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1 theory as to how the earth formed

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old stone age

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extinct archaic humans. aka the first humans

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form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs.

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nomadic people who live chiefly by hunting and fishing, and harvesting wild food.

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religion

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crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan

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nomadic hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), and tinker or trader nomads.

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a new idea

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First Agricultural Revolution

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process of producing food, feed

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transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another

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city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

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a line of hereditary rulers of a country.

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the belief in or worship of more than one god.

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belief that there is only one God.

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Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia

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the stage of human social and cultural development and organization that is considered most advanced.

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a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

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fundamental aspect of social organization that is established by fighting or display behavior and results in a ranking of the animals in a group.

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a tall aquatic plant. used for writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other artifacts, such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.

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a two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing

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one who has profound knowledge of a particular subject. a student; pupil. a student who has been awarded a scholarship.

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the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods.

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a combination of legal and military customs

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land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

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a form of government with a monarch at the head.

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the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices.

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a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

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pure democracy is a form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly.

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(or Athenian League) was an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and formed in 478 BCE to liberate eastern Greek cities from Persian rule and as a defence to possible revenge attacks from Persia following the Greek victories at Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea in the early 5th century BCE.

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The hoplite phalanx was the perfect manifestation of classical Greek society on the battlefield.

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very powerful and influential nation (used especially with reference to the US and the former Soviet Union when these were perceived as the two most powerful nations in the world).

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a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons.

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(of a person or their behavior) primarily concerned with making money at the expense of ethics.

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the action of inflating something or the condition of being inflated.

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the peace which existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire.

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an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.

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occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades, and maybe for millions of years.

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a large bag made of a strong material such as burlap, thick paper, or plastic, used for storing and carrying goods.

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a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

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he period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (5th century) to the fall of Constantinople (1453), or, more narrowly, from c. 1100 to 1453.

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the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was king of the Franks from 768, king of the Lombards from 774, and emperor of the Romans from 800. During the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe.

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any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th–11th centuries.

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Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

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a person of noble rank or birth

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widespread respect and admiration felt for someone or something on the basis of a perception of their achievements or quality.

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an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate

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a way that feudal lords organized their lands in order to produce agricultural goods. The manor had four main areas: the manor house and accompanying village, farmland, meadowland, and wasteland.

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(in the Middle Ages) a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor

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a large building, typically of the medieval period, fortified against attack with thick walls, battlements, towers, and in many cases a moat.

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a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.

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the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Muhammad was an Arab religious, social and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.

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he central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God. It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature. The Quran is divided into chapters, which are subdivided into verses.

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religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Peace be Upon him.

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a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam.

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A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger group.

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system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document usually on the medium of paper.

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black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. The sulfur and charcoal act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer.

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a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

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the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as cattle, camels, goats, yaks, llamas, reindeer, horses and sheep.

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empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. Originating from the Mongol heartland in the Steppe of central Asia, by the late 13th century it spanned from the Pacific Ocean in the east to the Danube River and the shores of the Persian Gulf in the west.

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the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome.

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a group of close-knit and interrelated families

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founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia.

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tactical doctrine of using short surprise attacks, withdrawing before the enemy can respond in force, and constantly maneuvering to avoid full engagement with the enemy.

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the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

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network of trade routes which connected the East and West, and was central to the economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions from the 2nd century BCE to the 18th century

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capital city of the Roman Empire

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collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from 529 to 565 ce. Strictly speaking, the works did not constitute a new legal code.

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incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman Empire beginning c. 672. Used to set light to enemy ships, it consisted of a combustible compound emitted by a flame-throwing weapon. Greek fire was first used by the Greeks besieged in Constantinople.

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The themes or themata were the main military/administrative divisions of the middle Byzantine Empire.

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the break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches, which had lasted until the 11th century.

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Bubonic plague is one of three types of plaguecaused by bacterium Yersinia pestis. One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting. Swollen and painful lymph nodes occur in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin.

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a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries.

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a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

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the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.

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the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

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one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy.

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born Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099. Urban II was a native of France. He was a descendant of a noble family in Châtillon-sur-Marne. Reims was the nearby cathedral school that Urban, at that time Eudes, began his studies at 1050.

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An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, known as Salah ad-Din or Saladin, was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish ethnicity, Saladin led the Muslim military campaign against the Crusader states in the Levant.

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Portuguese and Spanish for "reconquest

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In 1478, the Catholic Monarchs began the famous Inquisition to purify Catholicism in all their territories. The Inquisition was established to act as a tribunal to identify heretics and bring them to justice.

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The Renaissance was a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries and marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.

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an educational institution designed for instruction, examination, or both, of students in many branches of advanced learning, conferring degrees in various faculties, and often embodying colleges and similar institutions.

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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

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Under this system, the arable land of an estate or village was divided into three large fields: one was planted in the autumn with winter wheat or rye; the second field was planted with other crops such as peas, lentils, or beans; and the third was left fallow (unplanted).

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a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.

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The Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.

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the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war

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a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification.

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type of bow that is tall – roughly equal to the height of the user – allowing the archer a fairly long draw. Alongbow is not significantly recurved. Its limbs are relatively narrow so that they are circular or D-shaped in cross section.

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Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans", is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. She was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée, a peasant family, at Domrémy in northeast France

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink

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an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.