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Preparedness
Households preparation- 18% of households met all 3 requirements for basic preparation (3 days supply of food, 3 days supply of water and a household emergency plan). 13 percent of households (206,000 homes) met all requirements for better preparation (basic preparation + torch, portable radio, spare batteries, first aid kit and essential medical supplies).
Responses (Christchurch, NZ 2011)

Buildings had coloured cards put on them depending on how damaged they were (green-safe through to red- unsafe/must be demolished)

Regular earthquake drills now carried out and buildings made stronger

The canterbury art gallery which was earthquake proof was turned into a temporary emergency response centre

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Asian tsunami- across the world the international community raised £8.6 billion and it was the highest ever privately funded.

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(Response)60 Red Cross volunteers  To help give aid

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Preparedness- teach risk awareness at school, so children know what to do when a hazard occurs

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Lack of seismic equipment means they have ill preparation, especially since the country has 5 geological faultlines  which causes them to be highly susceptible to major earthquakes.

Past earthquakes which has impacted Bangladesh has shown how poeple’s lack in preparation and their little knowledge  on response caused them to panic and their actions were incorrect eg) running down the stairs of a high rise building when really they should’ve stood in a safe corner of a room

Communities’ codes and evacuation plans aren’t enforced or taught strictly which means that the dense population of places such as Dhaka (which also has rapid urbanisation) aren’t all educated on disaster preparation and response

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(Protect)The EU stopped all flights to protect them from the large ash clouds.

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Immediate tv coverage ensuring the population is well informed on how to stay safe (Preparation)

Sets legislation for building of heavy defences

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International aid was provided in the form of money ($6-7 million) and aid workers

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Earthquake resistant building:
Steal frames so it can sway with the earthquake
Shutters so the glasses dosent break
Shock absorbers in the foundation to absorb the tremors
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lI1M8o0BHPc#
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kzVvd4Dk6sw#

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The tsunami caused damage to the local power plant causing radiation to leak out into rivers and the atmosphere. They reduced from 250 terawatthours to 10-20 (nuclear energy)

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FEMA coordinates the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of, responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or human-made, including acts of terror.

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Donations to Oxfam were £187m

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USA gave $100 million in aid and the EU gave $330 million.

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Water discharge tunnel in Tokyo, which collects flood water and safely redistributes it into the Edo River, in order to be prepared for flooding as a result of a tectonic event (Protect)

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Government evacuated everyone before the tsunami hit

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The National Emergency Office issued a tsunami warning for the entire Chilean coastal area

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Red Cross and Oxfam provided food and blankets in evacuation camps.

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Aid was given from then U.N. and NGO bodies, they supplied the Goma people with; food, education, protection for children and health care.

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American Red Cross has reached more than 484,000 people with disaster preparation activities - preparation

They have also provided basic first aid training to residents and have funded the reinforcement of shelters, stabilisation of roads and the creation of evacuation routes. (Protect and prepare)

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Aid from across the globe exceeded a collective total of $456.9 million

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Prime minister declared a national state of emergency

Singaporean army sent troops to heal on search and rescue missions

People had moved to other areas of New Zealand or australia

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(Preparation)Farmers and People evacuated in order to avoid possible casualties.

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Lava canals so they can control the direction of the flow of magma

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The National Emergency Office issued a tsunami warning for the entire Chilean coastal area, evacuating over 600,000 people

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‘Cash for work’ programmes payed Haitians to clear the rubble, providing a temporary source of income. This allowed them to help others as well as allowing them to rebuilt their their lives.

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California shakedown- preparedness for an earthquake. It’s a set date for an earthquake drill that takes place in schools, hospitals and public places participate in this drill.
Land use zoning and mapping
https://www.shakeout.org/california/

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Provide aid and assistance in emergency situations around the world. They save and rebuild lives post-disaster as they offer medical care. They rely on donations however because they are independent.

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(Response)Aid was given from then U.N. and NGO bodies, they supplied the Goma people with; food, education, protection for children and health care.

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600 workers from 6 countries helped in the search for survivors

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Land use zoning, local governments planners regulate what the land is used for. In areas at risk from tectonic hazards like Taranaki In New Zealand is divided into zones based on the likely type of level of damage.

°any settlements tend to be limited
°certain types of structures and facilities will be prohibited such as hospitals and nuclear stations
°some communities may be resettled
°development in areas which provide natural protection will be limited such as mangroves reducing energy of water

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Coordination of events = This day commemorates the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and is a day on which disaster preparations are taken nationwide, especially in the Kantō region.
History = On September 1, 1923 Tokyo and surrounding areas were devastated by a massive 7.9 magnitude earthquake, with a death toll of over 100,000 people from the disaster, including a large number of Koreans and socialists murdered by mobs. In June 1960 during the Prime Ministership of Nobusuke Kishi, the decision was made that September 1 would become Disaster Prevention Day in order to reduce the death toll from disasters.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Prevention_Day

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British public gave £330 million through charities

International community raised £8.6 billion

£187 million in donations to oxfam

World bank - $75 million emergency relief effort

Food aid provided to millions of people

(Response)

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With major/Hugh profile events celebrities of the day often come together to use their own status to help raise money/awareness. E.g. Haiti, 2010 - ‘We are the World 25’.

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One of the main causes of destruction and death is collapsing buildings. Now, countries including Japan are constructing hazard-resistant buildings which can withstand them.
- Rubber shock absorbers between the foundations and the structure can resist ground shaking

- Roofs of housing built near volcanoes are sloped to reduce the amount of as that builds up on them, reducing the risk of them collapsing under the weight
- Buildings at risk from tsunamis can be elevated and anchored to their foundations to stop them floating away

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In 2006, 6 DART buoys deployed. Stands for Deep-ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis. Set up to provide warning to inhabitants of the nations bordering the Indian Ocean of approaching tsunamis.

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Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
Provides research information for earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis at a national level. As well as they also monitor and have accurate predictions for tectonic disasters.

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Predicting earthquakes: Over £70 million was spent on lasers that are used to monitor even the slightest movement.
Setting up early warning systems: Japan has had a tsunami warning system since 1952. There is also a complicated network of seismographs across the country to monitor and report any earth movements.

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United Nations troops and police were sent to help distribute aid and keep order (however they are thought to have accelerated the spread of cholera).

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7.6 magnitude earthquake struck South Asia

73,000 people died including 17,000 children

Roads and commmunication systems were damaged/destroyed

Areas affected were largely mountainous which made search and rescue services struggle

NGOs responded immediately by providing -

Over 500,000 tents and 6 million blankets

Safe water for over 700,000 people

Food and clothing

Emergency medical care

Over the years, NGOS (such as Red Cross and Red Crescent) continued to supply:

Blankets

Cooking kits

Building supplies so that people can start growing their own food again

Other NGOs such as Oxfam helped nearly 60,000 people rebuild their livelihoods by providing livestock and food for animals

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GIS mapping means that evacuation routes can be planned out to help rescue and recovery teams. It also makes awareness of rural towns that may be missed in receiving aid and where the most affected areas are and who may need the most help. Mapping can help plannwhere to land helicopters and planes full of supplies and relief workers.

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Disaster Emergency Committee
Brings 13 leading UK aid agencies to raise money at times of humanitarian crisis in LICs, since the lunch in 1963 they have had 70 apples and raised more than £1.5 billion saving million of lives.

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$1 billion in donations from Japanese Red Cross

Various search and rescue teams from all over the world

(Response)