difference between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation is that lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid molecules from pyruvate whereas alcoholic fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Alcoholic fermentation of yeast is used in the food industry to produce wine and beer. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the muscle cells when they are run out of oxygen.

Key Areas Covered

1. What is Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Definition, Mechanism, Importance
2. What is Alcoholic Fermentation
- Definition, Mechanism, Importance
3. What are the Similarities Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation
- Outline of Common Features
4. What is the Difference Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation
- Comparison of Key Differences
Key Terms: Alcoholic Fermentation, Anaerobic Respiration, Carbon Dioxide, Cytosol, Glucose, Heterolactic Fermentation, Homolactic Fermentation, Lactic Acid Fermentation, Pyruvate
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation refers to a metabolic process by which glucose is converted into the metabolite: lactate and cellular energy. Generally, lactic acid fermentation is carried out by bacteria such as Lactobacillus and yeast. It occurs in two major steps: glycolysis and fermentation. Both glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation occur in the cytosol. Glycolysis is the first step of both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. During glycolysis, hexose sugars are broken down into two pyruvate molecules. Pyruvate is composed of three carbon molecules. Two NADH molecules and four ATP molecules are produced by this process. Since two ATP molecules are consumed by the process itself, the net yield of ATP is two in the fermentation. The process of lactic acid fermentation is shown in figure 1.

Two types of lactic acid fermentations can occur in the cytosol. They are homolactic fermentation and heterolactic fermentation.

Homolactic Fermentation

In homolactic fermentation, two lactic acid molecules are generated by the action of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The chemical reaction for homolactic fermentation is shown below.

Heterolactic Fermentation

In heterolactic fermentation, lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide are produced with the aid of both lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase enzymes. The chemical reaction of heterolactic fermentation is shown below.

Muscle cells typically undergo aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen. But when the oxygen supply is poor, they undergo lactic acid fermentation. This may occur due to extreme exercising or severe straining. Muscle cells undergo lactic acid fermentation to fulfill quicker energy requirements. The production of lactic acid in muscles may cause cramps or stiffness in muscles. The structure of a lactic acid molecule is shown in figure 2.

Lactic acid fermentation has a wide range of applications in the food industry. Lactobacillus spps are used in the production of yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, kefir, and imparting a sour taste to food.

What is Alcoholic Fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation refers to a metabolic process by which glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is mainly carried out by yeast and some other bacteria. Alcoholic fermentation also occurs in the cytosol in the absence of oxygen. The two pyruvate molecules produced in the glycolysis are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The fate of the pyruvate in the alcoholic fermentation is shown in figure 3.

The conversion of pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide occurs in two steps. The first reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase while the second reaction is catalyzed by the alcohol dehydrogenase. The net ATP production is same in both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation as the second reaction of both processes do not yield ATP. The two NADH molecules produced by glycolysis are used in the second step in both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation is used the bread baking. The carbon dioxide produced by alcoholic fermentation cause the bread to rise. Alcoholic fermentation is also used in the production of alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, whiskey, vodka, and rum.

Similarities Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation are two types of anaerobic respiration mechanisms.

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation are catabolic processes.

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation do not require oxygen.

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation occur in the cytosol.

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation break down glucose molecules into two pyruvate molecules.

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation occur in two steps: the first step of both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation is glycolysis.

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation produce heat.

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation produce four molecules of ATP.

The net ATP gain is two in both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation.

The two NADH molecules produced in the glycolysis are used in the second step of both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation.

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation are less efficient in the production of ATP when compared to aerobic respiration.

Difference Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation

Definition

Lactic Acid Fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation refers to a metabolic process by which glucose is converted into the metabolite: lactate and cellular energy.

Alcoholic Fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation refers to a metabolic process by which glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Occurrence

Lactic Acid Fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation occurs in Lactobacillus spps, yeast, and muscle cells.

Alcoholic Fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast and other microorganisms.

Products

Lactic Acid Fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid molecules from the pyruvate.

Alcoholic Fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide from the pyruvate molecule.

Enzymes

Lactic Acid Fermentation: Lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase are the two enzymes involved in the lactic acid fermentation.

Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase are the two enzymes involved in the alcoholic fermentation.

In the Food Industry

Lactic Acid Fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation is used in the production of yogurt and cheese.

Alcoholic Fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation is used in the production of bread, beer, wine, and vinegar.

Conclusion

Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation are two mechanisms involved in the respiration in the absence of oxygen. Both types of fermentation occur in the cytosol. Glycolysis is the first step of both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation, which produced pyruvate. Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid molecules from pyruvate while alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide from pyruvate. The main difference between lactic acid and alcohol fermentation is the products of each fermentation.

Reference:

1. "Lactic Acid Fermentation." BiologyWise, Available here.
2. "Glycolysis and Alcoholic Fermentation." The Institute for Creation Research, Available here.

Image Courtesy:

1. "Figure 07 05 02" By CNX OpenStax - (CC BY 4.0) via Commons Wikimedia
2. "Lactic-acid-skeletal" By NEUROtiker - Own work (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia
3. "Pyruvate decarb 1" By Cwernert at en.wikipedia - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Ronhjones. (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia

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Difference Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation | Definition, Mechanism, Importance, Similarities and Differences

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Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation are two types of anaerobic respiration methods. Therefore, both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation do not require oxygen. The main difference between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation is that lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid molecules from pyruvate whereas alcoholic fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

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Electrical energy is carried by particles that are called
electricity.

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Energy always in motion which is used to lift heavy objects.

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Energy that travels in sound waves and made when a object when a object vibrates.

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Thermal energy is powered by light and is often visible.

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Carried by temperature and made when atoms move and the faster the hotter it gets.

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Stored with bonds and is used to keep atoms bonded together.

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According to Bill Nye The Science Guy, and Mrs. MJ  they are all correct :D

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According to Bill Nye The Science Guy, and Mrs. MJ  they are all correct :D

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What is qualitative and quantitative data?           All of the information came from:  

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What is qualitative and quantitative data?           All of the information came from:  

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Qualitative data is data that cannot be objectively measured or counted, or data that expresses the subjective and interpretive qualities of something.
Quantitative data is any set of information that can be quantified and analyzed statistically. It can be discrete numbers, percentages, fractions, and a variety of other numerical types, but quantitative data must be numeric in order to be measured.

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Qualitative data is data that cannot be objectively measured or counted, or data that expresses the subjective and interpretive qualities of something. Many people only know of data in the numerical sense, but don't realize that nearly every piece of non-numerical information can be collected and analyzed as qualitative data.
Some examples of qualitative data include:

The classes that students want to take next semester at Queen City High School.

The background information of typical recruits for the police academy.

The types of toys that were purchased during the 2020 holiday season.

Your friend's account of what happened at the office today.

What is Quantitative Data?

Quantitative data is any set of information that can be quantified and analyzed statistically. It can be discrete numbers, percentages, fractions, and a variety of other numerical types, but quantitative data must be numeric in order to be measured.
Some examples of quantitative data include:

The number of dancers in the Paris Opera Ballet Company.

The birth weights of each of your three sons.

Total revenue generated over a quarter.

How many times your kids asked to go to the movies this year (if that can be counted).

The total percent of the world's population found in China.

Read More: What is Quantitative Data?

Key Differences: Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data

You can easily find both qualitative and quantitative data in many data sets, but the format, collection, and analysis processes for the two vary greatly. A few key differences between qualitative and quantitative data are:

Data Format

Quantitative data consists solely of numerical values, whereas qualitative data can be any type of content, ranging from words and letters to video and audio clips. Qualitative data can include numbers in certain cases, but quantitative data can never include anything other than numbers.

Collection Process

Although certain collection methods can incorporate quantitative and qualitative data, there are still strict limitations to each type of data is collected. Quantitative data has to be collected through close-ended methods and questions, or methods that will return a quantitative result and no subjective data. This can be anything from a multiple-choice survey question to an analytics dashboard on a CRM.

With qualitative data collection, you have more freedom to pose open-ended questions, conduct interviews, and use any other methods you think of to generate subjective responses. The most important part of both quantitative and qualitative data collection is posing the right questions to get the type of data you want in response.

Analysis Process

Quantitative data analysis is more straightforward because statistical analysis and other measurements can be applied to that type of data. With qualitative data analysis, you have a wider range of open-ended responses to consider, so strict measurement is not possible in your analysis. To get a better understanding of a qualitative data set's makeup, you can try grouping responses into categories and/or using concept mapping to identify themes in the data.

Read More: Data Analytics Infrastructure: Current Trends

Qualitative vs. Quantitative: Can Data Be Both?

Data can potentially be modified to switch from qualitative data to quantitative data, or vice-versa, but a single piece of data cannot be considered both qualitative and quantitative at the same time. There are also many types of qualitative data that get confused with quantitative data specifically.

Categorical data is one type of qualitative data that looks like it has turned into quantitative data, because the researcher has divided the data into groups and each of the groups and the quantities within them can now be counted. However, categorical data is not considered quantitative data, because the groups are subjectively defined by the researcher and there is still plenty of non-numeric data available to analyze within the data set.

One of the only ways that typically qualitative data can become quantitative data is if you pose your question with something like a Likert scale. The Likert scale involves asking someone a question that would normally be open-ended, but instead asks them to rate their feelings about that question on a numbered scale. Here's a good example of what this transformation might look like:

Qualitative Version: How much do you like our company? Please explain in the blank below.
This is an open-ended question that leaves space for an open-ended response.

Quantitative Version: On a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being completely satisfied and 1 being completely unsatisfied, how much do you like our company?
This modified question uses the Likert scale to quantify what would usually be a qualitative, open-ended response. Unlike with the qualitative version, you will not have any context beyond the number that the surveyee selects on the scale.

When and How Can You Use Qualitative and Quantitative Data Together?

There are many situations in which you should collect qualitative and quantitative data together, especially in industries where you want to know a lot of information about your current or future customer base.

Quantitative data gives you the "what," or the measurable information that indicates current processes and future outcomes.

Qualitative data gives you the "who," "why," and "how" that helps you to contextualize why that information matters and who it might impact.

Here are just a few examples of how and why you might use the two together:

Customer and Employee Surveys

Customer and employee surveys work best when you incorporate both qualitative and quantitative questions. Qualitative data gives you more background information about who they are, how they feel, and why they feel the way that they do. Quantitative data allows you to measure the success and satisfaction rates for each member of the surveyed population, based on numerical information like how long they've worked with you or bought your products.

Predictive Analytics

Predictive analytics mostly leans on quantitative data to help you predict outcomes, but let's consider a healthcare company that uses predictive analytics to predict hospitalization rates across their population.

Quantitative data tells the organization about the number of hospitalizations, new critical health conditions, and successful treatments that have occurred in a given time period, which allows them to assess how they and their patients are doing based on standardized benchmarks. However, healthcare practitioners also need qualitative data like the patient's name and contact information, their clinician's name and contact information, and any care notes associated with their medical profile, in order to solve problems and meet their needs on an individual basis.

Marketing and Sales Sourcing in a CRM

In order to close sales with genuine prospects, your marketing and sales teams need a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to assess prospects that are ready to close. Who has visited your conversion page recently and how many times have they visited? If you see that Mary Jane Smith has visited the page 40 times in the past week, that quantitative data shows you that she's interested, but something is stopping her from converting into a buyer.

This quantitative data about Mary Jane is invaluable, though it doesn't mean much without the qualitative data: her name is Mary Jane Smith and her email address is [email protected] With both the quantitative and qualitative data in hand, your marketing and sales team now have the measurable background information and the contact information they need to do targeted outreach on this prospect.

Both quantitative and qualitative data play important roles in our understanding of populations and processes. But it's important to recognize how they are different and how their individual strengths compensate for the other's gaps in data analytics.
Learn More: Read Next: Data Governance Best Practices Big Data Analytics vs. IoT Analytics: Expert Tips

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data | Big Data 2022 | Datamation

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Qualitative data is data that cannot be objectively measured or counted, or data that expresses the subjective and interpretive qualities of something. Many people only know of data in the numerical sense, but don't realize that nearly every piece of non-numerical information can be collected and analyzed as qualitative data.

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In this experiment, share the independent variable and controls?

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In this experiment, share the independent variable and controls?

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The independent variable in our Yeast experiment is the temperature of the water and that controls are the amount of yeast, and sugar.

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Link to website we found information in:

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Link to website we found information in:

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scroll down a little then you will find it :]

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Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy because weak high-energy bonds, in particular in molecular oxygen, are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which are redox reactions. Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions.

Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and the most common oxidizing agent providing most of the chemical energy is molecular oxygen (O ₂). The chemical energy stored in ATP (the bond of its third phosphate group to the rest of the molecule can be broken allowing more stable products to form, thereby releasing energy for use by the cell) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transport of molecules across cell membranes.

Aerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O ₂) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, aerobic respiration is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate to the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the citric acid cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, and the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP to add a third phosphate group to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and

The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously.

The potential of NADH and FADH ₂ is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen and protons (hydrogen) as the "terminal electron acceptors". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. The energy of O ₂ released is used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.

Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose) because the double bond in O ₂ is of higher energy than other double bonds or pairs of single bonds in other common molecules in the biosphere. However, some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) of high energy as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting", and occurs with or without the presence of oxygen. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, but two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate is oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:

Starting with glucose, 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase. During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 6-phosphate. An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase. Fructose 1,6-biphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate.

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO ₂ by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO ₂ is formed.

Citric acid cycle

This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two low-energy waste products, H ₂O and CO ₂, are created during this cycle.

The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes. During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become α-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and, finally, oxaloacetate.

The net gain from one cycle is 3 NADH and 1 FADH ₂ as hydrogen- (proton plus electron)-carrying compounds and 1 high-energy GTP, which may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH ₂, and 2 ATP.

Oxidative phosphorylation

In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of the inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electron transfer is driven by the chemical energy of exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.

Efficiency of ATP production

The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycolysis preparatory phase

−2

Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis pay-off phase

4

Substrate-level phosphorylation

2 NADH

3 or 5

Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP (instead of usual 2.5) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

2 NADH

5

Oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle

2

Substrate-level phosphorylation

6 NADH

15

Oxidative phosphorylation

Total yield

30 or 32 ATP

From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.

Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient.

Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low K m transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (antiport) of phosphate (H₂PO₄−; Pi) for OH− or symport of phosphate and protons (H⁺) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force.

The ATP-ADP translocase (also called adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane. The driving force is due to the ATP (−4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (−3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.

The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H⁺ are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously, this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28-30 ATP molecules. In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons. Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals.

According to some newer sources, the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36-38, but only about 30-32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because:

ATP : NADH+H⁺ coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is

1.5, as for FADH₂, if hydrogen atoms (2H⁺+2e−) are transferred from cytosolic NADH+H⁺ to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

2.5 in case of malate-aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH+H⁺ to mitochondrial NAD⁺

So finally we have, per molecule of glucose

Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose

These figures may still require further tweaking as new structural details become available. The above value of 3 H+/ATP for the synthase assumes that the synthase translocates 9 protons, and produces 3 ATP, per rotation. The number of protons depends on the number of c subunits in the Fo c-ring, and it is now known that this is 10 in yeast Fo and 8 for vertebrates. Including one H⁺ for the transport reactions, this means that synthesis of one ATP requires 1+10/3=4.33 protons in yeast and 1+8/3 = 3.67 in vertebrates. This would imply that in human mitochondria the 10 protons from oxidizing NADH would produce 2.72 ATP (instead of 2.5) and the 6 protons from oxidizing succinate or ubiquinol would produce 1.64 ATP (instead of 1.5). This is consistent with experimental results within the margin of error described in a recent review.

The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO ₂), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm.

Fermentation

Without oxygen, pyruvate ( pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD⁺ so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD⁺ for glycolysis. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD⁺ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD⁺ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen.

Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. This is because most of the energy of aerobic respiration derives from O ₂ with its relatively weak, high-energy double bond. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. For multicellular organisms, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting.

Anaerobic respiration

Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of a high-energy inorganic electron acceptor (such as oxygen) to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.

Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the high-energy final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate (SO ₄ ²⁻), nitrate (NO ₃⁻), or sulfur (S) is used. Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean.

In July 2019, a scientific study of Kidd Mine in Canada discovered sulfur-breathing organisms which live 7900 feet below the surface, and which breathe sulfur in order to survive. These organisms are also remarkable due to consuming minerals such as pyrite as their food source.

References

External links

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Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

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What is an open or closed-system experiment? Explain.

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What is an open or closed-system experiment? Explain.

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An open system experiment is a experiment that has an open top. For example if a experiment was in a jar. The top of the jar isn't covered and in a closed system experiment the object your making it in has a top on it.

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Restate your Scientific Question and Hypothesis.

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Restate your Scientific Question and Hypothesis.

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The Scientific Question is: How does temperature impact the rate of anaerobic cellular respiration (fermentation) in yeast?

Our hypothesis is: If we change the temperature to increase, then there will be more Carbon Dioxide produced, because the thermal energy will allow the yeast to let off its Carbon Dioxide.

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This is a photo of Merick holding that data that we made during our Fermentation Yeast Lab experiment.

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Data: Show your experiment data by taking a picture of your chart, graph, and qualitative observation.

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Data: Show your experiment data by taking a picture of your chart, graph, and qualitative observation.

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Write a conclusion to your Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Lab in CER Format.

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Write a conclusion to your Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Lab in CER Format.

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C (Claim)
Warm temperature impacts the rate of anaerobic cellular respiration by making the reaction go faster.

E (Evidence)
- Hot water makes the yeast produce a gas.
-C02 (Carbon Dioxide) fills the balloon that was placed on the Erlenmeyer flask.
- Sugar and yeast collaborate by the yeast eating the sugar.

R (Reasoning)
The temperature impacts the rate of anaerobic cellular respiration because the hot water makes the yeast do anaerobic cellular respiration in the Erlenmeyer flask and that causes a lot of Carbon Dioxide molecules to release into the balloon.

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Extend: After performing these experiments and researching, what additional questions or experiments would you like to investigate?

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Extend: After performing these experiments and researching, what additional questions or experiments would you like to investigate?

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1. We would like to see what would happen if we had really really hot water and really really cold water what would happen to the yeast and how much Carbon Dioxide it would make.
2. Why is yeast alive?

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A sea slug is a type of hermaphroditic underwater creature that is most commonly found on coral or rocks in the sea. The sea slug...

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'Leaf sheep' are a bizarre kind of sea slugs that is biologically named 'Costasiella Kuroshimae'. This sea slug has recently become viral and gained massive attention from the netizens and all for positive reasons. This leaf sheep does not only have a completely strange and cute name but also has a very cute appearance. In addition to this, this sea slug is categorized as the only multicellular animal clade which is able to photosynthesize light and turn it into food.

Recently amazing pictures of this leaf sheep have emerged on the internet that was posted by a user on their Twitter account. The photos show the mouth and eyes of the leaf sheep along with the cerata. This cerata looks like a leaf-like appendage that covers the entire body of the sea slug. Moreover, the cerata are also filled with an algal chloroplast. These chloroplasts are actually organelles which help the organism in the process of photosynthesis with the use of chlorophyll.

Photosynthesizing Sea Slug

The process of photosynthesis conducted by these special sea slugs is called 'kleptoplasty'. The sea slugs are usually one centimeter in length and they graze on the green algae. While they graze on the algae, they also manage to retain some of the chloroplasts that are consumed by them in the process.
Read: Trees Interact With Each Other Through An Underground Web
Following this retention, the leaf sheep makes use of the retained chloroplasts in order to photosynthesize energy through the light and transform it into usable energy that is food. The end result of this is that the sheep slugs can successfully manage to survive on solar power only for several months after photosynthesis.

Many people are quite curious to know the way in which a sea slug looks while it is in motion and have asked if they look as cute while they remain still. The answer to this is certainly yes. The viral video clearly shows that these cute seas slugs use their mouths that look like Heffer to scour the algae in the ground.

It is very obvious that every single feature of this leaf sheep is brilliant and very cute. They also have big horns that wiggle underwater and they are known as rhinophores. They appear extremely cute and helps the leaf slugs to smell out algae and other things around them in the seawater.

Unique Seawater Organism

After describing the process and appearance of the sea slugs, it is apparent that they are indeed unique organisms. The fact that they are the only organism in the entire world that is not a plant yet is able to photosynthesize is extraordinary. This sheep is also able to produce enough energy through kleptoplasty that helps them stay alive for at least 2 months comfortably.

Unfortunately, these sea slugs normally can be seen in the waters of Japan that make it difficult to be seen elsewhere. There is another similar sea slug that can photosynthesize but is not as cute as this leaf sheep. This other clade is named Sacoglossa and commonly referred to as the Eastern Emerald Elysia. They are normally found along the coast of the eastern side of the US.
Read: Escobar's Hippos Might Be A Positive Ecological Intervention
These cute leaf sheep had been discovered in 1993 off the coast of Kuroshima, an island of Japan. The leaf slugs are found in the waters near Japan, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The rhinophores also contain fine hairs which are able to sense chemicals in the water nearby. This helps the sea slugs obtain food and stay away from danger.

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Meet 'Leaf Sheep': Sea Slugs Who Sheepishly Photosynthesize For Sustainability - The Planet Voice

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'Leaf sheep' are a bizarre kind of sea slugs that is biologically named 'Costasiella Kuroshimae'. This sea slug has recently become viral and gained massive attention from the netizens and all for positive reasons. This leaf sheep does not only have a completely strange and cute name but also has a very cute appearance.

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Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris

Appearance and Life History

The pea aphid is a pest of legume crops including, peas, clovers, and alfalfa. Heavy populations may develop when insecticides used to kill other alfalfa pests and with little to no activity against aphids kill the predators and parasites of this aphid.

Pea aphid is about 1/6 inch (4 mm) long and ranges in color from light to dark green. Prolonged periods of cool temperatures [50°F to 60°F (10°C to 15.5°C)] and dry conditions are conducive to the development of pea aphid populations.

Up to twenty generations develop during the season. The entire life cycle takes about 12 days. Populations can increase rapidly since each female can produce 50 to 100 nymphs.

Damage

Both adults and nymphs suck juices from alfalfa plants. Under heavy infestations, this feeding can cause alfalfa to turn yellow and wilt. The top of such infested plants will die if subjected to excessive feeding. If large numbers of pea aphids develop in the spring, they can cause extensive damage to the first cutting and reduce the vigor of subsequent cuttings.

Sampling Method

If pea aphid populations appear to be large while sampling for alfalfa weevil, resample to estimate the extent of the pea aphid infestation. Take 20 sweeps in each of 5 locations throughout the field and estimate the volume of aphids in the net after each set of sweeps. Also note and record aphid predators, such as lady beetles and larvae and lacewing larvae, in net samples and while walking through the field. Use the following rating system to rank pea aphid abundance.

If "moderate" to "heavy" populations are encountered, examine 25 randomly selected stems and count the number of pea aphids on each stem. Count all parasitized (gray to brown and balloon- like) aphids separately. Determine the number of healthy and parasitized aphids per stem. Also examine each stem and record length and growth stage.

Management Guidelines

Forage Insect Control Recommendations: E-series 220-W (PDF)

Treatment may be advisable if:

1. the pea aphid population is moderate to heavy

2. less than 10% of the aphids in the field are parasitized

3. few aphid predators are present

4. the average stem length in the field is less than 14 inches (35.5 cm)

If control is necessary, contact your state Cooperative Extension Service or click here for control materials and rates.

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The pea aphid is a pest of legume crops including, peas, clovers, and alfalfa. Heavy populations may develop when insecticides used to kill other alfalfa pests and with little to no activity against aphids kill the predators and parasites of this aphid.

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Info for the spotted Salamander came from:

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Info for the spotted Salamander came from:

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Spotted Salamander | National Wildlife Federation

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Learn facts about the spotted salamander's habitat, diet, life history, and more.

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Recently concerns have been raised on this interesting but uncommon insect. Hornets are wasps that bodily are among the largest eusocial insects. The Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientals) has a similar appearance to the more widespread European hornet; but it has distinct features.

The Oriental Hornet (Żunżan Bagħal) is distributed in the semi-dry sub-Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, the United Arab Emirates, India and Madagascar. However, due to human introduction, its habitat has spread to South America up to Mexico. It is considered as indigenous to the Maltese islands.

Although recorded in the Maltese islands in the 1950s by Anthony Valletta in his autobiography (Mit-Tfulija man-Natura, 1983), the species seems to have disappeared by the 1970s. From 1997 to 2010 only individuals were noticed and recorded everywhere throughout Malta. In 2003 and 2011, one of the authors (Sciberras) identified a nest in a farm and the first recorded colony in Floriana in a private house respectively, and by 2014 the species was recorded in Valletta and Ħamrun.

Hornets can mobilise the entire nest to sting in defence and this can be dangerousto humans

Locally there are several species of wasps. Most are beneficial but some colonies living in close proximity to humans are considered as casual intruders and may need to be controlled. They are not thought to be problematic to agriculture; however, one farm in 2003 was reported to have had two chickens that died after venturing close to a nest.

Nests can be formed closer to human habitats in sheltered places. Nests are generally made by digging and expanding crevices of old buildings. External wall coverings and linings of old buildings may suffer from further deterioration if nests are formed in this manner.

The wasp's body is slender, with a narrow waist connecting the thorax and abdomen. The hornet is characterised by a proportionately large head and abdomen. They are reddish brown in colour and appear smooth and shiny with slender legs, while in contrast, bees are robust with hairy bodies.

The Oriental Hornet has a distinctive yellow discoloration on its head and a similarly coloured strip on the back. They appear from May to October, whereas during the wintry months the surviving queens hibernate in secluded areas. Wasps are about 25mm in length and therefore easily noticeable. They are very active during periods of intense sunlight and are agile flyers.

Unlike bees, wasps are generally more aggressive and likely to stalk public gatherings in search of human food. Bees are more mild-mannered; they focus on flowers. Also unlike bees, wasps are predators and kill large insects such as bees, grasshoppers and particularly flies

The victim is masticated and then fed down in the form of slurry to the developing larvae in the nest. Given that some of their prey are considered pests, hornets may be considered as beneficial. Wasps are protective of their colony and will attack and sting humans if threatened, so care should be taken around wasps and their nests. Wasp nests found in public places should be reported to the local council for pest control removal.

Hornet stings are used to kill prey and defend themselves. The stings are more painful to humans than typical wasp stings because hornet venom is potent, containing large amounts of (but not only) acetylcholine (a powerful pain stimulant). Unlike honey bees, wasps do not die after stinging because their stingers are not barbed and consequently not pulled out of their bodies.

Hornets can mobilise the entire nest to sting in defence and this can be dangerous to humans. It is not advisable to kill a hornet anywhere near a nest, as the distress signal (a pheromone) can trigger the entire colony to attack. Materials that come in contact with pheromone, such as clothes, skin, dead prey, or hornets, must be removed from the vicinity of the hornets' nest.

Perfumes and other volatile chemicals can be falsely identified as pheromone by the hornets and trigger an attack.

Actions to avoid include:

* Disturbing a nest;

* Being within a few metres of a nest;

* Disturbing or killing a hornet within a few metres of a nest;

* Blocking the path of a hornet;

* Breathing on the nest or hornet;

* Rapid air movements.

Never attempt to remove a nest without professional help. Pest control professionals can take the necessary precautions and prevent human endangerment.

Single or multiple stings can cause local severely painful reactions with swelling and redness. These symptoms can be relieved by ice packs, painkillers, antihistamines and rest. It is best to consult a doctor. Multiple stings, however, can prove life-threatening.

Wasp nests found in public places should be reported to the local council for pest control removal

More severe and systemic potentially life-threatening allergic anaphylactic reactions can rarely occur. These reactions occur in particularly sensitive and susceptible individuals, usually those who were already primed from previous stings, and require urgent life-saving medical attention with epinephrine.

Anaphylactic reactions may occur rapidly after a sting, with an urticarial rash, facial swelling and difficulty in breathing, shortness of breath and wheezing. Low blood pressure and a fast heartbeat may occur, as well as a more generalised swelling termed angioedema. These reactions are a medical emergency.

The general advice would therefore be to leave wasps undisturbed and avoid exposure to these insects; approaching nests could be dangerous. If they are problematic or encroaching on human habitat one is to seek professional assistance for pest control.

anthony.b.gatt@gov.mt

bioislets@gmail.com
Dr Anthony Gatt is a public health medicine specialist at the Directorate of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Arnold Sciberras is a pest entomological consultant at Fort Pest Control.
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Recently concerns have been raised on this interesting but uncommon insect. Hornets are wasps that bodily are among the largest eusocial insects. The Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientals) has a similar appearance to the more widespread European hornet; but it has distinct features. The Oriental...