# data[].attributes.body
http://superteachertools.com/jeopardy/usergames/Jan201004/game1264647265.php

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Excretory System Parts and Functions Animation video for kids

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Excretory System: From Your Heart to the Toilet -  CrashCourse Biology #29

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hank takes us on the fascinating journey through our excretory system to learn how our kidneys make pee. Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse References http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookexcret.html http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/the-kidney-and-nephron Campbell Biology, 9th ed.

# data[].attributes.body
Ureters connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder. the ureter wall has three layers. The inner layer is continuous with the linings of the renal tubules and the urinary bladder. The middle layer consists largely of smooth muscle fibers. The outer layer is connective tissue. The muscular walls of the ureters that propel the urine forward. Muscular peristaltic waves forces urine along the length of the ureter. Valve on bladder prevents urine from going backward.

# data[].attributes.body
fluid intake

environmental temperature

relative humidity of the surrounding air

emotional condition

respiratory rate

body temperature

# data[].attributes.body
reflects the amounts of water and solutes the kidneys must eliminate from the body. Urine is about 95% water and usually contains urea and uric acid as well as trace amounts of amino acids and a variety of electrolytes. The average person produces about .6-2.5 liters per day of urine. 50-60 milliliters per hour is normal; output of less than 30 milliliters per hour may indicate kidney failure.

# data[].attributes.body
Three processes:

1) Glomerular filtration- the process in which urine formation begins with the filtration of plasma by the glomerular capillaries

2) Tubular reabsorption- the process in which the kidneys selectively reclaim just the right amounts of substances such as water, electrolytes and glucose

3) Tubular secretion- the process in which some substances that the body must eliminate, such as hydrogen ions and certain toxins, are removed through filtration alone

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Final Product of theses three processes is Urine.

# data[].attributes.body
Consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

Efferent arteriole carries the blood to the nephrons

Peritubular capillary system is the interconnecting network of capillaries in the nephrons

# data[].attributes.body
The renal arteries supply blood to the kidneys

Renal arteries enter the kidney through the hilum and gives off several branches which pass between the renal pyramids

Afferent arterioles lead to the nephrons

Renal vein joins the inferior vena cava as it courses through the abdominal cavity

# data[].attributes.body
Maintain homeostasis

To remove metabolic wastes from the blood and combining them with excess water and electrolytes to form urine

Secrete the hormone erythropoietin

Activate Vitamin D

Maintain blood pressure by secreting the enzyme renin

# data[].attributes.body
Convex lateral surface

Concave medial side

Depression leads into renal sinus (hilum)

Superior end of the ureter forms renal pelvis

Kidney is divided into two distinct regions

Renal medulla

Renal Cortex

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney

# data[].attributes.body
Lie on either side of the vertebral column in a depression high on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.

Left kidney is usually 1.5-2 centimeters higher than the right one.

Positioned retroperitoneally

Connective and adipose tissue surround the kidney and keep them in place

# data[].attributes.body
An adult kidney is about 12 centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick.It is enclosed in a tough, fibrous capsule.

# data[].attributes.body
A pair of kidneys

A pair of tubular ureters

Urinary bladder

Tubular urethra

# data[].attributes.body
Removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes

Maintain the normal concentrations of water and electrolytes within body fluids

Regulates the pH and volume of body fluids

Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure

# data[].attributes.headline
Chapter 17: Urinary System-Clinical Terms Related to the Urinary System

# data[].attributes.subject
Chapter 17: Urinary System-Clinical Terms Related to the Urinary System

# data[].attributes.body
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

anuria-absence of urine due to failure of kidney function or to an obstruction in a urinary pathway

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

bacteriuria-bacteria in urine

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cystectomy-surgical removal of the urinary bladder

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cystitis-inflammation of the urinary bladder

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cystoscope-instrument used to visually examine the interior of the urinary bladder

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cystotomy-incision of the urinary bladder wall

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

diuresis-increased urine excretion

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

diuretic-substance that increases urine production

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

dysuria-painful or difficult urination

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hematuria-blood in urine

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

incontinence-inability to control urination and/or defecation reflexes

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nephrectomy-surgical removal of a kidney

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nephrolithiasis-kidney stones

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nephroptosis-movable or displaced kidney

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

oliguria-scanty urine output

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

polyuria-excess urine output

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pyelolithotomy-removal of a stone from the renal pelvis

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pyelonephritis-inflammation of the renal pelvis

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pyelotomy-incision into the renal pelvis

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pyuria-pus in urine

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

uremia-accumulation in blood of substances ordinarily excreted in urine

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ureteritis-inflammation of the ureter

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

urethritis-inflammation of the urethra

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# data[].attributes.body
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Kidney-a reddish brown, bean shaped organ with a smooth surface

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Retroperitoneal- location behind the parietal peritoneum

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Renal Sinus- a hollow chamber resulting from the medial depression in the kidney's convex surface

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

renal pelvis- a funnel shaped sac formed when the superior end of the ureter expands inside the renal sinus

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

renal medulla- composed of conical masses of tissue called renal pyramids and appears striated

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

renal cortex- forms a shell around the medulla and dips into the medulla between renal pyramids

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nephrons- the kidney's functional unit

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

renal arteries- arise from the abdominal aorta and supply blood to the kidneys

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

afferent arterioles- the final branches of the interlobular arteries that lead to the nephrons

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

renal vein- a vein that joins the inferior vena cava as it courses through the abdominal cavity

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

renal corpuscle- part of a nephron that consists of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

renal tubule- portion of a nephron that extends from the renal corpuscle to the collecting duct

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

glomerulus- a tangled cluster of blood capillaries the compose the renal corpuscle

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

glomerulus capsule- a thin walled, sac like structure that surrounds the glomerulus

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

efferent arteriole- the vessel that conducts blood away from the glomerulus of a kidney nephron

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

peritubular capillary system- a complex, freely interconnecting network of capillaries that the efferent arteriole branches into

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

juxtaglomerular apparatus- structure located in the arteriolar walls near the glomerulus that regulates renal blood flow.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

glomerular filtration- the process in which urine formation begins with the filtration of plasma by the glomerular capillaries

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tubular reabsorption- the process in which the kidneys selectively reclaim just the right amounts of substances such as water, electrolytes and glucose

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tubular secretion- the process in which some substances that the body must eliminate, such as hydrogen ions and certain toxins, are removed through filtration alone

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

urine- the final product of the three processes (Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

glomerular filtrate- similar in composition to the filtrate that becomes tissue fluid elsewhere in the body; received by the glomerular capsule

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

net filtration pressure- the net pressure forcing substances out to the glomerulus

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

urea- a by product of amino acid catabolism

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

uric acid- a product of the metabolism of certain organic bases in nucleic acid

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ureter- a tube about 25 centimeters long that begins as the gunnel shaped renal pelvis. it extends downward behind the parietal peritoneum and runs parallel to the vertebral column.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

urinary bladder- a hollow, distensible, muscular organ that stores urine and forces it into the urethra

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

detrusor muscle- muscular wall of the urinary bladder

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

micturition- urination, the process that expels urine from the urinary bladder

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

urethra- a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------