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Mountains.
There are many gas molecules in the air near sea level, where the pull of gravity is greatest. These molecules hold a great deal of thermal energy. As the altitude increases, however, the air becomes thinner and holds less thermal energy. For every one-thousand-foot increase in altitude, the temperature drops about 31⁄2°F.
Lapse Rate-  The rate of decrease in temperature with increase in altitude.
If the temperature at sea level is 65°F,
one can expect it to be 30°F at the peak of a ten-thousand-foot mountain.

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Most of the world’s good farmland and major civilizations are located in the four climate regions with moderate rainfall and temperatures. All four climates occur in the middle latitudes, or Temperate (moderate) Zone.
Humid subtropical refers to lands just above the tropics that receive about fifty inches of rain a year, mostly in the summer. The richest farmland in the world is located there.
The other three moderate climates are named after the regions where they occur in Europe: the continent, the Mediterranean Sea, and the west coast.

The Humid Continental region extends far into the interior of the Eurasian continent. Rainfall is adequate but irregular because of the distance it must travel from the ocean to reach the land. Winters are colder there than in any other moderate region.

In the Mediterranean Climate, little water falls during the summer, so the land supports few crops without irrigation.

In the Marine West Coast, which covers most of Western Europe, warm ocean currents bring warm, moist air that blows over the coast and provides regular rainfall. The rain is heavier in the winter than in the summer—about six inches per month in contrast to three inches.

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Some regions receive rainfall but are too cold to support many kinds of plants.
Ice Caps- a thick layer of ice that never melts.
Polar Regions- are cold all year and plants grow for a brief time in the middle of summer
Subpolar Regions- let's evergreen trees grow

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In deserts annual precipitation is ten inches or less.

Deserts are also called arids.

Arids- lacking moisture

Deserts can occur in hot or cold temperatures.

Semiarid regions- deserts that can support grass.

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Two climates occur in the warm tropics.
Tropical Wet Areas: where rain falls all year
Tropical Wet and Dry Areas: where only about half an inch of rainfall during the winter months