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nicholas i of montenegro (military commander)

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- May 21st 1911
- in march, rebel tribes staged an uprising in Morocco, which endangered one of the country's capital cities, Fez.
- the sultan appealed to France to help restore order
- france sent their troops to Morocco on May 21st 1911
- however Germany believed that France had staged the uprisings on purpose in order to have an excuse to send troops to Africa
- the German foreign secretary, Alfred von Kiderlen-Wachter, didn't consult anyone before sending a naval cruiser to anchor near Morocco on July 1st
- this encouraged resistance against the French from the native people.
- Britain and Russia backed France
- when the Austia-Hungarians failed to send any aid to Germany, the Germans were forced to back down
- in the negotiations, Germany agreed to recognize the French protectorate over Morocco in return for territorial concessions in other regions of Africa.
- in the wake of the crisis, Germany found itself very isolated

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The Second Balkan War began when Serbia, Greece, and Romania quarreled with Bulgaria over the division of their joint conquests in Macedonia. On June 1, 1913, Serbia and Greece formed an alliance against Bulgaria, and the war began on the night of June 29/30, 1913, when King Ferdinand of Bulgaria ordered his troops to attack Serbian and Greek forces in Macedonia. The Bulgarians were defeated, however, and a peace treaty was signed between the combatants on Aug. 10, 1913. Under the terms of the treaty, Greece and Serbia divided up most of Macedonia between themselves, leaving Bulgaria with only a small part of the region.

Result:

1. Greece gained southern Macedonia as well as the island of Crete. Serbia gained the Kosovo region and extended into northern and central Macedonia.
2. Albania was made an independent state under a German prince.
3. The political consequences of the wars were considerable. Bulgaria, frustrated in Macedonia, looked to Austria for support, while Serbia, which had been forced by Austria to give up its Albanian conquests, regarded Vienna with greater hostility than ever.

The heightened tensions in the Balkans reached their climax in World War I, which was sparked by the assassination of the Austrian heir by a Serb in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAxbI_o7e7Y

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- Bismarck resignation in 1890
- 1896-97 a new radical policy was developed
- this new politic was closely associated to the Kaiser Wilhelm II
- The aim of Weltpolitk was to make Germany a world power
- This was to be achieved by an acquisition of a large overseas empire.
- From 1880 to 1896 a lot of European powers acquired overseas colonies in Africa.
- Germany whanted to expand their navy to be a rival to the roya navy.
- the idea of expansion was linked to social Darwinism, this suggested that the history of mankind was a constant struggle between racial groups. In Germany it was believed that German race was better than all the others.
- in the period before 1914 Germanys government was dominated by aristocrat landowners, so the Germans smmlungpolitik.
- The Kaiser was nephew of queen Victoria, he had a love hate relationship with Britain. He whanted Germany to be equal as Britain

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The First Moroccan Crisis was an international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco. The crisis worsened German relations with both France and the United Kingdom, and helped enhance the new Anglo-French Entente.

The First Moroccan Crisis is seen as one of the long term causes of World War One as it led to a breakdown in trust between the major European powers. Morocco became the centre of the world’s attention between 1905 and 1906 and the crisis clearly indicated that Germany’s relation with France was at best fragile.

In 1905 Morocco was one of the few African states not occupied by a European power. It had been ruled by Sultan Moulay al Hasan from 1873 to 1894 and he had carefully played off one European power against another to such an extent that in 1880 Morocco had been given what amounted to a guarantee of independence by the Madrid Convention. The Sultan was succeeded by Abdul Aziz who proved to be a weak ruler. He lost control over the Berber people in the Atlas Mountains and they fought to assert what they believed to be their rights. The Berbers were so successful that by 1903, Fez, the capital, was under attack and Aziz controlled only a small part of the country.

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-crisis-of-1908
https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-notes/bosnian_crisis_1908_09_1
- Two empires rule the Balkan- Austria Hungary and Turkey, but Serbia wanted to create an independant ' Slav Nations'
- The Bosnia crisis arose as a result of the annexation by the Austria- Hungary of the Balkan provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovia.
- This caused an international crisis as Serbia had hoped to make Bosnia a part of the Serbian State.
- They appealed to Russia for help.
- Austria Hungary was backed by Germany.

Germany demanded that Russia accept the annexation. Russia had little choice but to back down as its army was no match for German forces. This crisis again increased tension between the Great Powers for several reasons:

Serbia was furious at Austria-Hungary. It wanted revenge and the return of Bosnia.

Russia was humiliated but was now unlikely to back down in another crisis.

Germany was now fully committed to supporting Austro-Hungarian policy in the Balkans, even if it led to war

Russia drew closer to Britain and France

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The Bosnian crisis of 1908-09, also known as the Annexation crisis or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted when on 8 October 1908, Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formally within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire.

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-  October 8, 1912 - May 30, 1913
- Fought between the Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro) and the Ottoman Empire
- Balkan League had combined force of 750,000
- Sparked when Montenegro declared war on Turkey, other members of league followed
- Ottomans at first heavily defeated, armistice called. While peace treaty was in the writing, a coup happened in Constantinople by young Turks, again heavily defeated
- In final peace treaty, the Ottoman empire lost all remaining European territory, such as Macedonia and Albania

Useful links: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balkan-Wars
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/serbia-and-greece-declare-war-on-ottoman-empire-in-first-balkan-war