# data[].attributes.body
-Discuss the real consequence of violence
-Limit time with virtual violence
-Teach conflict resolution
-Do your homework.  Know the content before you show it.
-Just because students or your children are playing or watching something is not an indicator that your child or student should be too.
("Tips on How to Deal with Media Violence", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
Both the benefit and the detriment of social  media is the speed and quantity of information that can be disseminated.

Some positive things schools can do with social media:
-Utilize applications for emergencies
-Create positive school social media policies
-Provide training for students, teachers and community members for best social media practices.

("Social Media and School Crises", 2019)

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Behavior is both positive and negative.
-Health
-Student engagement
-Self esteem
-Substance abuse
-Sexual activity
(HHS.gov, 2019)

# data[].attributes.headline
School solution to help combat peer pressure

# data[].attributes.subject
School solution to help combat peer pressure

# data[].attributes.body
Advisories:
Teachers create a safe space for communication.  Also, a time designated to check in with students and encourage positive behaviors
("Teachers and Students Team Up to Combat Peer Pressure - NEA Today", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
-Reduction in academic performance
-Substance abuse
-Lower self-confidence
-Shame
-Withdrawn from family and peers
-Suicidal thoughts
("6 Negative Effects Of Peer-Pressure | The Teachers Digest", 2019)

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Creative way schools and communities help relieve stress

# data[].attributes.subject
Creative way schools and communities help relieve stress

# data[].attributes.body
-Teach mindfulness
-Changing school culture by shifting away from competition.
-More parent engagement
-Yoga
("Stress relief: Schools get creative to reduce student anxiety - Trusted", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
-Diabetes
-High Blood Pressure
-Cardiac issues
-Joint issues
-Cancer
-Metabolic syndrome
-Mental health issues
("Stanford Children's Health", 2019)

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Community and School Resources to prevent alcohol abuse

# data[].attributes.subject
Community and School Resources to prevent alcohol abuse

# data[].attributes.body
Campaigns
https://www.samhsa.gov/underage-drinking
https://store.samhsa.gov/system/files/sma14-4838.pdf
("Resources to Prevent Adolescent Alcohol Use", 2019)

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"Strategies to Help Students with Depression"

# data[].attributes.subject
"Strategies to Help Students with Depression"

# data[].attributes.body
-Communicate regularly on student performance.

-Teach students strategies to problem solve and self-monitor.
-Model and teach organizational skills.
-Mindful individualized instruction

-Incorporate positive social interactions

-Monitor any suicidal thoughts.

-Communicate with families.
("Responding to a Student's Depression - Educational Leadership", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
-Alcohol and drug abuse------Low academic performance
-Family problems
-Suicide attempts or suicide
("Teen depression - Symptoms and causes", 2019)

# data[].attributes.headline
Mental Health Resources For Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults

# data[].attributes.subject
Mental Health Resources For Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults

# data[].attributes.body
This PDF is a useful resource that schools could share with parents.
https://www.adolescenthealth.org/SAHM_Main/media/Clinical-Care-Resources/Mental-Health-One-pager-for-Parents_jhedt-FINAL-(002).pdf
("Mental Health Resources For Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults – SAHM", 2019)

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-"Maladaptive coping"
- Low self-esteem
- Stress
- High risk behavior
- Violence in boys
(Farhat, Iannotti, Simons, 2010)

# data[].attributes.headline
Behavior associated with Sexual Activity

# data[].attributes.subject
Behavior associated with Sexual Activity

# data[].attributes.body
-Social groups impact sexual activity
-Involuntary sex due to lack of awareness.
-Unprotected sex
("Preventing Sexual Risk Behaviors and Pregnancy Among Teenagers: Linking Research and Programs", 2019)

# data[].attributes.headline
Behavior associated with on Screen Violence

# data[].attributes.subject
Behavior associated with on Screen Violence

# data[].attributes.body
-Desensitization
-Fear
-Agression
("Violence in the Media — Psychologists Study TV and Video Game Violence for Potential Harmful Effects", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
-Impacts self-esteem in good and bad ways
-Addiction to social media potentially  mimics some behaviors associated with addition to substance abuse.
-It is unclear whether low self-esteem is the cause for people use social media or if social media is the cause of low self esteem.
(Pantic, 2014)

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School policy can set policy on what food is served at lunch, if there is an open lunch policy, and if there are vending machines available.
Schools can also set policies in place to encourage physical activity.
Communities can support physical organizations and activities.
(Dolgin, 2011)

-"Early intervention"
-"Preventative counseling"
-"Early screening"
(Farhat, Iannotti, Simons, 2010)

# data[].attributes.headline
Educator Strategies to alleviate Academic Stress

# data[].attributes.subject
Educator Strategies to alleviate Academic Stress

# data[].attributes.body
-Teaching stress  management skills
(Pascoe, Hetrick and Parker, 2019)

# data[].attributes.headline
Behavior associated with Academic Stress

# data[].attributes.subject
Behavior associated with Academic Stress

# data[].attributes.body
-Loss of motivation
-Dropout
-Burnout
-Anxiety
-Poor sleep
-Substance abuse
-Poor physical health
(Pascoe, Hetrick and Parker, 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
Dolgin, K. G. (2011). The Adolescent: Development, Relationships, and Culture. [University of Phoenix]. Retrieved from https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781323240021/

Farhat, T., Iannotti, R. J., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (2010). Overweight, obesity, youth, and health-risk behaviors. American journal of preventive medicine, 38(3), 258–267. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.038.  Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826832/

Stanford Children's Health. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=obesity-in-adolescents-90-P01627

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Risk Factors to increase
-Smoking
-Anti-social behavior
-At risk sexual behavior
-Malnutrition
-Physically inactive
(MacArthur et al., 2012)

# data[].attributes.body
-Change in social groups
-Withdraw from normal routines
-Violate rules
-Impacts judgement
-Loss of motivation
-Defiant
-Depression, unstable
-Negative physical changes
-Fatigue
(Shahid Ali, 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
-Overdose
-Harmful to immune system
-Respiratory and cardiac issues.  Impact on brain development
-Dehydration
-Insomnia & exhaustion
-Harmful to academic performance
-Trouble with law enforcement
-Strain on family and relationships.
("Consequences", 2019)

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Here is a link to an online Drug and Alcohol Alcohol Addition Test. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Here is a link to an online Drug and Alcohol Alcohol Addition Test. 

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/addiction/what-is-addiction/addiction-test
("Online Drug and Alcohol Addiction Test", 2019)

# data[].attributes.headline
Here is a link to a an online Drug and Alcohol Addiction Test. ("Online Drug and Alcohol Addiction Test", 2019)

# data[].attributes.subject
Here is a link to a an online Drug and Alcohol Addiction Test. ("Online Drug and Alcohol Addiction Test", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/addiction/what-is-addiction/addiction-test
("Online Drug and Alcohol Addiction Test", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
-Overdose
-Harmful to immune system
-Poor digestion, handling of vitamins/proteins and white blood cells
-Harmful to academic performance
-Trouble with law enforcement
-Strain on family and relationships.
("Consequences", 2019)

# data[].attributes.headline
Understanding Bullying Behavior: What Educators Should Know and Can Do

# data[].attributes.subject
Understanding Bullying Behavior: What Educators Should Know and Can Do

# data[].attributes.body
Teachers can cultivate their skills to identify some bullying behaviors and patterns.  The intent, power balance and repetition of behaviors should be noted.  One strategy suggested is identifying and quickly responding to gateway behaviors that could lead to Bullying.
(Englander, 2016)

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Most Americans support sex education in schools. Schools can reach a comprehensive number of students in a professional that is relevant to other subject areas. (Dolgin, 2011)
Research shows that  implementing programs on sex education earlier helps with responsible sexual behavior.  Also, outreach to minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged students that may be more at risk or risky sexual behavior.
Programs should include education on consent.

("Preventing Sexual Risk Behaviors and Pregnancy Among Teenagers: Linking Research and Programs", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
-Pregnancy
-Parenthood
-Infection and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
-Substance abuse
-Victim of coercion
("B. Adolescent Consequences of Risky Behaviors", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
This site lists formal and informal resources to help schools teach students and train staff on Bully Prevention.  It lists some evidence based research resources ("Prevention at School", 2019)

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Bullying can threaten students' physical and emotional safety at school and can negatively impact their ability to learn. The best way to address bullying is to stop it before it starts. There are a number of things school staff can do to make schools safer and prevent bullying.

# data[].attributes.body
Tips on How to Deal with Media Violence. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/blog/tips-on-how-to-deal-with-media-violence

Violence in the Media — Psychologists Study TV and Video Game Violence for Potential Harmful Effects. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/action/resources/research-in-action/protect

# data[].attributes.body
Pantic I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 17(10), 652–657. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0070 Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4183915/

Social Media and School Crises. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/school-climate-safety-and-crisis/media-and-social-media-resources/social-media-and-school-crises

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6 Negative Effects Of Peer-Pressure | The Teachers Digest. (2019). Retrieved from http://theteachersdigest.com/6-ways-in-which-children-are-negatively-affected-by-peer-pressure/

Peer Pressure. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/healthy-relationships/healthy-friendships/peer-pressure/index.html

Teachers and Students Team Up to Combat Peer Pressure - NEA Today. (2019). Retrieved from http://neatoday.org/2013/01/04/teachers-and-students-team-up-to-combat-peer-pressure/

# data[].attributes.body
Pascoe, M., Hetrick, S., & Parker, A. (2019). The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education. International Journal Of Adolescence And Youth, 1-9. doi: 10.1080/02673843.2019.1596823

Stress relief: Schools get creative to reduce student anxiety - Trusted. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.k12insight.com/trusted/stress-relief-schools-get-creative-to-reduce-student-anxiety/

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Victim: may struggle with day to day normal activities like eating and sleeping.  Also, a victim may have a hard time maintaining relationships. Trust issues
The Bully: may struggle with staying regulated, maintaining relationships, and keeping a job.
Both:  may struggle with depression, anxiety, agoraphobia and suicide.
Observers:  may struggle with the same issues as the victim or bully.
("The Psychological Effects of Bullying on Kids & Teens | Masters In Psychology Guide", 2019)

# data[].attributes.body
Consequences. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/drug-addiction/consequences/#gref

G.J. MacArthur, M.C. Smith, R. Melotti, J. Heron, J. Macleod, M. Hickman, R.R. Kipping, R. Campbell, G. Lewis, Patterns of alcohol use and multiple risk behaviour by gender during early and late adolescence: the ALSPAC cohort, Journal of Public Health, Volume 34, Issue suppl_1, March 2012, Pages i20–i30,  Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fds006

Online Drug and Alcohol Addiction Test. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/addiction/what-is-addiction/addiction-test

Resources to Prevent Adolescent Alcohol Use. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/substance-use/alcohol/resources/index.html

# data[].attributes.body
Consequences. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/drug-addiction/consequences/#gref

Online Drug and Alcohol Addiction Test. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/addiction/what-is-addiction/addiction-test

Shahid Ali, Q. (2019). Early Detection of Illicit Drug Use in Teenagers. [online] PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257983/

# data[].attributes.body
B. Adolescent Consequences of Risky Behaviors. (2019). Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/long-term-impact-adolescent-risky-behaviors-and-family-environment/b-adolescent-consequences-risky-behaviors

Dolgin, K. G. (2011). The Adolescent: Development, Relationships, and Culture. [University of Phoenix]. Retrieved from https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781323240021/

Preventing Sexual Risk Behaviors and Pregnancy Among Teenagers: Linking Research and Programs. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2003/03/preventing-sexual-risk-behaviors-and-pregnancy-among-teenagers-linking

# data[].attributes.body
Englander, E. (2016). Understanding Bullying Behavior What Educators Should Know and Can Do. America Educator, (Vol. 40, No. 4). Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1123847.pdf

Prevention at School. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.stopbullying.gov/prevention/at-school/index.html

The Psychological Effects of Bullying on Kids & Teens | Masters In Psychology Guide. (2019). Retrieved from https://mastersinpsychologyguide.com/articles/psychological-effects-bullying-kids-teens/

# data[].attributes.headline
Behaviors May Indicate Risk of Adolescent Depression

# data[].attributes.subject
Behaviors May Indicate Risk of Adolescent Depression

# data[].attributes.body
The higher the risk of behavior, the more likely a teen will withdraw, face depression and sadness.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
New findings from a study supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, show that girls and boys who exhibit high levels of risky behaviors have similar chances of developing symptoms of depression. However, gender differences become apparent with low and moderate levels of risky behaviors with girls being significantly more likely than boys to experience symptoms of depression. The study, which incorporates data from almost 19,000 teens, is published in the May 15, 2006 issue of the Archives of Women's Mental Health.

"The burden of illness associated with depression during adolescence is considerable, and psychosocial problems - including substance abuse - are associated with depressive disorders in teens," says NIDA Director Dr. Nora D. Volkow. "The findings from this study create a more complete picture of commonalities and differences of the risk of depression among boys and girls who engage in risky behaviors, and provide information for healthcare providers to consider as they screen, evaluate, and treat their young patients."

Symptoms of depression include loss of appetite, feeling blue, loss of interest in things that used to be of interest, being bothered by things that previously were not bothersome, and not feeling hopeful about the future.

Dr. Martha Waller, of the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, and her colleagues provided new findings from teen interviews conducted as part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in 1995. The researchers clustered the teens into 16 groups according to their behaviors and correlated these behaviors with symptoms of depression. Groups included abstainers, who refrained from engaging in sexual activity and from using alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs; teens who engaged in low and moderate risk behaviors, such as experimenting with substance abuse or sex; and teens who engaged in high-risk behaviors, such as exchanging sex for drugs or money or abuse of intravenous drugs.

"Differences in symptoms of depression between girls and boys were guided by risk behaviors," says Dr. Waller. "Among abstainers, there were no differences between girls and boys in their likelihood of having symptoms of depression."

When abstaining girls were compared with risk-taking girls, the researchers observed that any risk activity, no matter how modest in degree, was associated with an increased risk of symptoms of depression. For example, girls who experimented with drugs and girls who experimented with tobacco and alcohol were more than twice as likely to have symptoms of depression as girls who abstained completely. Girls who experimented with sex were almost four times as likely to have such symptoms, while girls who used intravenous drugs were almost 18 times as likely to have symptoms of depression as girls who abstained completely.

Among boys, most, but not all risk profiles were associated with a greater likelihood of such symptoms, compared to abstainers. Boys who drank alcohol and boys who were binge drinkers were about two-and-one-half times as likely to experience symptoms of depression, while those who abused intravenous drugs were about six times as likely to have symptoms of depression as boys who abstained completely.

For most of the high-risk behaviors profiled there were also no significant gender differences in symptoms of depression. However, for one - exchanging sex for money or drugs - girls were seven times more likely than boys to report such symptoms. Among teens who engaged in low and moderate risk behaviors, girls were significantly more likely than boys to report symptoms of depression.

"Although it has not been shown that these behaviors trigger depression, it may be that screening for substance abuse and other behaviors in teens may provide enough information to the health care provider to also warrant screening for depression, particularly for girls," says Dr. Waller. "Both substance abuse and sexual activity may alter a girl's social context, which could induce stress and/or change self-perceptions, both of which could contribute to depression. In addition, there may be differences in how girls and boys physically respond to substance abuse that help explain the gender differences."

Because girls who exhibited low and moderate risk behaviors were observed to be at greater risk for depression than boys, the scientists suggest that future research should examine the characteristics of these groups to determine the mechanisms underlying this difference.

"There are significant changes in the brain during adolescence and there is growing interest in understanding how substance abuse may change brain structure and chemistry, and in turn, cognition and emotion," says Dr. Volkow. "Future research will investigate more closely the roles of risky behaviors and the influence of gender in the development of adolescent depression."

The National Institute on Drug Abuse is a component of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIDA supports most of the world's research on the health aspects of drug abuse and addiction. The Institute carries out a large variety of programs to ensure the rapid dissemination of research information and its implementation in policy and practice. Fact sheets on the health effects of drugs of abuse and information on NIDA research and other activities can be found on the NIDA home page at http://www.drugabuse.gov.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.
NIH...Turning Discovery Into Health®
Reference

Martha W. Waller, Denise Dion Hallfors, Carolyn Tucker Halpern, Bonita Iritani, Carol A. Ford, and Guang Guo, Gender Differences in Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Patterns of Substance Use and Risky Sexual Behavior Among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adolescents, Archives of Women's Mental Health, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 139-150, 2006.

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behaviors may indicate risk of adolescent depression

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Behaviors May Indicate Risk of Adolescent Depression

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
New findings from a study supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, show that girls and boys who exhibit high levels of risky behaviors have similar chances of developing symptoms of depression.

# data[].attributes.body
Behaviors May Indicate Risk of Adolescent Depression. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/behaviors-may-indicate-risk-adolescent-depression

Mental Health Resources For Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults – SAHM. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.adolescenthealth.org/Resources/Clinical-Care-Resources/Mental-Health/Mental-Health-Resources-For-Parents-of-Adolescents.aspx#Resources

Responding to a Student's Depression - Educational Leadership. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/oct10/vol68/num02/Responding-to-a-Student%27s-Depression.aspx

Teen depression - Symptoms and causes. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20350985