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Fractures

The condition;

A fracture is a break or crack to the structure of the bone. Usually occurs because of excessive force applied to the bone, more so than it can withstand.

Types of fracture and brief description:

Closed (simple): bone has broken but has not pierced the skin.

Open (Compound): Broken bone is protruding through the skin, area is open to infection or bleeding.

Greenstick fracture: a small crack in the bone usually found amongst children due to bone flexibility (haven’t finished developing).

Hairline fracture: usually found in feet or lower leg from repeated stress such as running (impact sport).

Complicated fracture: More severe fracture where structures around the bones like veins and nerves can be damaged. Also classified under this is injury to the periosteum.

Comminuted fracture: This is where the bone is completely shattered due to the nature of the fracture, it can take much longer to heal.

Avulsion Fracture: where the tendons are pulled rapidly due to muscular contraction, pulling bone apart. Common in the shoulder joint and knee joints.

Compression fracture: When two bones are pushed together under force. Common in the spine from high impact force applied usually form landing feet first from height.

Signs: Pain, Swelling, Contusions, Deformity to the structure and inability to use the limb.

Patients will usually hold the limb or protect it by guarding it. The patient may show signs of sickness, be tearful, scream and sometimes go in to shock.

Symptoms: depend on the location of the break, what type of bone it is and how it has fractured.

Treatments available:

Immobilisation- casts, splints, walking aids such as moon boots, slings or bandages available to support, secure and maintain a position of the bone so it can heal correctly.

Surgery- with complicated fractures, surgery to correct the position of the bone and using surgical splints such as plates and Rods secure the bone on the inside of the body together, often a patient can be left with long term deformities due to severe breaks.

Radiography to access the fractured without cutting into the body to get a clear image for a doctor to access. X-rays, CT scans and MRI scans can be made available through our NHS.

(Better Health channel, 2018) Bone Fractures [online] Available at: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bone-fractures. [Accessed on 12/10/2018]

(NHS, 2016) Hip Fracture [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hip-fracture/. [Accessed on 13/10/2018].

(Waugh and Grant, 2014) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. 12th ed. Churchill Livingston, Elsevier.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis -
Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease. The immune system mistakenly attacks the person's joints, making them swollen stiff and painful.Over time this can damage the joint, cartilage and bone. Symptoms usually are seen in hands, feet and wrists. Rheumatoid arthritis can flare up at times and is a life long condition.
Osteoarthritis -
Osteoarthritis occurs when the body is unable to repair itself from everyday wear and tear and the protective cartilage on the ends of the bones breaks down, causing pain, swelling and limited movement. Areas can become inflamed and bony growths can appear. Main symptoms show as joint pain, stiffness and a cracking sound when effected joints are moved. Any joint can be effected with osteoarthritis. It most often causes problems in the knees, hips and small joints in the hands.
Osteoporosis -
Osteoporosis is a condition which effected people have a loss of bone density therefore develop weak bones making them more likely to break. Osteoporosis is a slowly developing condition and usually isnt painful until a fracture occurs. Fractures can occur in this condition frequently and can happen after a minor fall or in sever cases after a sneeze or cough. The most common injuries show in the wrist, hip and vertabrae. Older people with osteoarthritis can present with a stooped posture from a fractured spine.
Rickets -
Rickets is a condition that effects bone development and causes them to become weak and soft which can lead to bone deformities. Rickets is caused by a lack of calcium or vitiman D. Rickets can also be genetic and come secondary to another condition. Symptoms show in poor growth, bone pain and deformities such as curvature of the spine or bowed legs.
Osteomalacia -
Osteomalacia occurs from a defect in the bone maturing process. It happens when the bones are missing important minerals. Osteomalacia is caused by a lack of vitiman D. Osteomalacia causes soft bones which makes them more easy to break and is usually seen in the ribs, spine and legs. As the condition progressing symptoms can be seen in bone pain and muscle weakness. bone pain commonly effects the back, pelvis, hips, legs and ribs. Muscle weakness may cause a waddle whist walking and making walking more slower and difficult.
Fractures -
Fractures are broken bones. There are four main types of fractures - complete fracture - this is where the bone breaks completely into two or more parts. An incomplete fracture - this is where the bone cracks but does not break all the way through. A compound fracture - this is where the bone breaks through the skin but it can however recede back in. A simple fracture - this is where the bone breaks but no open wound in the skin. Symptoms show in the signs of swelling or bruising over a bone, deformity, pain, loss of function and the bone protruding the skin. Bone cancer can also lead to fractures.
Slipped epiphyseal cartilage -  The cause of this is still unknown. It commonly effects boys more than girls and commonly occurs in pre teenagers or teenagers as they develop through a growth spurt. Risk factors include obesity, family history or a metabolic disorder. This condition occurs when the ball at the head of the femur bone slips off the neck of the bone into a backwards direction effecting the hip. Symptoms show in pain, stiffness and instability in the effected hip. The condition develops gradually over time. It usually occurs on one side however patients younger than ten who develop this condition show in both sides.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis is an auto immune disease that causes inflammation in a number of joints. It is important this is diagnosed so treatment can begin. Rheumatoid arthritis is when your immune system starts attacking it's own tissue, symptoms: painful, swollen joints and stiffness.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of joint disease. Affecting 8million people in the UK. Osteoarthritis is a condition that also affects your joints. Osteoarthritis is when the cartilage is worn away between the two bones.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis -  Long term condition – causes swelling, stiffness and pain in joints  Usually affect hands, feet and wrists   RA can be difficult to diagnose as there is no specific test for the condition Osteoarthritis -  Most common type of Arthritis in the UK A condition were joints become painful and stiff Long-term condition that can’t cured Osteoporosis -  A condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break Often diagnosed when a fall happens or when a bone fracture occurs Can treat osteoporosis with using medication to strengthen bones, and treating and preventing fractures.  Rickets -  Skeletal disorder caused by lack of Vitamin D, calcium or phosphate Rickets is most common with babies/children aged between 6 and 36 months   Treatment for rickets is usually replacing the vitamins and minerals missing in the body Osteomalacia -  Weakening of bones  Problems with bones formation and/or bone building process causes osteomalacia  In severe cases, sufferers of this condition may need to wear braces or have surgery to rectify bone deformation Fractures -  Is a broken bone, could be a thin crack to a complete break in bone X-ray is the most common way to detect a fracture There are several types of fractures such as, open vs closed fracture and complete vs incomplete fractures  Cartilage -  Connective tissue found in many parts of the body  Most common in knees, hips, ankles and elbows In the first few days it is advised to rest, protect and elevate the affected area 

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Rheumatoid Arthritis -  Long term condition – causes swelling, stiffness and pain in joints  Usually affect hands, feet and wrists   RA can be difficult to diagnose as there is no specific test for the condition Osteoarthritis -  Most common type of Arthritis in the UK A condition were joints become painful and stiff Long-term condition that can’t cured Osteoporosis -  A condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break Often diagnosed when a fall happens or when a bone fracture occurs Can treat osteoporosis with using medication to strengthen bones, and treating and preventing fractures.  Rickets -  Skeletal disorder caused by lack of Vitamin D, calcium or phosphate Rickets is most common with babies/children aged between 6 and 36 months   Treatment for rickets is usually replacing the vitamins and minerals missing in the body Osteomalacia -  Weakening of bones  Problems with bones formation and/or bone building process causes osteomalacia  In severe cases, sufferers of this condition may need to wear braces or have surgery to rectify bone deformation Fractures -  Is a broken bone, could be a thin crack to a complete break in bone X-ray is the most common way to detect a fracture There are several types of fractures such as, open vs closed fracture and complete vs incomplete fractures  Cartilage -  Connective tissue found in many parts of the body  Most common in knees, hips, ankles and elbows In the first few days it is advised to rest, protect and elevate the affected area 

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Zoe Armstrong

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This is the break/crack of a bone.  Symptoms include pain, swelling and deformity.

Jasmin Tyson
550626

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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints. The symptoms usually affect the hands, feet and wrists.
OSTEOPOROSIS
Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. It develops slowly over several years and is often only diagnosed when a minor fall or sudden impact causes a bone fracture.
RICKETS
Rickets is a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes the bones to become soft and weak, which can lead to bone deformities.
Osteomalacia
FRACTURES
A fracture is a broken bone. It can range from a thin crack to a complete break. Bone can fracture crosswise, lengthwise, in several places, or into many pieces. Most fractures happen when a bone is impacted by more force or pressure than it can support.
Slipped epiphyseal
slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE or skiffy,  upper femoral epiphysis SUFE or souffy, coxa vara adolescentium) is a medical term referring to a fracture through the growth plate (physis), which results in slippage of the overlying end of the femur (epiphysis).
CARTILAGE
cartilage is a connective tissue found in many parts of the body. Although it is a tough and flexible material, it is relatively easy to damage. This fine, rubbery tissue acts as a cushion between the bones of joints. People with cartilage damage commonly experience joint pain, stiffness, and inflammation (swelling).

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Rheumatoid arthritis
A usually long term condition causing pain , swelling and stiffness in the joints .
Osteoarthritis
The most comment arthritis in the uk causing joints to become painful and stiff because the cartilage at the end of the bones becomes rough and thin whilst the bone underneath thickens .
Osteoporosis
A condition weakening the bones , developing slowly over years making bones fragile and break easier
Rickets
Rockets effects child bone development causing bones to become soft and weak leading to bone deformity .
Osteomalacia
This is softening of the bone in adults from a lack of vitamin D , calcium and phosphorus causing bone pain and muscle weakness
Fractures
Fractures can be split into several different types , closed , open , complicated , green stick . They all have the simple fact it is a break in the bone in common .
Slipped epiphyseal
Occurring in teens and pre-teens slipped epiphyseal is when the ball of the head of the femur bone in a backwards direction

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Briefly describe the following condition

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Briefly describe the following condition

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Rhumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Fractures
Slipped Epiphyseal Cartilage