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During this time slavery was justified by the bible. Ham (who was African) was cursed by God so all the descendants will be cursed as well. Douglass uses logic and states that because of white fathers the bloodline is broken so they should no longer be slaves.

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"If the descendants of Ham are alone to be scripturally enslaved,it is certain that slavery at the south must soon become unscriptural ; for thousands are ushered into the world,annually, who,like myself,owe their existence to white fathers,and those fathers most frequently their own masters"(Douglass 3).

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To build his credibility Douglass tells the reader that slaves sing when they are unhappy, something only a slave would know. To people that were not slaves, singing slaves were thought be be somewhat happy slaves.

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"Slaves sing most when they are unhappy.The songs of the slave represent the sorrows of his heart;and he is relived by them,only as an aching heart is relived by tears" (Douglass 8).

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Douglass uses a pathos appeal to reach the emotions of the reader by explaining that slaves do not know their age or birthday. Birthdays are a big deal to most people and to not know your own birthday brings on may emotions of pity and sadness.

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"I have no accurate knowledge of my age...I do not remember to have ever met a slave who could tell of his birthday"(Douglass 1).

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Logos is an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.

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Pathos is an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.

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Ethos is an appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.