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Wave Glider for Anti-Submarine Warfare | Liquid Robotics

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Our Wave Glider platform has expanded detection capabilities for both littoral and deep-water environments to maximize anti-submarine warfare (ASW) budgets.

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https://quizlet.com/gf/461347483/new-technologies-flash-cards/

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Start studying New Technologies. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Orange's environmental commitment.

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Selection of medias from the hub "orange_rse"

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Make a mockumentary

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Design a green data center

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Peck Communications is Telecommunications contractor looking for motivated individuals to provide Satellite Internet installation services in Digby and...

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Internet & Telecommunication Jobs (with Salaries) | Indeed.com Canada

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Search 513 Internet & Telecommunication jobs now available on Indeed.com, the world's largest job site.

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It has been predicted that over 20 billion connected devices will be in use globally by 2020 and these devices will rely on 5G networks to function properly. However, the launch of 5G is unlikely to come all at once and instead experts anticipate that improvements will be incremental through LTE Advanced and LTE Advance Pro. As a result, a huge demand for 5G ready telecoms engineers is expected. Indeed, a report by the global research and analytical firm IHS Markit found that 5G could support 22 million jobs globally in 2035.

So for telecoms engineers looking to up-skill and become 5G ready, what technologies and skills should they be acquiring?

Mark Payne, Head of Network Infrastructure, Networkers explains.

"5G ready telecoms engineers will need to broaden their technical knowledge and gain an understanding of new technologies such as; LTE Advanced Pro, SON, C-RAN, HetNet, Mobile Edge Computing, Massive MIMO, NFV, SDN, Network Slicing, Mesh Networks, and IoT"

"Many telecoms companies are increasingly looking for hybrid engineers, so adding a complimentary skill to your portfolio such as Cisco or Juniper certification is a good idea. Also, scripting and learning about open source software will make you more attractive to employers in the 5G jobs market. The added benefit is that many of these new 5G technology skills will be transferable to other industry sectors."

As many governments and multi-national organisations are investing towards 5G trials in preparation for roll-outs in 2020, the race is on for telecoms engineers to learn new skills. But where can telecoms professionals go to obtain new skills required for 5G?

Mark provides his insight,

"There are some fantastic 5G courses to gain new certifications such as; 'Towards 5G: Research and Standardization' and 'Internet of Things in 5G' led by training provider 5g-courses.com. Another option is to do an MSc in '5G Advanced Communications' which is a course offered by a number of Universities."

Already have experience?

Telecoms engineers with past experience of implementing 3G/4G technologies and have the knowledge or new skills in 5G communications would be an advantage when it comes to landing a job on upcoming 5G projects.

So for those telecoms engineers who are ready to support with 5G, what jobs are available right now?

Mark concludes,

"We are currently seeing demand for technical specialists such as; RF SON engineers, small cells engineers, SDN/NFV, cloud and IoT engineers and architects, orchestration engineers, 5G RF antenna researchers, and 5G algorithm experts."

"5G will also rely heavily on fibre so there will be on-going demand for fibre skilled engineers such as network engineers, architects, planners, service delivery managers, project managers and programme managers."

As we edge closer to 5G deployments, the war for 5G talent required for building the next generation of fixed and mobile networks will intensify. If you're looking to upskill to become a 5G ready telecoms engineer, there will never be a better time to do so.
To see our latest 5G job opportunities click here.

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How to become a 5G ready telecoms engineer

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There's a race against time to find telecoms engineers with the skills to support 5G. But what skills are essential for 5G telecoms engineers? Where can they be learnt? And what jobs are available now? Find out in this article.

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Media and entertainment industries are the earliest adopters of digital advancements. Every business domain understands the need for integrating the physical and digital ends. Together with innovative technology advancements, the media and entertainment industry are developing effectively.

Media and entertainment industries are the earliest adopters of digital advancements. Every business domain understands the need for integrating the physical and digital ends. Together with innovative technology advancements, the media and entertainment industry are developing effectively. The latest news and information can be broadcast instantly to any edge of the globe. The continuous changes in technology are affecting the value of content and dispersion.

Instead of creating an impression about the brands, the media organizations are now majorly focusing on building directly strong relationships with consumers. Nowadays, advertisers demand more relevance, accountability, and interactivity. Trending strategies fuses the content and applications together. This gives rise to both digital and traditional media values. Personalization and optimizing the conversions is the new trend in the media and entertainment industries. It is used for improving the user experiences and is served as an extension of a brand's identity and capability of operating the business.

Some measures:

The expected reach of entertainment and media market is worth 2.5 trillion US dollars by 2021. Services like On-demand video streaming, content streaming, advertising, streaming, solutions, etc will continue to create a benchmark in a fast-paced industry that changes constantly.

Mobile advertising will account for 80% of the internet advertising revenue with total revenue predicted around 117 billion.

Video games revenue will reach $30 billion by 2021, more than double the 2012 revenue of $15 billion.

Consumer content is expected to grow from 422 million in 2016 to 6 billion in 2021.

Trends across the Media and Entertainment Industries:

Digital Music Downloads: We have all gone through the downloading era of digital media. We used to download media on our smartphones and it gets stored on a micro memory chip. But, things have taken a U-turn with the introduction of Streaming Technology. It is now possible to access and listen to millions of songs by simply paying the price of a single album download. People are now shifting to apps and about 200 million subscribers (or more) are taking the leverage of musical apps. Musical industries are highly benefited with such services as they are earning heavily from the streaming technology.

Video Streaming: Video Streaming is trending vastly in the media and the entertainment industry. the revenue generated by video streaming is predicted to get tripled by 2021. Smart devices play a vital role in streaming video technology. It is an immensely growing digital parameter that is opening doors for many diverse industries and artists as well.

Internet Advertising: It is a set of tools for effectively conveying the promotional messages of brands to the people across the globe via the internet considered as the best "global marketing platform". Advertising online is on the peak by the industries as it is quite affordable to any budget, easily drive more traffic to the website, allows targeting the accurate audience, and provides easy global coverage.

Virtual Reality Revolution: Virtual reality is the latest trend in the entertainment industry as it is embossing its advantages into the mainstream because of its "immersive nature". The pivotal segments of the entertainment industry like music, theaters, location-based environment and gaming have started undertaking the benefits of virtual reality.

Emerging Technologies Reshaping the Entertainment & Media Industries:

Artificial Intelligence

The integration of AI solutions in media and entertainment industries have simplified diverse segments of content creation. By this, AI assists in benefits to the entertainers and content creators by delivering high-quality content and successful marketing tools. Moreover, AI can single-handedly manage feature films with a gripping plot, amazing background score, and incredible cinematography. For example, Wedit (Web-based video Editor Integrated with VSN Explorer), with this tool users, can create video clips from an automatic video segment search and merge them in a solo clip ready for broadcast.

Virtual and Augmented Reality (AR and VR)

The future of VR and AR is going to be highly impactful in the media and entertainment world. These have modified the habitual pattern of consuming content and have leveraged us with an entirely new and better immersive yet personalized experience. Some examples:

PokemonGo- This app perfectly depicts the Augmented Reality functionality. The game's locations, frequencies, and manifestations are all done via algorithms.

Snapchat- This is another highly recommended example of AR, it offers quirky filters that include complicated machine learning algorithms. This app enables facial recognition by detecting a face, analysis the facial features and designs a 3D structure accordingly. This structure has some specific coordinates that stay on your face and also moves along.

Play Disney Parks- This app was designed for the time pass of the customers who use to wait in long queues at the Disney theme parks. Disney used to track the location of the players in real-time via BlueTooth beacons and allows the players to look for the markers in their location.

Blockchain

Blockchain was initially created for the use in Financial Services but later, it proved to be beneficial to other industries as well. For the Media & Entertainment industry, blockchain is making it easier for artists and entertainers to receive payments while improvising the way consumers access media. Mostly media consumers are habitual of having free access to a broad diversity of content. Many such users do not pay subscription fees for "premium" content behind paywalls. Moreover, various segments of the media industry have suffered from digitization because of the copied content that can be easily distributed. For example Singular DTV, Creativechain, Musicoin, etc. Some of the Blockchain solutions implemented in the media and entertainment industry are:

Micropayments for Content- Monetizing the content for both the creators and curators. Blockchain's Micropayments architecture follows a pay per usage method from the users who read a single article or watch a single season of a television show. Blockchain technology has comprehensive records of its information that offers precise tracking of copyrighted content. The micropayment model is entirely automated and cost-effective.

Elimination of Content Aggregation- Blockchain technology has a decentralized structure that allows the content developers to directly present their work to the users, avoiding the traditional distribution methods. It also helps in avoiding the unnecessary chargers caused by third parties. This helps in maintaining a genuine relationship between the artist and the consumer.

Smart Contracts- Blockchain has "Smart Contracts" that are connected to a given segment of music. This connection enables accuracy, speed, and certainty to the process by implementing the contracts among the suitable parties. This offers more precision in tracking the usage of a particle song, speedy payments and brings clarity over the distribution of revenue generated among the artists and other stakeholders. In short, Smart contracts allows the measure of how the artists would be compensated for the song or music.

Chatbots

AI and chatbots have a huge potential in the media and entertainment industry. Chatbots assists the consumers in getting the exact knowledge of the information asked by them, having global broadcasting, easier browsing, effective audience engagement, custom alerts, and content control. It delivers customized content, better media opportunities, and effective communication on any platform. Some Chatbots examples in the media & entertainment industry are Weather bot, the gaming bot, Alexa and Google Home, the slack bots, etc.

Conclusion

Media and Entertainment industry has been largely driven by increasing digitization and higher internet usage over the last decade. Digital media has great potential to improve its capabilities and content delivery in order to entertain people. Trending web and mobile-based platforms are being conceived by startups and conventional media companies to serve digital content to the masses.

Jellyfish Technologies is a prominent media and entertainment software development company offering media and entertainment software development services to startups and media companies across the globe. We have a great understanding of the latest technological trends, user expectations and hold experience in delivering reliable media and entertainment products. Scope Music & Music Just Music (MJM) are media and entertainment domain applications developed by Jellyfish Technologies. We customize our services according to the specific needs of our clients. For further consultation , contact our experts.

Source: Free Articles from ArticlesFactory.com

Jellyfish Technologies has all skills for Software Development, Customized Software Development, Web Design n and Development, Digital Marketing, Mobile Application Development.

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How Is Technology Transforming The Media And Entertainment Industry?

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Media and entertainment industries are the earliest adopters of digital advancements. Every business domain understands the need for integrating the physical and digital ends. Together with innovative technology advancements, the media and entertainment industry are developing effectively. Media and entertainment industries are the earliest adopters of digital advancements.

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Present perfect exercises

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Here's some more

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Let's work on our irregular verbs in the simple past tense

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Part 2

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Part 3

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Companies to be researched:
Telesolutions
NorthwesTel
CANADIAN Security Intelligence Service
Future Gen Communications
Light Stream Cable
Gexel
Sky-Tec
Ledcor
Qtech hybrid Systems
Sryas Inc
Babytel
Stena Drilling (Canada) corp

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Amazon Go opens cashier-free smart grocery store

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infographic

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Prepare and present your Start-up company. Your company must be a network and telecommunication company. You must formulate a business plan, create and describe a complete technology payment and distribution system

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How a Poor Kid from Brooklyn Made Starbucks

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What Is M-Pesa?

M-Pesa is a mobile banking service that allows users to store and transfer money through their mobile phones. M-Pesa was introduced in Kenya as an alternative way for the population of the country to have access to financial services. Safaricom, the largest mobile phone operator in Kenya, launched M-Pesa in 2007. The service is a blend of two entities where M means mobile and Pesa means money or payment in the Swahili language.

One of the drives for Fintech innovations, like M-Pesa, is financial inclusion, which is mostly geared toward an underbanked or unbanked group of people. Financial inclusion is an initiative that seeks to include residents who have no access to banks or who can't afford the required minimum deposits in the digital banking era. In order for this initiative to succeed, different sectors must collaborate in sharing data with each other and build a meaningful digital platform.

Key Takeaways

This cross-communication tactic used by M-Pesa is developing rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the telecommunication and banking sectors are working together to create mobile banking services for those with limited access to traditional banking.

Understanding M-Pesa

M-Pesa is a virtual banking system that provides transaction services through a SIM card. Once the SIM has been inserted into the card slot of the mobile device, users can make payments and transfer money to vendors and family members with SMS messages.

Users with no bank accounts can access the numerous M-Pesa outlets distributed across the country. The money that needs to be stored is given to the kiosk attendant, who transfers the amount in digital form to the user's M-Pesa's account.

Cash collected from M-Pesa is deposited in bank accounts held by Safaricom. The bank accounts serve as regular checking accounts and are insured up to a maximum of 100,000 shillings (or $1000) by the Deposit Protection Fund.

M-Pesa provides receipts as proof of transaction. For a transaction to take place, both parties have to exchange each other's phone numbers because the phone numbers act as account numbers. After settlement, both parties receive an SMS notification with the full name of the counterparty and the amount of funds deposited or withdrawn from the user's account. The mobile receipt, which is received within seconds, helps to promote transparency for all individuals involved in a transaction.

An Example of M-Pesa

A farmer has no bank account and wants to deposit his commodity sale proceeds of 1,000 shillings goes to an M-Pesa outlet and deposits the money with the kiosk agent or attendant. The agent, in turn, uses her phone to access the client's account with the client's registered phone number and credit the account for 1,000 shillings.

The farmer gets an SMS notification on his cellphone within seconds of the deposit, confirming how much was deposited and what his current account balance holds. The farmer can also easily withdraw cash from his account by using the M-Pesa attendant's or agent's number provided at the outlet and a personal PIN.

Special Considerations

Through mobile payment services like M-Pesa, the standard of living in Kenya has improved greatly. Market traders, debt collectors, farmers, and cab drivers don't need to carry around or transact in a large amount of cash. This means that the occurrence of theft, robbery, and fraud is reduced. Also, individuals and business owners don't have to wait in long lines for hours to make their electricity and water bill payments because these can be made using M-Pesa.

To combat fraud, Safaricom mandates that users of a Safaricom SIM card who want to register for M-Pesa have to do so with a valid government ID such as the Kenyan national identification card or a passport. This way, each transaction is marked with the identification of the party transferring, paying, depositing, or withdrawing money from an account.

Mobile money is increasingly being adopted in developing nations where a high percentage of the population has little or no access to traditional banking. Revolutionary services like Paga, MTN Mobile Money, Airtel Money, and Orange Money are disrupting the traditional payment systems used frequently by residents of emerging nations, by changing the economy from a cash society to a digital one.

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M-Pesa is a mobile banking service that allows users to store and transfer money through their mobile phones. M-Pesa was introduced in Kenya as an alternative way for the population of the country to have access to financial services. Safaricom, the largest mobile phone operator in Kenya, launched M-Pesa in 2007.

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A List of Technology Abbreviations Commonly Used (geekflare.com)

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There is a lot of short word/acronyms used in technology, and here I attempt to put them together for a reference.

Cloud Computing

Learning cloud computing and not sure what do abbreviations stand for?

Here are some of the popular ones used in Amazon Cloud, Google Cloud, and general cloud computing terms.

Blogging/SEO

Find out acronyms used in blogging or search engine optimization.

AI

Not sure what does new buzz terms used in Artificial Intelligence? Don't worry the following will help you.

You may also be interested in learning AI for better career growth.

Database

Explore abbreviations used in a database.

Development

As a developer, you will come across many short words, and the following are an incomplete list.

IT Security

Check out what are the abbreviations used in IT security for better understanding.

Server/IT Infrastructure

Network/Internet

I hope the above list helps you.

If you are looking to learn new things, then I would recommend exploring courses on Udemy or Coursera.

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A List of Technology Abbreviations Commonly Used

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There is a lot of short word/acronyms used in technology, and here I attempt to put them together for a reference. Learning cloud computing and not sure what do abbreviations stand for? Here are some of the popular ones used in Amazon Cloud, Google Cloud, and general cloud computing terms. Find out acronyms used in blogging or search engine optimization.

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NFC RFID contactless reader/writer - µFR Advance is an upgraded version of the µFR Classic NFC Reader. The main hardware differences compared to the basic device version are:

an addition of RTC (Real Time Clock) that provides an accurate time to prevent fake logs and time stamps

user-configurable, password-protected part of EEPROM, recommended for highly sensitive data.

µFR Advance RFID NFC Reader/writer is a professional tool for IT companies and individuals engaged in RFID NFC solution development. It comes with free SDK source code examples, cross-platform libraries, upgradeable firmware, and well-documented API and communication protocol.

We also provide plug-and-play apps that make µFR Advance and an еxcellent choice for end-users, as well.

This small but powerful device is fully featured and fully NFC compatible. It is available with USB, UART (TTL), or RS232 connectivity options.

Followed by well-documented API, software SDK, cross-platform libraries, firmware upgrades, and excellent technical support, it's a No 1 tool for any RFID NFC custom project development.

In addition to the final product in an attractively designed and customizable case, µFR Advance RFID NFC reader/writer is also available as an OEM NFC module with a connector of the customers' choice.

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NFC RFID contactless reader/writer - µFR Advance is an upgraded version of the µFR Classic NFC Reader. The main hardware differences compared to the basic device version are: an addition of RTC (Real Time Clock) that provides an accurate time to prevent fake logs and time stamps user-configurable, password-protected part of EEPROM, recommended for highly sensitive data.

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BBC   Future   Bengaluru  Inside India's Silicon Valley

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The Wave Glider: How it Works (with audio)

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Advances in RF, connectivity, and software are critical to improving the functionality and scalability of real-time embedded systems for the internet of things (IoT) and industrial IoT. The growing demand by businesses for greater operating efficiency to support higher decision-making capabilities and lower costs is extending the wireless technology connectivity model into all vertical markets, such as smart grids and smart cities. New developments in radio architecture, circuit implementation, and semiconductor technology are enhancing integration to enable new products that serve the consumer and industrial sectors.

In a written exchange with Maurizio Di Paolo Emilio, Keysight Technologies ' Roger Nichols, 5G program manager, and Frederic Weiller, automotive and energy solutions lead, weighed in on the prospects and challenges for the relevant technologies in the wireless/RF market.

M: Power RF semiconductor technology is already present in many devices, such as RF power amplifiers. How do you see future market-share opportunities shaping up for the technology?

The growth in the use of GaN for mobile infrastructure (cell site) power amplifiers, especially in the large LTE [Long-Term Evolution] buildouts in 2012-2015, firmly established GaN in mainstream use, and the associated volume helped drive the costs down for broader commercial communications use. There are ongoing arguments about whether 5G technologies - especially those requiring "mid-band," 3- to 7-GHz functionality and, of course, those requiring operation in the FR2 bands of 24 to 52 GHz - can afford the use of more expensive RF power compound semiconductors (III-V). So the question is, which parts of the volume are driven by silicon and/or silicon germanium (SiGe), or by GaAs or maybe even GaN? The answer will be a mix.

Silicon is the least expensive and the most mature in terms of process and packaging technology. The technology associated with building arrays of amplifiers, each associated with a subset of antennas in an antenna array, allows for gain not possible with single elements associated with single amplifiers. Silicon-based phased-array antenna technologies are showing promise in some 5G applications, even in the FR2 bands. But 5G will drive investment in frequency bands from as low as 600 MHz up to and including at least 47 GHz. The link budget (the RF power budget allowed between transmitter and receiver to ensure adequate signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver) for new commercial radio bands between 3 and 7 GHz is proving to be challenging, driving even more need for efficient power amplifiers and low-noise receiving amplifiers. And electrical power consumption is both a major cost issue for mobile operators and a battery capacity issue for those designing mobile user equipment.

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) network analyzers allow you to fully characterize interconnects and active devices such as amplifiers, mixers, and frequency converters at sub-6-GHz and mmWave frequencies. (Image: Keysight Technologies)

III-V technologies, such as GaAs and GaN, yield amplifiers with much higher efficiency, so despite their cost, yield, and technical challenges, there will be a growing demand for these. Keysight has been involved with helping our customers design and test devices from these and other processes for decades. We have our own III-V fabrication and packaging technology for RF power semiconductors for use in our own test equipment. We expect this [activity] to continue as a growing opportunity both as we advance our own processes and as we help our customers do the same.

M: The telecommunications sector is approaching adoption of the 5G wireless standard. This will surely increase the efficiency of the devices, thanks to a data transmission speed far superior to that of 4G. How do you gauge the potential of this emerging technology? What will it take to establish 5G on a large scale?

Nichols: The vision for 5G is much more than advances in data transmission speed. "Amazingly fast" is only one of the five vision phrases that have been part of the 5G lexicon for over five years. The others are "great service in a crowd," "super real-time and reliable communications," "best service follows you everywhere," and "ubiquitous things communicating." The potential is much more than a super-fast movie download or a better video game experience. Other areas of focus for 5G include a massive increase in the system's capacity, not just to increase the number of users and devices but to handle a large variety of applications - ranging from those with a very large number of low-data-demand connections to those with fewer connections but significant demands on data speed. And the additional focus on low latency and very high reliability opens the use of commercial wireless networks to businesses that would otherwise not consider them.

Even more important is the design of 5G networks to be far more flexible with a much larger portion of network functionality implemented in software. This will allow a physical network to be virtually "sliced," with different slices applied to different application sets. For example, one slice of the network would be for traditional mobile broadband use, and another may be used for a high-reliability or low-latency application related to facilitating automated transportation. The potential is for a much wider array of businesses and applications to utilize the network and to open up new business models for network operators and their respective supply chains.

So what will it take? There are three typical areas of focus to establish a new generation of wireless networks. All of these are based on a foundation of policies and standards that collectively enable the technology to be established and rolled out. First, the network itself needs to be built, and this has to happen while keeping the legacy network running smoothly. Second, the users, whether they are people or machines, need user equipment and devices to connect to the network. Third, the software and business models for new applications must be developed and enhanced. Altogether, these take years to establish.

The first commercial "production" 5G networks were switched on in late 2018, and more are coming in the next few months. As in all prior generations, these [deployments] start in just a few and limited geographic areas and grow from there. Keysight has been working with the industry to enable the research, development, trials, and launch of 5G since 2013. We are very excited to see these first systems up and running and will continue to be part of the evolution of this generation.

M: The success of self-driving vehicles is closely linked to sensors - for example, radio detection and ranging (radar) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) - and connection technologies. How can the 5G wireless protocol enable enhanced, more efficient connections between autonomous vehicles?

The automotive ecosystem integrates a wide variety of wireless technologies that make roads safer by allowing vehicles to share and receive signals seamlessly. The technologies include:

Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), which are referred to as the "brain" of the car. These systems help automate the driving process by using immense compute resources, sensor fusion, machine learning, and path planning;

Sensor fusion with radar, LiDAR, and optical sensors (cameras);

High-speed information systems integrating automotive Ethernet networking, powerful signal processing, high-definition mapping with high-precision navigation, and artificial intelligence.

Vehicle-to-everything, or V2X, is a wireless communication system that enables vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and vulnerable road users to be interconnected and to communicate with each other. While dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) has benefited from an early start, the table shows how cellular V2X is not only catching up but positioning itself well for the future.

Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is currently based on 3GPP Release 14 LTE-A Pro cellular modem technology. Today, LTE-V2X, which is the initial version of C-V2X, is on the verge of commercial launch and will allow vehicles to communicate with each other and their surroundings.

Please visit EE Times for the complete article

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Wireless/RF Technology for the Next Telecom Evolution - Power Electronics News

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Advances in RF, connectivity, and software are critical to improving the functionality and scalability of real-time embedded systems for the internet of things (IoT) and industrial IoT. The growing demand by businesses for greater operating efficiency to support higher decision-making capabilities and lower costs is extending the wireless technology connectivity model into all vertical markets, such as smart grids and smart cities.

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5G is the next generation of cellular network technology. That said, there are people and advocacy groups concerned about radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure to it. The concern isn't new; but it is becoming more prominent. Questions mostly arise from the public about radiation exposure and the effects it could have.

People are wondering what effect RF has, and whether they are protected. As a Radiofrequency Radiation Safety expert, I'll answer the 7 questions I receive the most.

Q: Is RF dangerous to the general public?
RF is not typically dangerous to those in the general public.

Most transmitters of RF are on building rooftops or on top of streetlights or utility poles. With 5G, we will see many more of these small cell configurations on the light or electric poles.

The key point you need to know is the FCC's Maximum permissible exposure guidelines apply to 5G and cover the 5G frequency. On August 1, 1996, the Commission adopted the NCRP's recommended Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) limits for field strength and power density for the transmitters operating at frequencies of 300 kHz to 100 GHz. 5G spectrum is typically between 24GHz to 47GHz and is therefore covered by the MPE limits.

Part of any FCC license application includes RF compliance, and those granted an application must show they comply with RF MPE. At the ground level with a 5G transmitter above you, the public is typically exposed to less than 1% of the uncontrolled or general public MPE limits. These levels are so low that "no temperature rise has been observed to date."

Cities can require RF compliance studies be done and proof of compliance be supplied. For example, Arlington, Virginia, has this in their contract, and it states, "independent radiation emission testing is required 60 days post-installation of each pole and allows the county to request additional testing any time afterward."

The FCC set 2 limits for how much RF people can absorb: one for the general public, and one for the worker known as the "occupational" limit. The worker's limit is 5 times higher than that of the general public and is only for people trained to work near antennas. The Occupational level is still 10 times below the known range to cause health effects.

Indeed, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies RF radiation as "possibly carcinogenic to humans", however, the IARC considers overall evidence "Limited." It's also critical to realize they also classify coffee in the same "possibly carcinogenic" category.

U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.) and Congresswoman Anna G. Eshoo (D-Calif.), ranking members of the House Communications Subcommittee sent a letter to the FCC on September 17, 2015, stating despite the FCC's human exposure limits and current guidelines aimed to protect workers from harmful RF levels, recent reports have identified an estimated 250,000 workers at risk. They said beyond the hazards to cell tower workers of free-standing structures, the towers are now found atop all kinds of buildings, from apartments and schools to hospitals, churches, and fire stations. The letter stated, "Rooftop and building-mounted antenna sites also endanger not only the wireless industry's trained RF technicians but also roofers, water proofers, electricians, carpenters, building maintenance personnel, HVAC technicians, painters, firefighters and other workers who may come in close proximity can be placed at risk of RF injuries."

Typically, we think of those working around RF to be cellular technicians or tower climbers. However, since cell sites are everywhere, including rooftops and light poles, many more workers have the potential for exposure, so they are required to be trained. Figure 1 shows a tower as well as a monopole with transmitters. This illustrates why it's critical to assess each work site before performing work to determine if RF is present or is likely to be present.

RF is a physical hazard. Training is required so workers can recognize the hazard and control their exposure. Once a worker is trained and deemed competent and qualified by their employer, they can work legally and safely all day in an area under 100% of the controlled FCC human exposure limit.

Often those working in areas near wireless sites argue, "But, I won't be in an area were RF is above the uncontrolled limit." The key thing to remember is the potential of the site to exceed that limit. If you are on a rooftop or working at heights, there is the potential for RF to be over the uncontrolled levels. RF is a physical hazard, so OSHA expects a plan to be in place, training to have been completed, and a way to mitigate exposure. That means they expect personal protection monitoring to be in use for those in areas that could be above safe levels.

In looking at the Figure 2 photo, do you think the billboard workers have RF training or are trained on how to ensure they are not overexposed? It's very possible that these workers were not trained in RF safety even when OSHA legally requires that they are.

As the Senator's and Congresswoman's letter states, over 250,000 workers could be unknowingly exposed. If you work in telecom you are probably trained. But what about the HVAC, electrical, utility, or maintenance, workers? Are they trained in RF? Probably NOT.

With future 5G small cell installations, many city, county, state, and utility, providers will see more RF transmitters on poles or lines in which they work. With this new hazard of RF, training is required. All employers, including the city and the utility, have a requirement to ensure a safe workplace.

A key point to remember is that annual training is the minimum. But that may not be enough, as training is to be provided as often as necessary to provide a safe workplace. It's critical to ensure all workers who could be exposed to RF have proper training. This is a responsibility for all levels of the contracting chain as OSHA has a multiple employer work site rule.

Lockout Tag out and power down is the best way to control exposure. However, if the site is remotely powered down, then it can be remotely powered back up. I got a call just last month about a 50,000-watt radio station being remotely turned back on, and it resulted in 3 climbers being overexposed to RF. Another issue is that most of the time it's difficult to coordinate a power down.

Personal protection monitors are critical to any fully functioning RF safety program. Monitors must have a wide frequency range to ensure coverage at all potential frequencies including 5G. It is also important that monitors are used correctly; employees must be trained on the monitor before usage.

The RF personal protection monitor has precedence above ALL other things such as signage and barriers. The RF monitor is taking real-time readings, while signage and barriers were placed using previously determined RF levels. And things change quickly on telecom sites.

It's critical to note that if an employee is in an area above 100% of the controlled/occupational limits, then the MPE data must be stored in the employees' medical records for medical surveillance. These records must be kept for the duration of the employment plus 30 years. In response to this danger, OSHA requires right-of-access to exposure records if an employee is subjected to a toxic substance or harmful physical agent. These records show the level of RF exposure the employee was subjected to. By law, employers are required to inform all employees of such hazards upon their initial employment and at least annually thereafter.

According to current research and studies, if RF exposure is within the FCC guidelines for maximum permissible exposure, it's safe. Knowing and ensuring you are within those guidelines takes training and understanding. An RF Program should be a part of the normal health and safety plan for those who work in and around 5G.

We are continuously exposed to RF. From Wi-Fi to cellular, we are always connected and are always exposed. Therefore, it's critical to continue doing long-term studies. We need to always be open to learning, and to be willing to revise regulations as necessary to keep people safe.

Speed limits change, cellular usage while driving laws change, and RF is no different. As we research and accumulate data, we must be willing and open to changes. Just as with tobacco and asbestos, studying the effects over time is critical to safety.

Europe, and even parts of Brazil, have installed devices to continuously monitor the RF in specified areas. These devices transmit the levels back to a web page, and enable the public to log in and see what the RF levels are in a particular area.

Area monitors are devices that work similarly to smoke detectors. They are small and can be put anywhere to monitor RF levels. These could be placed on street poles or inside office buildings or sports stadiums. These permanent and continuous RF monitors are becoming the standard in many European locations. This is one strategy a city, state, or federal, government could use to educate the public and ease their fears.

The FCC has set standards for human exposure and safety. If the exposure is kept below radiated power, it is not proven to be harmful. Because RF is a physical hazard, OSHA requires an RF safety program that includes:2. RF Training for anyone that could be exposed to RF
1. Administration/enforcement of the RF program

3. RF personal protection monitors
4. RF Hazard assessments that show compliance
5. RF Signage/Barriers

To be in compliance with Radiofrequency radiation requirements is NOT difficult. With the above-listed steps, employers are ensured workers are safe. Precedence has been set, and cities can request RF compliance to ensure employee and citizen safety. By having RF surveys and educating constitutes, this assists both the City and the Carrier in streamlining 5G deployment.

As technology evolves, so will Radiofrequency Radiation exposure concerns. Wireless is a common component of our daily life. Understanding what 5G is and how to work around it safely ensures we have access to the best possible wireless solutions and also remain safe.
https://insidetowers.com/cell-tower-news-amazons-coming-to-virginia-and-so-are-small-cells/?utm_source=Inside+Towers+List&utm_campaign=2412baee3b-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_07_22_01_49&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_af16c4fc22-2412baee3b-91449361 http://wirelessestimator.com/articles/2019/school-cancer-concerns-routed-from-rf-to-pr-blunder-then-carcinogens-in-h2o-and-vapor/ https://www.blumenthal.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Blumenthal%20Eshoo%20RF%20Letter%20to%20FCC%2020150917.pdf https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/is-5g-dangerous/ https://www.apple.com/legal/rfexposure/iphone5,1/en/ https://www.cnet.com/news/court-upholds-berkeleys-right-to-warn-consumers-about-phone-radiation/ https://www.samsung.com/us/Legal/PHONE-HS_GUIDE_English.pdf https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/Pages/NR17-086.aspx https://www.fcc.gov/5G https://www.osha.gov/Publications/pub3110text.html https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48616174

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5G is the next generation of cellular network technology. That said, there are people and advocacy groups concerned about radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure to it. The concern isn't new; but it is becoming more prominent. Questions mostly arise from the public about radiation exposure and the effects it could have.

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