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A government shutdown is the closure of nonessential offices of the government due to lack of approval on the federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year

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The most basic reason is that the government gets funded by laws that have to go through Congress  and this time, Congress failed to pass a new government funding law before the old one expired. Since Congress failed to pass a new law, the government shutdown happened on January 20,2018 and it lasted three days

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There are many issues at stake.For example there were many major departments that shutdown like Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration, NASA,etc.If the shutdown continues more then two weeks, it would affect the economic growth.Other issues at stake is DACA and Medicare/Medicaid.

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There might be a change in the DACA situation. Also means around one million federal employees cannot work. Also some government services will be affected. Federal workers that are deemed non essential are sent home or are furloughed. The IRS might send home up to 45,000 employees and health department may send half of 80,000 workers.Military staff aren't sent home but wont get paid until the shutdown is over. The Interior department is hit the hardest when shutdowns happen.

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The government shutdown ends when either both the Democrats and the Republican agrees to the terms or either one agrees to the others term.

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Some important dates are when the shutdown happened on January 20,2018 and when it ended on January 22.,2018. There's been a total of 18 shutdowns in the past years. The last shutdown was on October 1 to 17, 2013 and the first shutdown was on September 10 to October 11,1976.

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Both houses of Congress easily approved the short-term funding bill to end the government shutdown, though the votes revealed fissures among Democrats. Credit... Gabriella Demczuk for The New York Times

WASHINGTON - Congress brought an end to a three-day government shutdown on Monday as Senate Democrats buckled under pressure to adopt a short-term spending bill to fund government operations without first addressing the fate of young undocumented immigrants.

The House quickly approved the measure - which will fund the government through Feb. 8 and extend funding for the popular Children's Health Insurance Program for six years - and President Trump signed it on Monday night.

The agreement also revealed fissures among Democrats, with about one-third of the party's members in the Senate and a majority in the House voting against it.

The passage of the measure ended an ugly, if short-lived, impasse that threatened to give a black eye to both major political parties. The deal, reached after a bipartisan group of senators pushed their leaders to come to terms, enables hundreds of thousands of federal employees who had been facing furloughs to go back to work.

But a key part of the deal, a pledge by Senator Mitch McConnell, Republican of Kentucky and the majority leader, to allow an immigration vote in the coming weeks, sets the stage for a battle over the so-called Dreamers, young undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States illegally as children.

Lawmakers in the House and Senate are offering drastically different visions of how to resolve their fate. But those on both sides of the debate, as well as advocates for immigrants' rights, said that ultimately Mr. Trump would need to get involved for the immigration dispute to be settled.

Mr. Trump's intentions were hard to discern, even as he took time to jab at the Democrats.

"Big win for Republicans as Democrats cave on Shutdown," the president said on Twitter at 11:30 p.m.

The message continued: "Now I want a big win for everyone, including Republicans, Democrats and DACA," referring to the Dreamers, "but especially for our Great Military and Border Security. Should be able to get there. See you at the negotiating table!"

The vote in the Senate was lopsided: 81 senators voted to end the shutdown while 18 - two Republicans and the rest of the Democrats and an independent who caucuses with them - sided against the measure. In the House, the vote was 266 to 150, with about three-quarters of Democrats opposed.

The measure also shored up the Children's Health Insurance Program, known as CHIP, which insures nearly nine million children. States had warned that they were on the verge of having to end coverage after Congress allowed funding for the program, which had been created and sustained for two decades with bipartisan support, to expire in September.

The votes came after a weekend of fevered negotiations by a bipartisan group that eventually grew to include about 25 senators, who helped put together a framework in which Democrats would vote to reopen the government in exchange for the promise from Mr. McConnell.

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Senator Mitch McConnell, the Republican leader, announced that he would ensure a "level playing field" on immigration, language that some Democrats interpreted as going further than he had before. Credit... Gabriella Demczuk for The New York Times

An apparent turning point came when Mr. McConnell took the Senate floor on Monday morning to announce that he would ensure a "level playing field" on immigration - language that some Democrats interpreted as going further than he had before. Mr. McConnell said he would have the Senate take up immigration legislation by mid-February if the issue had not been resolved by then.

"I sat on the floor and listened to him very intently, somewhat holding my breath," said Senator Angus King, independent of Maine, who caucuses with the Democrats. "I think the majority leader has made a public commitment that it would be very hard for him not to meet."

But Senator Kamala Harris, Democrat of California, was unconvinced, and voted against the bill. She suggested that she did not trust Mr. McConnell.

"I refuse to put the lives of nearly 700,000 young people in the hands of someone who has repeatedly gone back on his word," she said.

Immigrants' rights activists were crushed.

"Last week, I was moved to tears of joy when Democrats stood up and fought for progressive values and for Dreamers," said Frank Sharry, the executive director of America's Voice, an immigrants' rights group. "Today, I am moved to tears of disappointment and anger that Democrats blinked."

Hundreds of thousands of young immigrants have been protected from deportation under an Obama-era initiative, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, or DACA. Mr. Trump rescinded the program in September and gave Congress six months, until March 5, to come up with a replacement.

But the president has demanded that border security - including money for the "big, beautiful wall" he has promised at the southern border with Mexico - be included in any package. Mr. Trump also wants limits on what critics call "chain migration," in which immigrants can sponsor their relatives, and an end to the diversity visa lottery, which fosters immigration from countries that are underrepresented.

A bipartisan group of six senators, led by Richard J. Durbin, Democrat of Illinois, and Lindsey Graham, Republican of South Carolina, has proposed the backbone of an immigration deal that backers hope could garner 60 votes, enough to break a filibuster.

But Mr. Trump has rejected that plan. And the measure is almost certainly a nonstarter in the House, where Speaker Paul D. Ryan has promised a vote on a conservative immigration measure championed by the chairmen of the Judiciary and Homeland Security Committees, if it has the support to pass.

"If we are hoping that Paul Ryan is going to have courage and that the House Republicans are going to be fair and decent and that a bill could emerge, we're smoking something," Mr. Sharry said.

Monday's Senate vote exposed a rift between moderate Democrats who are up for re-election this year in states won by Mr. Trump and their more liberal counterparts.

One of those Trump-state Democrats, Senator Bill Nelson of Florida, characterized the vote as a "big win for the Dreamers," adding that if the Senate passes a measure with more than 60 votes, it would "put a lot of pressure" on the House to act.

Senator Richard J. Durbin, Democrat of Illinois, has helped propose the backbone of an immigration bill that backers hope could garner 60 votes, enough to break a filibuster. Credit... Pete Marovich for The New York Times

But more liberal Democrats, including Senator Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut, who voted against the spending measure, disagreed.

"The lesson to me is that a promise here is far less meaningful when there is no involvement by the House, not to mention the White House," he said, adding that he has "no confidence, zero, that Paul Ryan will bring a measure to the floor, in fact on the contrary."

Mr. Graham said it was critical that the Senate's eventual immigration bill have the support of a broad bipartisan majority of perhaps 70 senators.

"A partisan product doesn't get you to where you want to go," he said. "If you're going to make the play of trying to pick off a handful of the other side, it's going to crash and burn."

The shutdown crisis began Friday, after talks between Senator Chuck Schumer of New York, the Democratic leader, and Mr. Trump to keep the government open broke down when the president and his chief of staff demanded more concessions on immigration.

According to one person familiar with that day's discussion, Mr. Schumer agreed to more military spending and discussed fully funding the president's request for a border wall in exchange for an agreement from the president to support legalizing the Dreamers.

Late that night, an overwhelming majority of Democrats, joined by a handful of Republicans, voted to block consideration of a spending bill very much like the measure that passed Monday. The only difference is that the initial bill would have funded the government for four weeks, not three.

A round of partisan finger-pointing ensued, with Democrats calling the impasse the "Trump Shutdown" and Republicans branding it the "Schumer Shutdown."

At the White House on Monday, Mr. Trump's press secretary, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, insisted that Monday's deal was not "drastically different" than what was discussed on Friday between the president and Mr. Schumer.

Despite what was characterized by both parties as Mr. Trump's invisibility this weekend, Ms. Sanders insisted that he was responsible for making a deal happen.

"What the president did clearly worked," she said, adding, "The president stayed firm, Republicans stayed firm, and Democrats, I think, realized that they had to move past that piece of legislation" to discuss immigration going forward.

But Ms. Sanders declined to clarify precisely what the parameters of an immigration deal would look like. That worried Democrats like Senator Robert Menendez of New Jersey.

"The problem with all of this is the problem it's been from the beginning," Mr. Menendez said. "You got no guarantees from the House. You got no guarantees from the president. So you have two-thirds of the equation that are just not there."

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Government Shutdown Ends After 3 Days of Recriminations (Published 2018)

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WASHINGTON - Congress brought an end to a three-day government shutdown on Monday as Senate Democrats buckled under pressure to adopt a short-term spending bill to fund government operations without first addressing the fate of young undocumented immigrants. The House quickly approved the measure - which will fund the government through Feb.

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1. Agriculture - 40 percent of 95,383 workers. Farmers can't get loans processed. March food stamps could be cut.

2. Commerce - 87 percent of 47,896 workers. Reports from the Bureau of Economic Analysis are delayed.

3. Homeland Security - 13 percent of 232,860 workers. Companies can't verify a worker's immigration status.

4. Housing and Urban Development - 95 percent of 7,497 workers. Rental assistance for the elderly and disabled is delayed.

5. Interior - 78 percent of 68,469 workers. National Park maintenance has decreased. The Environmental Protection Agency would furlough 95 percent of 13,872 workers. It used reserve funds through December 28.

Democrats rejected the deal for three reasons. First, the courts already upheld DACA. Second, Trump is offering temporary protection in return for a permanent wall. Third, Democrats want the government reopened before negotiations begin.

The Democrat-controlled House will vote by January 25, 2019 to add $1 billion in additional border security funding. It targets ports of entry, advanced technology for scanning vehicles for drugs, and more immigration judges.

The Republican-controlled Senate is submitting a budget that contains wall funding. It adds $7.3 billion for additional border patrol and increased detention facilities. It adds $12.7 billion in disaster aid.

Erecting a wall on the rest of the border would stop 144,000 immigrants. It would raise incomes of low-skilled workers by 58 cents a year. It would cost $15 per American to build the wall.

But the wall would hurt the economy overall. Incomes of higher-skilled workers would fall by $7.60 a year. The U.S. economy would lose more than $4 billion a year. The same thing happened with the existing wall. Workers with college degrees lost $4.35 annually. As a result, the economy declined by $2.5 billion.

The conservative Heritage Foundation says the money would be better spent on technology and agents to prevent illegal crossings. It advocates more enforcement to apprehend immigrants who overstay their visas.

On January 22, Congress ended the shutdown. It passed a continuing resolution that expired at midnight on February 8, 2018. Republicans promised to work with Democrats on DACA legislation.

On February 9, the government shut down again, this time for five and a half hours. Senator Rand Paul objected to the bipartisan two-year spending bill. It added more than $300 billion to the debt.

Border Protection and Immigration, air traffic controls, and the Transportation Security Administration remain open. The Justice Department remains open, but gun permits are not be issued during a shutdown. The Postal Service has a separate source of funds, so mail continues to be delivered.

Here are the major departments that shut down:

Commerce, except National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Education.

Energy. Functions that oversee the safety of the nation's nuclear arsenal, dams, and transmission lines remain open.

Environmental Protection Agency.

Food and Drug Administration.

Health and Human Services.

Housing and Urban Development.

Interior, including National Parks.

Internal Revenue Service, except those processing tax returns.

Labor, including Bureau of Labor Statistics.

National Institute of Health.

Smithsonian.

Here are examples of when the federal government either shut down or narrowly avoided one.

2017. The government avoided a shutdown on April 28, 2017. That's when the continuing resolution, passed on September 30, 2016, expired. Congress hadn't allocated funds for the FY 2017 budget, which covered October 1, 2016, to September 30, 2017. The continuing resolution funded the government during the 2016 presidential election and transition. The Senate and House approved the spending bill on May 1, 2017. It appropriated $1.1 trillion in spending.

Many Republicans oppose the border wall. Those from California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas face the most consequences. They say the wall won't work, especially without added security forces. Others worry about the impact on the environment in their states.

Democrats also oppose the wall. They would prefer to use the funds to keep Obamacare subsidies and the other domestic spending programs. They want to increase programs for opioid addiction and health care for coal miners.

For the continuing resolution to pass, the Trump administration withdrew its request for border wall funding. It also agreed to continue providing Obamacare subsidies.

2013. The government shutdown began on October 1, 2013. The Republican-controlled House submitted a continuing resolution without administrative funds for Obamacare. The Senate rejected the bill and sent one back that included Obamacare. The House ignored that bill. It sent one back that delayed the mandate that everyone should buy health insurance. It also deleted the subsidies for Congress and their staffers. The Senate ignored that bill and the government shut down.

Here's what happened each day of the shutdown:

October 1. TV news highlight how veterans can't visit the WWII Memorial and cancer patients can't take advantage of treatment trials at the National Institute of Health.

October 2. Republicans submit a funding bill that delays Obamacare for a year.

October 3. Obama calls on the House to vote on the Senate's continuing resolution.

October 4. Boehner considers negotiating a budget proposal that will fund the government and raise the debt ceiling. At the same time, he calls on the Senate to negotiate on Obamacare.

October 5. The secretary of Defense calls back furloughed civilian workers.

October 6. The House passes a bill to reimburse furloughed federal employees, even though they aren't working. But no one gets paid until a funding resolution is passed.

October 7. Boehner won't fund the government or raise the debt ceiling unless Democrats agree to cut Medicare, Medicaid, and Obamacare. These mandatory programs aren't even part of the discretionary budget that is shut down.

October 8. House Republicans propose a "Supercommittee" to negotiate a budget acceptable to both parties. But House Democrats want the shutdown ended and the debt ceiling raised before establishing such a committee. In addition, Senate Democrats might propose a stand-alone bill to raise the debt ceiling.

October 9. House Democrats meet with Boehner before meeting with Obama.

October 10. Boehner and a team of House Republicans meet with Obama. They proposed raising the debt ceiling for six weeks to allow time to negotiate.

October 11. House Republicans put together a budget in exchange for raising the debt ceiling for six weeks and reopening the government.

October 12. Talks between Boehner and Obama break down. The Senate creates a plan to force the House to an agreement, as it did during the 2011 debt ceiling crisis and the fiscal cliff crisis.

October 13. Senate bilateral negotiations continue. Republicans want to extend the debt ceiling for three months, fund the government at current levels for six months, establish a bipartisan Congressional committee to agree on spending cuts to Medicare, delay Obamacare's tax on medical devices for two years, and give agencies more leeway in implementing sequestration.

October 14. Senate Democrats want to increase spending by $70 billion on the sequestration cuts that hit in January. They want the debt ceiling raised for a year. Republicans want cuts in Medicare and Obamacare and a three- to six-month extension of the debt ceiling.

October 15. The House submits its own plan, which has thrown a wrench into the Senate's negotiations. Neither side of Congress will accept the other's proposal.

October 16. The House plan didn't get the support of Tea Party Republicans, so it was dropped. Speaker Boehner put the Senate plan to a vote, where it passed through Democrat and moderate Republican votes. The president signed it Wednesday night.

October 17. The bill raised the debt ceiling until February 7, 2014, and reopened the federal government until January 15, 2014. It set up a budget conference committee, led by Senate Budget Chairwoman Patty Murray, D-Wash, and House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan, R-Wisc, to submit a unified budget to the president by December 15, 2013.

The Obama administration reported the shutdown slowed economic growth by 0.2 percent to 0.6 percent. It also cost 120,000 jobs. The government was unable to issue certificates for ships carrying U.S. exports and 200 drilling permits were delayed. Around 850,000 federal employees were furloughed each day.

Republicans gave up an earlier proposal of $61 billion in cuts in non-defense discretionary spending, including cuts to Planned Parenthood. This also allowed Obamacare and the Dodd-Frank Bank Reform Act to remain unscathed. Their cuts would have cost 800,000 jobs. Democrats gave up on $1.7 billion in cuts to defense.

1995. The government shut down twice: November 13 to November 19, 1995, and December 5, 1995, to January 6, 1996. Republican Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich won the Republican Party's 1994 Contract with America. It promised to slash funding and introduce a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution.

But no such amendment passed, so Gingrich went after Democratic President Bill Clinton's FY 1996 budget. He demanded steep cuts in Medicare, Medicaid, and other non-defense discretionary spending in return for raising the debt ceiling. To keep the United States from defaulting, a continuing resolution bill was passed until November 13. When no budget deal was reached, the government shut down until both sides agreed to balance the budget in seven years.

But they couldn't agree on which budget items would be cut by the time the resolution ended. The government shut down on December 15. By January 1996, both sides negotiated an agreement that cut some spending and raised some taxes, balancing the budget over the next seven years.

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Why the Government Shut Down and What Happens Next

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Agriculture - 40 percent of 95,383 workers. Farmers can't get loans processed. March food stamps could be cut. Commerce - 87 percent of 47,896 workers. Reports from the Bureau of Economic Analysis are delayed. Homeland Security - 13 percent of 232,860 workers. Companies can't verify a worker's immigration status.