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You do not have to read all of the biographies. Just skim through them and answer the questions on your packet. Do not watch the videos until you are done filling out the graph on your packet. If you have enough time once you are done, then you may watch the videos.

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, or more commonly known as FDR, was born on January 30th, 1882 in Hudson Valley, NY. Roosevelt attended a private school called the Groton school in Groton Massachusetts. After graduating from Groton he went to Harvard College. He began to study law, just like his father had in 1858. In 1901, Franklin's cousin, Theodore Roosevelt, became president of the US. In 1903, Franklin finally graduated.

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In the 1910 elections, Franklin decided to run for a seat in the New York State Assembly. He failed to do so, but this did not stop him. On the same year he ran for New York's State Senate. Franklin won and joined on January 1st, 1911. In the 1912 democratic nomination, Franklin was a huge supporter of Woodrow Wilson. Seeing Franklin's major support, Woodrow Wilson appointed Franklin as the secretary of the Navy. In 1921, Franklin fell very ill and was diagnosed with polio making it so that he could no longer walk. Franklin still held on and kept fighting for power. In 1928, Franklin ran for governor of New York and won. And finally, when the 1932 election came up, Franklin ran for president. Franklin got 472 votes in the electoral college completely dominating his opponent, Hoover.

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On December 7th, 1941, the US was attacked by the empire of Japan. The next day, Franklin made a speech and officially declared war on them. Immediately after the declaration of war, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the US. On June 6th, 1944, the US liberated the city of Normandy in France. Franklin appointed general and future president, Dwight D. Eisenhower to command the attack along with the help of the leader of free France, Charles De Gaulle. On May 7th, 1945, the US officially ended the war in Europe when they annexed Germany. However, the US still had to deal with Japan.

Franklin officially declares war on Japan

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President Franklin D. Roosevelt Declares War on Japan (Full Speech) | War Archives

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The US nuclear program was making significant progress on making the very first working nuclear bomb. Before the US even ended the war by bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Franklin died from cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain leading to a comma and eventually death) on April 12th, 1945, leaving vice president, Harry Truman, to become the next US president.

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Winston Churchill was born on November 30th, 1874 in Oxfordshire, UK. He attended St. George's School and hated it. He did poorly academically and regularly misbehaved. In 1893, he entered the Royal Military College. After he graduated, he was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Fourth Hussars regiment. In autumn of 1895, he was sent to Cuba to help the Spanish defend in the Cuban war for independence. Later, in October 1896 he was sent to Bombay and soon after, Bangalore. (Now known as Bangladesh) In 1899, Churchill was sent out to battle again to attempt to recapture Sudan.

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In 1900, Churchill left the army and went into politics. He ran for the seat of Oldham and won. In October 11th, 1911, Churchill was appointed to First Lord of Admiralty. After 30 years of working in this position, Churchill ran for prime minister. He won on May 10th, 1940.

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One year before Churchill was elected, the UK had declared war on Germany in 1939 due to the Germans attacking Poland. After failing to defend multiple countries such as Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium, the UK was desperate. Churchill decided to ask the US for aid in the war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt decided to help. On May 10th, 1940, the UK failed to defend their major ally, France. When the Soviet Union was invaded, Churchill decided to send support despite his hatred for the country. On June 6th, 1944, Churchill sent British forces to help American and Canadian forces in Normandy on Operation D-Day. This was the starting of the end of the war. Finally, on May 7th, 1945, the allied forces defeated Germany, ending the war in Europe.

Churchill gives speech to US congress

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Churchill Speech To Congress - December 1941 (1941)

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When Churchill retired in 1955, he fell ill. He had 10 strokes in 1964. Finally Churchill died on January 24th, 1965 from old age.

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Joseph Stalin was born in Gori, Russia, modern day Georgia. His father was an alcoholic and constantly was beating Stalin's mother. He enrolled into school in 1894 getting a scholarship after he graduated. He started doing very well academically in college. In college, Stalin began learning the idea of socialism.

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In 1905, Stalin was elected a seat in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party because of his socialist ideas where he met communist leader, Vladimir Lenin. Stalin and Lenin and the rest of the RSDLP began planning how to overthrow the Russian government. In 1917, they started a revolution. This revolution was successful allowing Lenin to take over the country and turn it into the new USSR. In 1923, Lenin died allowing the man below him to take power. That man was Stalin.

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In 1939, Stalin signed the non-aggression pact with Adolf Hitler. This document stated that Germany could not attack the USSR and the USSR could not attack Germany. The two newly allied countries collaborated with each other to attack Poland, starting WWII. Stalin also decided to invade Finland, since Finland used to be a territory of the Russian Empire. In June 1941, Hitler betrayed Stalin by attacking the European side of the USSR. Hitler used his famous Luftwaffe to bomb the capital of the USSR, Moscow. These attacks took Stalin by surprise. This forced Stalin to join the allied powers, despite his hatred for democracies. In 1942, Stalin finally began to fight back against the Germans. Finally in 1945, Stalin began taking Germany with the other allies. Finally, Germany was defeated ending the war in Europe. By the end of the war, the USSR was the country that suffered the most casualties with about 20,000,000 soldiers and citizens dead.

Stalin gives speech about being betrayed by Germany

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Stalin speech - November 7, 1941 [English subtitles]

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In 1950, the cold war began. The Soviet Union had taken over many countries after WWII turning them into communist states. These countries were Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania, and East Germany. Stalin died in the middle of the cold war in 1953 and was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev.

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Charles De Gaulle was born on November 22nd, 1890 in Lille France. By the time he was 10 he was very intrigued by medieval history. He read work from the Greeks, especially Plato. When he got out of high school he went to College Stanislas in Paris. There he studied history and literature. Later he switched from studying history and literature and began training for the military.

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After graduating, Charles De Gaulle was appointed as a lieutenant. When WWI began in France, De Gaulle was thrown into one of the best regiments in the French military, the 33rd regiment. He was appointed commander of the platoon. In the middle of the war, De Gaulle was captured by German soldiers and was sent to a German prison. He spent 32 months in a war camp. After the war was over, De Gaulle was released from the war camp and continued his military career. When WWII started, the Germans attacked France on the 10th of May, De Gaulle was sent to defend with his brand new regiment. Once again, De Gaulle failed his mission. He was not captured by the Germans this time but France was now in German control. De Gaulle felt like he had to fight against the Germans. He became the leader of rebels in France that would make attacks on German troops in the country. He was now the leader of what was so called "Free France."

News broadcast about De Gaulle's attacks on Germans

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Charles de Gaulle: "The Greatest Frenchman of All Time"

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Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman. He was the leader of Free France (1940-44) and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944-46).

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De Gaulle continued to make his attacks on German soldiers. When D-Day began on June 6th, 1944, De Gaulle and his Free French army helped the British, Americans, and Canadians to take the city of Normandy. Germany was finally defeated in 1945 ending the war in France and Europe. When the war was over, De Gaulle retired until he died on November 9th, 1970.

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Chiang Kai-Shek was born in Xikou China on October 31st, 1887. When he started to go to school, Japanese began what is now called the First Sino-Japanese war. Seeing how his country was suffering from the attacks, Kai-Shek joined the military after he graduated. He defended against Japanese troops in Manchuria.

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In 1911 when the Sino-Japanese war ended, Kai-Shek left the military and became a politician. He participated in Chinese politics until 1925, when he began to run for leader against his rival, Wang Jingwei. He won on March 12th, 1925. He became the official leader on October 10th, 1928.

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In July, 1937, the Second Japanese war broke out. This one was even worse than the first. The war resulted in the loss of eastern China. The war resulted in 200,000 Chinese casualties. This was not the only thing that Kai-Shek had to deal with. Within China, people began to become influenced by the communist ideas of the USSR. The people that believed in these ideas were called the PRC (People's Republic of China), they wanted to destroy the ROC (Republic of China) and abolish the Chinese democracy. This began the Chinese civil war. To make matters even worse, WWII began in 1939. The Japanese continued to occupy the  north and east, and the PRC continued to occupy the south. This is what caused China to be the country with the second to most deaths in WWII right behind the USSR. Finally, the WWII ended when the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan was forced to withdraw all troops from China and give back all territory.

Chiang Kai-Shek talks about democracy

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President of China - Chiang Kai-shek - 1929

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Interview with Marshal Chiang Kai Shek. Dr Wang interprets. Chiang Kai-shek talks to the people. Interview only. Madame Chiang Kai-shek sitting beside her husband talks in English. Talking only. No close ups. You can license this story through AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/961012ace2f1444a9d564dc5407e1454 Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork

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Kai-Shek still faced a problem, the PRC was about to win the civil war and soon on May 1st, 1950, the PRC won. Kai-Shek fled to Taiwan, making the island the new ROC. Kai-Shek was later succeeded by Li Zongren. Kai-Shek lived the rest of his life on Taiwan until his death on April 5th, 1975.

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Jan Smuts was born on May 24th, 1870, in Bovenplaats, South Africa. He loved to study German, Dutch, and Greek history in school. He graduated from high school early and moved to the UK with a scholarship for Victoria College at the age of 16. He began to practice law. While Smuts was in the UK, the South African colonies declared war on the UK to gain independence. Having been raised in South Africa, Smuts dropped out of college and escaped the UK to fight for South Africa. South Africa won signing a treaty that stated that they would stay a British colony until 1931. When the first world war began, Smuts was sent to fight against German troops in south west Africa.

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After a long while of being in the South African army, Smuts began adopting racist ideas, believing that the white minority in South Africa was superior to the blacks. He left the army to begin following politics. When South Africa finally gained independence in 1931, Smuts ran for the first prime minister of South Africa and lost. However, on the second election, he won becoming the second prime minister of South Africa.

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Smuts only sent troops to any campaign done by the British. He would use his South African army to reinforce British troops. Smuts helped mostly in the North African campaigns against Italy.

Smuts' Speech On The War

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General Smuts Addresses The Mother Of Parliaments In London (1942)

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After the war ended, Smuts resigned as prime minister and lived the last of his days in South Africa. He died from old age on September 11th, 1950.

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John Curtin was born on January 8th, 1885 in Victoria Australia. Curtin went to school until he dropped out extremely early at the age of 13 when he started to work for the newspaper. When WWI began, Curtin joined the army.

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After the end of WWI, Curtin began to follow politics. He ran for Prime Minister three times losing the first two. He won on his third run which made him the new prime minister of Australia in 1934.

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By 1939, WWII had started. Curtin was one of the very first people to declare war on Germany. Although the declaration of war on Germany, Curtin did not send troops into Europe. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Curtin declared war on Japan. Curtin created a new organization that he called ANZAC. (Australian New Zealand Army Corps) Curtin sent ANZAC to defend against all of the Japanese invasions in the Pacific. Australia was one of the very few countries that survived the war in the Pacific. After Japan surrendered, the war ended and Australia was safe.

John Curtin gives speech about joining ANZAC

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Prime Minister of Australia, John Curtin's inspiring call to all Austrlains to make sacrifices to defend the nation against Japanese agression in World War II

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Right after the war Curtin die due to heart disease in 1945. He was one of the two Australian prime ministers to die in the middle of office.

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William Lyon Mackenzie King was born on December 17th, 1874 in Canada. When he graduated from high school, he went to college in Toronto. He began to study law.

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After he graduated, he was appointed as Deputy Minister for the department of labor. He lost the election. After his failure, he ran for prime minister on the side of the liberal party in 1921 and won.

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When WWII began in 1939, King was one of the first to declare war on Germany. King linked Canada and the US closer and closer together participating in many battles together, including the ever so popular D-Day. After D-Day, Canada helped the US in the invasion of Germany and Italy. After Germany was defeated, King decided to leave the war.

William Lyon Mackenzie King makes speech in 1946 at UN conference about helping Europe recover from the war

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William Lyon Mackenzie King - 1946 UN Conference

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Prime Minister of Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie King, talking at the UNO (United Nations Organisation) Conference in Paris. He is talking about Canadian contribution in fighting the war and rebuilding Europe and finishes by talking about the future of the atomic bomb by saying: "The atomic bomb will, in the course of time, be available to any Nation who possesses and devotes precious skill to that purpose..."

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After the war, King lived the last three years of his life in Canada. He died on January 20th, 1948.

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There were many other minor countries that participated on the allied side of the war. Almost all of them were forced into the war due to being attacked by Germany. These countries were Poland, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Yugoslavia, and Greece.