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Jair Bolsonaro is favored by investors in the Brazil election. Credit Credit Evaristo Sa/Agence France-Presse - Getty Images

SÃO PAULO, Brazil - Looking at Brazil's rallying stock market and stronger currency, it might seem as if Jair Bolsonaro, the right-wing presidential candidate favored by investors, had already won and the country was bouncing back from its painful recession.

Mr. Bolsonaro has a substantial lead over his left-wing rival, Fernando Haddad, in Sunday's election.

But Alexandre Schwartsman, a former central bank director, and other analysts have argued that it's not clear what voters - and investors - will get with Mr. Bolsonaro in office. H is campaign platform only provides a broad outline of what he would do to make Brazil grow again, and his campaign has issued contradictory messages.

"The financial market is deluding itself with the promise of a liberal economic program" from Mr. Bolsonaro, Mr. Schwartsman said.

Part of Mr. Bolsonaro's appeal lies not in what he stands for, but in what he stands against.

This election has effectively become, for investors and for many Brazilians, a referendum on Mr. Haddad's Workers' Party, or PT. It governed Brazil through a boom-and-bust cycle from 2003 to 2016. Many Brazilians blame the PT for the country's economic decline - and Mr. Bolsonaro was remarkably effective in presenting himself as the leftist party's polar opposite.

"If the markets are a little apprehensive about Bolsonaro, they should feel completely insecure when it comes to the PT," said Gustavo Bebianno, the president of Mr. Bolsonaro's Social Liberal Party.

The vote comes as the nation, home to the world's eighth-largest economy, is struggling to emerge from a brutal economic downturn. That slump - worsened by a political crisis and a widespread corruption scandal - has left nearly 13 million people unemployed.

Jair Bolsonaro has been in the fringe far right for most of his political career. Now, he is the front-runner in Brazil's presidential race. Published On Credit Credit Evaristo Sa/Agence France-Presse - Getty Images

Without swift and largely unpopular measures - including pension reform - the fiscal deficit and public debt could balloon out of control and push the country back into recession.

But Mr. Bolsonaro is not your average business-friendly conservative. With his abrasive rhetoric, shoot-first approach to fighting crime and socially conservative agenda, he is more often compared with leaders like President Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines than with traditional free-trade minded fiscal conservatives.

When asked about the economy, Mr. Bolsonaro professes ignorance and points to his would-be finance minister, Paulo Guedes, a University of Chicago-educated and market-friendly economist handpicked to reassure the business elite.

Central to Mr. Guedes' ambitious plan for the economy is to put every public company and property - including the state-run electricity giant Eletrobras and the giant oil company Petrobras - on the auction block to raise over $400 billion.

That, he argues, would reduce public debt while crucial pension reform is hammered out.

But when asked about the idea during a recent television interview, Mr. Bolsonaro torpedoed it.

"Are you going to privatize in exchange for anybody's money?" he said. "China isn't buying in Brazil, China is buying Brazil! Are you going to leave our energy in the hands of the Chinese?"

During his seven terms as a lawmaker, Mr. Bolsonaro voted against privatizations, calling the landmark breakup and sale of the telecommunications monopoly a "barbarity."

Mr. Bolsonaro, a former army captain, has defended Brazil's military dictatorship and alienated many voters with incendiary attacks on women, blacks and gays. Nonetheless, he handily won the first round of voting, in part by positioning himself as the wrecking ball willing to demolish the political establishment Brazilians were so furious with after years of corruption scandals and economic turmoil.

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One of Mr. Bolsonaro's proposals is to put every public company and property - including the giant oil company Petrobras - on the auction block to raise over $400 billion. Credit Pilar Olivares/Reuters

Mr. Bolsonaro's embrace by investors came late in the game, with influential groups like the agribusiness lobby endorsing him just days before the first round of elections.

As the race narrowed, markets sided with Mr. Bolsonaro over Mr. Haddad, who became the Workers' Party candidate after the courts deemed the former president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the party's de facto leader, ineligible to run because he was convicted of money laundering and corruption. He is serving a 12-year sentence.

Many Brazilians hold the Workers' Party responsible not only for the multibillion-dollar bribery scheme uncovered by a corruption investigation known as Lava Jato, or Carwash, but also for the deep recession that began under Mr. da Silva's chosen successor, former president Dilma Rousseff.

Vanessa Gomes, a real estate broker in São Paulo, is among those who want a change.

"We know what 14 years of the PT brought - high interest rates and high unemployment," she said. "Properties have been sitting on the market for two years. Bolsonaro is going to change that. I've already got clients just waiting for elections to be over to buy."

Still, experts are divided over what "Bolsonomics" will look like.

"I think it's a massive risk," said Eduardo Mufarej, a former investment banker who founded the nonpartisan organization RenovaBR, which sought to get political outsiders elected this year.

"Markets are seeing the glass half full now," Mr. Mufarej said, adding that 2019 will be a crucial year.

With lower interest rates, low inflation and a backlog of investments coming to market once elections are over, the economy will almost certainly rebound, Mr. Mufarej predicted. But it might not last long, he said.

"It will be a honeymoon," he said.

But, he added, "Unless structural measures are implemented, like pension reform and tax reform, 2020 will be a completely different story."

Paulo Guedes is in line to become Mr. Bolsonaro's finance minister, but the candidate disagrees with him on important issues. Credit Daniel Ramalho/Agence France-Presse - Getty Images

Analysts warn that without drastic measures debt could reach unsustainable levels in the next two years, leaving the government unable to finance itself and pushing the economy back into recession.

In Brazil, workers on average retire at 55, earning 70 percent of their final salary. Social security accounts for a third of all government spending, which has contributed to record fiscal deficits. That makes pension reform among the thornier challenges the new president will face.

While Mr. Guedes has repeatedly vowed to push an unpopular measure through Congress, Mr. Bolsonaro has again sent mixed signals.

"We can't penalize those who have already acquired rights," Mr. Bolsonaro said of draft reform in a recent interview. "We can play with things, we have ideas and proposals in that sense, but no one will be penalized."

Markets are optimistic his tune will change once the campaign is over.

"The problem isn't the policy orientation," said Chris Garman, a Brazil expert at Eurasia Group, pointing out that Mr. Bolsonaro spoke to dozens of economists over the last year, looking for someone with the right liberal credentials. "The problem is, how much can they get done?"

In pushing through any changes, Mr. Bolsonaro will be up against a fragmented Congress with 30 political parties. He does not have a track record of building coalitions, and has said he will not partake in the traditional horse-trading required to pass legislation in Brazil.

Mr. Mufarej, the former investment banker, said Mr. Bolsonaro could lose the chance to act if he doesn't expand his inner circle beyond mostly military men and entice competent and experienced professionals to critical jobs.

To Eurasia's Mr. Garman, the risk is ending up with watered-down measures.

"We will see compromises along the way," he said. "If he doesn't get pension reform done in a year, we could see a real blowout."

Manuela Andreoni contributed reporting from Rio de Janeiro.

A version of this article appears in print on , on Page A4 of the New York edition with the headline: Brazil's Investors Favor Bolsonaro for President. Should They?. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe

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Brazil's Markets Have Surged on Hope of Bolsonaro Victory. Can He Deliver?

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SÃO PAULO, Brazil - Looking at Brazil's rallying stock market and stronger currency, it might seem as if Jair Bolsonaro, the right-wing presidential candidate favored by investors, had already won and the country was bouncing back from its painful recession. Mr. Bolsonaro has a substantial lead over his left-wing rival, Fernando Haddad, in Sunday's election.

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Brazil is a second wave of Newly Industrialised Country.
However, Brazil shows much larger added value in gross exports than the other NICs = benefitting from a higher initial advantage thanks to abundant primary ressources.

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NIDL = New International Division of Labour

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Current intensively spatial reorganization of the world economy is in contrast to the relatively stable situation from the 19 th to the third quarter of the 20 th century, when three main centres of the world economy were formed as results of polycentric processes: U.S. in the north-american region, western Europe with a background in the EC/EU integration and Japan with hinterlands in east Asia.

Gradual weakening of the core region's share on world trade (this phenomenon can be described as one of the new features of the world economy) can be understood as a result of the strengthening of the emerging countries, whose growth have been related with and increasingly open and interconnected to international economic relations.

Some of developing countries (eg NIC) had "adopted a new role" in the global economy through investment strategies of multinational companies from western Europe, North America and Japan (Coe, Kelly and Yeung 2007). Production in some industries is able to react very quickly and move into the "emerging industrial areas" with the most advantageous localization factors (such as labour, raw materials, market, environmental requirement, etc.)(Vančura 2008).

Typical example of this statement can be presented by newly industrialized economies/countries, when "first wave" was named as "Asian Tigers" (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan). Through industrialization and then by opening their economy in eighties, these states had been able to compete with Japan (leader of this region) in many industrial fields in nineties. Or now, we can identify "second wave" of newly industrialized countries as Brazil, China, Malaysia, Mexico and Thailand.

Figure 22 Newly industrialized countries: "The first and second wave (present)" and states defining as an alternative NIC

Changing conditions in the global economy may be supplemented by prediction that the largest newly industrialized countries (Brazil, China and India) together with Russia will strengthen their position in the world economy that their importance to the year 2050 will overcome currently most important G8 countries. That is why these countries are already known as the "BRIC" (Brazil, Russia, India, and China).

Simplified key trends in accelerated development of developing countries can be defined as (Cihelková et al. 2009):

Integration of these countries into the world economy,

strong economic growth in recent years,

increasing demand for raw materials, foods, industrial goods and investments,

fast improvement in social indicators,

rapid environmental degradation.

Not only China´s economic growth but also growth in other developing and newly industrialized economies can be attributed to specific localization advantages, such as lower labour costs, more free safety standards at the workplace and environmental standards, cheaper land and other production inputs (Sýkora 2000). These factors encourage multinational companies to move their production into the countries with localization advantage to reduce production costs and to increase their profits. Production shift to other countries can be described as delocalisation of production (Vančura 2008). It can be talked about two basic ways:

Outsourcing: various supporting and auxiliary activities (subcontracts) are entrusted to another company which is specialized for this appropriate action.

Offshoring: the production is shift to abroad, regardless whether the production is performed by a contracted company (offshore outsourcing) or just moving the company production capacity (opening new branch).

Functions such as management, research and development, highly intensive capital investment (hi-tech production) and activities requiring a skilled workforce stay concentrated in developed areas, while primary production routine, which is requiring large amount of manpower (importance of labour costs) is moving to regions in developing countries.

Authors on the basis of the above mentioned findings speak about creation of the new international division of labour (NIDL) which leads to spatial separation of management and production at the international level, while the organization of the production processes is secured within the internal structure of multinational companies (Sýkora 2000).

Original international division of labour had resulted from the international trade of commodities produced in different parts of the world - developing countries provide food and raw materials to industrialized countries and companies of the world core produced and exported finished products.

It is important to realize that except of the liberalization and domestic markets, it is also huge development of telecommunications, information and transportation technologies, offering the possibility of intensive interactions without the need for geographical proximity, which made the shift of the parts of production process to the countries of the world semi-periphery. Therefore it is spoken about new technologies conditionality (enabling incorporation of less skilled labour and transport over long distances)(Coe, Kelly and Yeung 2007).

The meaning of "price and qualifications of the workforce" appears in the current global distribution of production as very important, because while management and development activities of companies are "geographically anchored" by the presence of skilled labour and appropriate institutional and natural environment, routine production has become very mobile and sensitively respond to the price of labour. The spatial division of labour is therefore formed by company effort to find area with these most useful features of the labour force for specific activities:

Wage level,

qualifications,

productivity,

participation of trade union,

culture,

"obedience".

Figure 23 Hourly labour costs in USD in manufacturing in selected countries in 2009 and its change in year 2000 and 2009
Source: based on the data of Bureau of labour statistics [on-line].

Technological changes in production as manufacturing automation and process upgrading (chapter 0), reduce the number of required workers, while companies need quick response to rapidly changing market requirement leads to an intensification of the labour process which manifests itself as:

Working in shifts,

increasing amount of overtime working,

flexible working contracts and

part-time work.

Therefore companies are trying to look for a flexible workforce in terms of operational(labour is not specialized), time (overtimes and 24-hours shifts) and numerical (agency staff, temporary contracts). This is the format which started to be applied in Japan companies in the second half of the 20th century and which combines advantages of high-volume production (economies of scale) and craft manufacturing - the lean manufacturing.

Formation of a new international division of labour was not reflected only in a gradual shift of economic power but also as the transformation of the role and the importance of the sector for the region. There is a pervasive change in placement of industrial production which is known as the "global shift"(Dicken 2011).

Developed countries are recently beginning to lose importance in capital and knowledge intensive goods, which clearly shows the shifts in the qualification structure of the world population.

For example China has significantly improved the structure of its exports, when export of technology intensive production share was 31% of total exports of goods in 2005. But the largest share of exports still constitute labour intensive production, which can be seen as a major threat in the changing Chinese society in the long term and shows the need to strengthen the focus on a different type of products.

Bičík et al. (2000) describe gradual shift of textile, glass, steel and petrochemical industries from developed countries to newly industrialized and developing countries. While the core areas of developed countries have maintained a significant share in the sectors of electronic and mechanical engineering.

This shift of production between regions can be documented on the example of toys production, where region of East Asia (mainly China, Hong Kong and Taiwan) dominate in current production and subsequent export and controversy the main importers are developed countries (such as France, U.S., Great Britain and others).

Figure 24 Toys manufacturing industry - import and export in 2002
Source: Worldmapper [on-line], map number 57 and 58; edited.

Coe (2011) are thinking about arrangement of new division of labour, new global division of labour (NGDL) due to the current phenomena of increasing complexity of the division of labour, externacionalization of networks created by multinational companies, transform of three core regions and crucial dependence of industrial development on ability of enterprises and organizations to generate innovations and upgrade their activities.

Growing importance of newly industrialized countries was possible to observe in the last twenty years in the production of technologically sophisticated products (computers, audio-video equipment, automotive industry) and the onset of many multinational companies from these regions to high positions of global production networks.

Already, at the beginning of the 21 st century share of export of high-tech product of Southeast Asia formed to 40% of total area export, that means that they exceeded regions of North America, Japan and western Europe (their values were from 15 to 25 per cent).

Figure 25 The value of export of high-tech product at purchasing power parity (2002) expressed as a percentage of total export of produced goods and the largest multinational companies in the computer industry (hardware) in 2013.
Source: Worldmapper [on-line], map number 352 and Forbes [on-line]; edited.

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Impacts of NIDL to change of importance of sectors in region

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Current intensively spatial reorganization of the world economy is in contrast to the relatively stable situation from the 19 th to the third quarter of the 20 th century, when three main centres of the world economy were formed as results of polycentric processes: U.S.

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With Latin America entering the process of globalization, capital flow became easier and investment increased in Brazil.
With the eco crisis of 2014, the investments dropped, and should only start increasing again in 2019.
source : Deloitte, Research & maket intelligence

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The Southeastern region of Brazil has 48% of the registered companies !

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Solutions for the ageing population = 1st residence for old people in Sao Paulo !

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Solutions for the ageing population = 1st residence for old people in Sao Paulo !

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Tecnisa decided to create the first private building dedicated to receive elderly people in São Paulo in Brazil. This building, called "Senior living" will be part of "Jardim das Perdizes", a real estate project inaugurated in 2013 by the company.

Explanations...

"Jardim das Perdizes", a real estate project inaugurated in 2013 by Tecnisa

This project is the company's most important one in São Paulo. It's a new modern district, a reference in terms of quality of life!
Watch the video:
Jardim das Perdizes by Tecnisa: some figures

Employees (actual/peak): 1.700 / 3.000.
Workers (own): 600
More than 100 thousand meals per month
More than 12 thousand doors
More than 3 thousand sand trucks
More than 112 thousand m³ of concrete poured.
More than 7500 ready-mixed concrete trucks - 40 trucks per day
Forecast: 380 thousand m³
More than 15 thousand tons of steel used in structure.
Forecast: 48 thousand tons of steel

"Senior living": a building to receive independent and semi-dependent elderly people

"Senior living" is the future part of "Jardim das Perdizes" dedicated to receive independent and semi-dependent elderly people, and projected to respect the accessibility standards and definitions of ANVISA (health regulatory agency of Brazil).

The guests will have the possibility to count with health activities with specializing professional and a premium health assistance. The objective is to provide an active life and promoting the interaction.

The project will be managed by a 5-stars hospitality brand and the medical services will be provided by the reference in hospital group in Brazil.

Above 384 apartments will be available (30 m² to 55 m²) with common areas and activities, such as Gym room, Restaurant, Industrial kitchen, Laundry, Hydro gymnastic, Art therapy, Movie theater...

Interview of Fabio Villas Bôas, Technical director

Could you please present Tecnisa?

Of course! Tecnisa is one of Brazil's most profitable developers and has one of the largest net margins in the sector. With over 39 years of experience in the Brazilian property market, we are equipped with a complete business platform, which enables us to operate in all areas of the real estate development sector.

Our fully-integrated operation focuses primarily on the residential market, encompassing all project stages, from land acquisition, through development and sales to construction.

Our company is also recognized as the most innovative company in Real Estate in Brazil. Tecnisa invests to create a culture of innovation to develop high-attractive unique products, optimize the construct process to reduce the cycle and provide outstanding experiences to clients and stakeholders.

For example "Fast Dating" is an innovation process created by Tecnisa: any company has the opportunity to show its ideas, products and services. To optimize and organize agendas and to offer the same conditions for all participants, 10 minutes presentations are accepted. If any good idea shows up, another meeting will be organized, without the clock ticking.

Why are you interested in the "senior housing"?

We decided to target the elderly because we observed that Brazil has the sixth largest elderly population in the world; the 60+ population has grown from 3 million in 1960 to 7 million in 1975 and then to 15 million in 2002. So, there is really something to do.

Nowadays this target invests € 7,7 billions in the local economy per month. With life expectancy rising widely in Brazil, old age is no longer the final phase of life, they are full of energy, they still work and have many plans for the future.

Anyway, for us, they cannot and should not be called "elderly". They are physically and mentally well and have an active and independent life.

Why is it positive for you to participate to this meeting day organized by Business France today?

We don't speak so much about Silver Economy in Brazil, but it will soon begin because today, we have projects and initiatives around this topic.

For us, France is one of the best places in the world to get ideas dedicated to elderly people, especially in senior living rooms. So we contacted Business France in order to see what French companies were doing and to learn things from this culture. This is the fastest way to do best things!

What is you opinion about robotics?

We still don't have robots in Brazil, except some solutions for cleaning places. I don't think that it can work there for the moment, because we are a Latin population, we keep our families close. Robots might be a solution for security for sure, for helping people but definitely not for replacing somebody.

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Senior living: one of the first private buildings for elderly people in Brazil

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Tecnisa decided to create the first private building dedicated to receive elderly people in São Paulo in Brazil. This building, called "Senior living" will be part of "Jardim das Perdizes", a real estate project inaugurated in 2013 by the company. Explanations... This project is the company's most important one in São Paulo.

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CHALLENGES FOR BRAZIL, with the rising dependency ratio

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CHALLENGES FOR BRAZIL, with the rising dependency ratio

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--> find a new retirement system : the current budget of the retirement system represented 4% the GDP in 2016, BUT with the decreasing number of active contributors and the increasing number of beneficiaries, it should represent 23% of GDP in 2060 !
--> improve infrastructure : need to improve public transport as well as promote "active-ageing" and "age-friendly" cities to take good care of the elderly.
--> transform services : healthcare needs to develop (grow to prepare for a more care-dependent population), and needs to adapt to the needs of older patients.
--> improve technological connection : help this sector develop in the older-age market, and help reduce the digital divide between older adults and the rest of the population

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Brazil is an example of STAGE 3 COUNTRY in the DTM

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Brazil is an example of STAGE 3 COUNTRY in the DTM

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DTM = Demographic Transition Model

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By 2060, regional inequalitites should persist

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By 2060, regional inequalitites should persist

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As we see from the IBGE report predictions from 2018.
--> life expectancy gaps remain approximately the same as now between the South and North regions.

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Comparing 1970 to 1991 to 2018, what do we observe ?

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Comparing 1970 to 1991 to 2018, what do we observe ?

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AN AGEING BUT STILL INCREASING POPULATION

old population (75+) increasing = increasing life expectancy

youth population decreasing = stabilising birth rate (more wealth means parents depend less on children) + reduced child mortality (improved health)

main tranch of the population getting older (from the 0-4 yo. to the 30-36 yo.) = ageing population

population still increasing

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By 2060, Brazil should experience STAGE 5 of the DTM

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By 2060, Brazil should experience STAGE 5 of the DTM

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- today at 208 millions, the population will reach a max of 233 millions in 2047, and then drop = population decrease

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Brazil's population, which today stands at 208 million people, will continue to grow over the next 30 years, when it will peak in 2047 at 233.2 million. From that point on, however, the country will see a gradual decline of its population until 2060, when it will have 228.3 million. The projections were published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).

Population growth is already shrinking in Brazil. Between 2016 and 2017, the country gained 1.6 million people - the double of what has been registered between last year and now.

A few factors explain the trend, none of which being more important than the reduction in the number of children per woman, which has been on a downward trend since the 1970s. Today at 1.77 kids per woman, the fertility rate of Brazil's population should drop to 1.72 by 2030, according to IBGE.

In the Northeast, the zika virus outbreak helped push the number of births down by 5.1 percent in 2016. That was, however, a specific event, with little impact on statistical projections.

As in other countries, Brazilian women are having fewer children due to their increasing participation in the workplace. According to demographer Tadeu Oliveira, they have increasingly put their careers first, postponing motherhood until later in life. In 2010, pregnant Brazilians were, on average, 26.5 years old. Eight years later, the average age is at 28.8.

Rapid aging process

The study confirms the fast-paced aging process of Brazil's population. In 20 years, Brazil will have more elderly citizens than it has children. And, in 2060, one of every four people in the country will be 65 years old or more.

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state, will be the first to experience an elderly population. For the state, the process will happen in 10 years, half of the time it will take the rest of Brazil.

Life expectancy in the country has reached 72.7 years for men and 79.8 for women. These numbers should jump to 77.9 and 84.2, respectively, by 2060. Just 110 years ago, life expectancy in Brazil was of just 33.4 years for men - nearly half of the 62.3 years in 1990. That rise is a result of increasing access to education, an enhanced public healthcare system, and improvements to public sanitation - even if there remains a lot to be desired in all of those areas.

Those stats, however, are highly dependent on socioeconomic development levels. For the northern part of Brazil, for instance, life expectancy in 2060 should reach only 77.4 years - lower than the current life expectancy for the South and Southeast, which are by far Brazil's wealthiest regions.

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What will Brazil's population look like in 2060?

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Brazil's population, which today stands at 208 million people, will continue to grow over the next 30 years, when it will peak in 2047 at 233.2 million. From that point on, however, the country will see a gradual decline of its population until 2060, when it will have 228.3 million.

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- in 2060, 25% of Brazil's population will be over 60 yo.
- in 2030, Brazil's fertility rate should start to drop (it is today at 1.77, which is quite elevated)

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Extreme disparities between rich and poor regions of Brazil

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Extreme disparities between rich and poor regions of Brazil

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NUMBERS
- In 2000 : Sao Paulo (South) had a life expectancy 6.1 years longer than Maranhao (North) and had a GDP 5x higher
- In 2016, the life expectancy difference increased to 7.5 years, while the GDP was only 3.5x higher.

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There is a general understanding that since the start of the millennium, Brazilians are living longer and earning more. However, in a country so large and diverse, it is important to know exactly these wealth gains have occurred, and whether this more prosperous Brazil is, in fact, being enjoyed across the entire nation. With that in mind, we at The Brazilian Report have taken data on life expectancy and GDP from all 27 states since 2000, to paint a clear picture of how far Brazil has come and where it stands today.

The interactive balloon chart below uses four variables, with each state represented by its own blob, proportional in size to its population and color-coded by region. Average life expectancy is shown on the x-axis, while the vertical axis represents GDP per capita of each state. As the animation is played, we see the progression of these variables between 2000 and 2016. (to animate the chart, click play.)

The inspiration for this chart comes from the late Swedish statistician Hans Rosling, who was famous for his groundbreaking visual representations of cold figures. With his goal to "make data dance," Dr. Rosling presented statistics with the zeal and drama of a sports broadcaster, in innovative and attractive formats, which we have attempted to emulate here.

As unequal as ever

The first thing to notice is that yes, all across the board, Brazilian states have become richer and its populations are living longer. However, we can also see that the disparity between regions has remained largely the same. States from the Southeast and South (represented by the green and purple blobs, respectively) began the millennium higher and to the right, read richer and with a higher life expectancy, with states from the Northeast and North resigned to the bottom left of the chart. Over the course of the century, while all states improved their life expectancies and GDP, the Southeast and South remain far richer and living longer.

São Paulo had a life expectancy 6.1 years longer than Maranhão in 2000, as well as having a GDP five times higher. In 2016, the life expectancy disparity between the two states actually increased to 7.5 years, while the GDP difference decreased to 3.7 times.

Pernambuco's dramatic wealth gain

While most states around Brazil progressed at similar speeds throughout the 21st century, the northeastern state of Pernambuco has seen the most striking levels of development since 2000. Where once it had the second-lowest life expectancy anywhere in the country (65 in 2000), Pernambuco shot up to 13th place in the longevity rankings, overtaking 13 northern and northeastern states and recording a life expectancy of 73.9 years in 2016-meaning Pernambucanos are living almost nine years longer on average.

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The wealth and life expectancy of Brazilian states, mapped

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There is a general understanding that since the start of the millennium, Brazilians are living longer and earning more. However, in a country so large and diverse, it is important to know exactly these wealth gains have occurred, and whether this more prosperous Brazil is, in fact, being enjoyed across the entire nation.

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6 of Brazil's universities are in the top 10 of Latin America
BUT funding has shrunk by 7% !

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As Latin America's largest economy, Brazil still dominates the list of the best universities in the region, according to British magazine Times Higher Education . The latest THE ranking , which is based on 13 performance indicators, has six Brazilian institutions among the top 10 (including the two best ones), and 43 among the best 101 Latin American universities.

The region's two best universities are the University of Campinas (Unicamp) and the University of São Paulo (USP). In common, these institutions have partnerships with the private sector to produce knowledge and patents. Marcelo Knobel, Unicamp's rector, credits the success to a high share of postgraduate students and a recent focus on innovation .

Unicamp researchers, for instance, have recently patented the extract of jabuticaba (a native Brazilian fruit) skin, which is used to help fight obesity and even to treat two types of cancer: leukemia and prostate tumors. The university also aims at investing in the incubation of startups, and in June launched a crowdfunding to expand its science park.

But the favorable positions in such rankings should not be used to paint a rosy picture of education in Brazil. As points out itself, "while Unicamp is number one in the region, and while four other Brazilian universities make the top 10, the country's institutions are in a precarious situation."

The science and technology sectors have been brutally hit by Brazil's worst recession on record, as The Brazilian Report exposed in the February piece "As science stalls in Brazil, the economy shows signs of the strain."

Shrinking funds in universities

In July 2017, a group of rectors from federal universities announced that the budget available for the year would only pay the bills until September. And that was after hundreds of workers had been laid off, scholarships had been gutted, and projects had been paralyzed. Funding had been cut by almost 7 percent.

Then, in December 2017, the budget for federal universities announced by the government had a twist: for the first time, only half of the money to be used for investments (in areas such as machinery and infrastructure) would be immediately available. The rest is now controlled by the Ministry of Education, which will decide where to invest.

Rectors criticized the method, saying that it could hamper the universities' autonomy, as the government could be more inclined to privilege institutions which are more ideologically aligned to the administration.

Since 2009, Brazil's spending per university student has decreased. While the total budget rose by 40 percent, the number of students increased by 44 percent. Unifesp, the Federal University of São Paulo (which also figures among Latin America's top 10), is the one which spends the most: BRL 81,161 per student every year - which is less than USD 21,000. In fact, 86 percent of universities' budgets are used to pay for personnel.

Besides budget cuts caused by austerity policies, in 2016 the government decided to shut down the Science Without Borders program, which sent Brazilian students abroad in order to enhance knowledge exchange and language learning. It was certainly a flawed program, which ended up sending a lot of people to Portugal (which defeats the purpose of language learning), but still opened up horizons for Brazilian students. Between 2011 and 2016, the program had sent almost 100,000 students to foreign institutions.

Between 2016 and 2017, Brazil had the largest reduction among all countries sending students to American universities, according to a report from the U.S. Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. The reduction reached 32 percent comparing to 2015-2016, and the report "stresses the scaling back of large government scholarship programs as a significant factor."

Brain drain

But just because Brazil is not helping students and researchers go abroad, it doesn't mean that they are not leaving the country. As a matter of fact, for a few years now, Latin America's biggest economy has been suffering from a serious case of brain drain.

According to Mr. Knobel, part of the blame is on state rules that limit salaries for researchers. In the state of São Paulo, to which Unicamp is attached, the ceiling for researchers' salaries is BRL 21,000, "which is a serious risk to our capacity to attract top-notch talent."

The science and technology budget in 2018 has dropped 25 percent compared to last year and has hit its lowest point in History - roughly USD 1.17 billion. Since President Michel Temer took over from Dilma Rousseff in 2016, the sector has faced a progressive funding reduction that has alarmed Brazilian scientists.

"Any institution that comes to mind is scrapped and has no sign of improvement in the short or mid-term. Structural changes demand government collaboration. But Brazil's latest elections have only reduced my hopes that it might happen soon," says Irio Musskopf, a data scientist and MIT Technology Review's Innovators nominee. He has recently left for Berlin to join some of his relatives and has no intention to come back any time soon.

In 2016, Brazil also lost one of its most lauded researchers, neuroscientist Suzana Herculano-Houzel. From 2004 to 2012, the finances of the public university lab where she was doing her researches on neuroanatomy were flourishing. "But in 2012, while my international acknowledgment was in the ascendancy, I was still working in a 24 square meters lab," she wrote in Brazilian magazine Piauí .

Three years later, as fundings shrank, Ms. Herculano-Houzel had to use her own money to continue her investigations. "Ironically, during that harsh period, my collaborator and I published a 100 percent Brazilian piece on magazine answering a very old question for neuroscience: what makes brain cortex fold," she remembers. Ms. Herculano's prestige got her an opportunity at Vanderbilt University, in Tennessee, where she became an associate professor.

"Brazilian science is in agony," sums up the neuroscientist.

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Brazilian universities the best in Latin America. But a crisis is looming

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As Latin America's largest economy, Brazil still dominates the list of the best universities in the region, according to British magazine Times Higher Education . The latest THE ranking , which is based on 13 performance indicators, has six Brazilian institutions among the top 10 (including the two best ones), and 43 among the best 101 Latin American universities.

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Main cause of Brain Drain ? LOW INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH

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Main cause of Brain Drain ? LOW INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH

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Brazil spends 1.2% of its GDP on research and development, compared to an avg 2.4% in developed countries (data from 2016)

In 2018, the budget for science was cut by 44% (decrease of $898 million, lowest point in History !)

The ceiling for researcher's salaries is £4,200

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NIC = Newly industrialised country
--> country whose economy has not yet reached a developed country's status but have outpaced their developing counterparts

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Why did developing countries surpassed developed ones ?

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Why did developing countries surpassed developed ones ?

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ON ONE HAND
developed countries have more funds and engineering capacity
BUT ON THE OTHER HAND
developed countries inherit old fossil energy systems --> the cost of conversion from fossil to renewable energies is actually more elevated than the simple cost of construction from scratch, that developing countries benefit from

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Renewable Energies are :
- cheaper to invest into
- clean (that's the point)
- free a country from balance of payments burdens (bc you don't waste your money endlessly on expensive fuel)
- enhance energy security (you don't depend on international supplies or prices of fuel)

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By Prof. John A. Mathews
Professor of Strategy at Macquarie Graduate School of Management in Sydney, Australia and author of Greening of Capitalism

There was a time when arguments about development and energy were seen as different discourses. They came together in the familiar call for poor people in developing countries to have access to electricity. As for energy needed for industrialisation, fossil fuels - with all their burdens on the balance of payments and geopolitical entanglements - were tapped to fill the need.

To be sure, the Western world as it industrialised over the past 200 years enjoyed enormous benefits from fossil fuels. The transition to a carbon-based economy liberated economies from age-old Malthusian constraints. For a group of select countries representing a small slice of the global population, burning fossil fuels enabled an era of explosive growth, ushering in dramatic improvements in productivity, income, wealth and living standards.

As the rest of the world now claims the right to share in those same benefits, they confront severe barriers as they seek to industrialise using fossil fuels. China, however, shows an alternative way forward. India is following fast - and the way is open to other industrialising countries to emulate them.

These countries are approaching renewables as part of the industrialisation process itself because they are products of manufacturing. Renewables are clean. They free a country from balance of payments burdens. They generate employment. They enhance energy security. And they respond to the economic imperative facing industrialising giants like China, India and others.

By taking this approach, China, for one, has grown in just the past decade to become a renewables superpower - dwarfing all industrialised countries in its levels of renewables. China had installed 378 gigawatts (GW) of renewables capacity by 2014 to tap water, wind and sun to generate power. Under China's 13 th Five Year Plan, the country aims to have no less than 750 GW of renewables capacity available - more than all the countries of the OECD combined.

This offers a new way of framing industrial development strategies. Countries with abundant renewable resources can use renewables technologies as a means of accelerating their industrial development. They can pursue late-comer strategies, like the East Asian countries before them, and apply them to technologies, like wind turbines and solar panels, to build renewable energy systems that generate clean power, clear the skies, strengthen energy security and resolve balance of payments problems.

The economic arguments against renewable energy sources - that they are expensive, intermittent or insufficiently concentrated - are rebutted easily. While opponents to renewables are large in number, what often motivates their interest is preserving the status quo of fossil fuels and nuclear energy rather than worries of wind turbines or solar farms blotting the landscape.

Those wishing to halt the expansion of renewables are unlikely to triumph over simple economics. A tax on carbon emissions or subsidies for clean energy are not driving the renewable energy revolution. That revolution results from reductions in the cost of manufacturing that will soon make it more cost-effective to generate power from water, wind and the sun than coal.

Unlike mining, drilling or extraction, manufacturers benefit from learning curves that make production increasingly efficient and cheaper. Investments in renewable energy drive down the cost of their production, expanding the market for their adoption and making further investment more attractive. These mechanisms drove down the cost of solar photovoltaic energy by 80% and reduced the cost of land-based wind power by 60% from 2009 to 2014, according to Lazard's Power, Energy & Infrastructure Group.

Countries can build their way to energy security by investing in the industrial capacity needed to manufacture wind turbines, solar cells and other sources of renewable energy at scale. As China and India throw their economic weight into the renewables industrial revolution, they are triggering a global chain reaction that could benefit - and be a role model for - many more developing countries.

For comments please contact dev.contact@oecd.org
This article should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD, the OECD Development Centre or of their member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author.

© OECD All rights reserved

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Developing countries and the renewable energy revolution

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There was a time when arguments about development and energy were seen as different discourses. They came together in the familiar call for poor people in developing countries to have access to electricity. As for energy needed for industrialisation, fossil fuels - with all their burdens on the balance of payments and geopolitical entanglements - were tapped to fill the need.

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Developing countries love green energies !

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Developing countries love green energies !

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NUMBERS : in 2016, out of the £196.5bn of global investments on renewable powers and fuels worldwide, £107bn took place in developing countries (like in China, Brazil, India...).
= first time developing countries outnumber developed ones !

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Investment in renewable energy was higher in the world's poorest countries than the richest ones for the first time last year, according to a major new report.

A total of about £196.5bn was spent renewable power and fuels globally in what was a record year for investment in the sector, according to the Renewables 2016 report by the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (Ren21).

But more than £107bn of that total, which doesn't include large hydropower schemes and heating and cooling technologies, took place in developing countries such as China, India and Brazil.

Friends of the Earth said it was "shameful" that the UK was being outspent by "much poorer countries" and attacked the Government for failing to create the right environment for investors in renewables.

By the end of 2015, there was enough renewable capacity to supply an estimated 23.7 per cent of the world's electricity - a figure the UK Renewable Energy Association (REA) said showed that there was a "strong business case" for the industry.

However the REA also lamented "political decisions" by the British Government that it said were holding back the sectors' growth and favouring "more expensive technologies instead".

In 2015 renewables worldwide had the capacity to generate 1,849 gigawatts of power, compared to 1,701 gigawatts in 2014, after the largest ever annual rise, the Ren21 report said.

Christine Lins, REN21's executive secretary, pointed out this record level of growth had been achieved despite governments around the world heavily subsidising fossil fuels.

"What is truly remarkable about these results is that they were achieved at a time when fossil fuel prices were at historic lows, and renewables remained at a significant disadvantage in terms of government subsidies," she said.

"For every dollar spent boosting renewables, nearly four dollars were spent to maintain our dependence on fossil fuels."

She said poorer countries were increasingly turning to renewable energy partly because it was now so "cost-effective".

"Countries are opting for renewables because they are not only the most environmentally sound, but also the cheapest option," Ms Lins said. "It's a clear signal of its economic viability."

While developing nations were creating new electricity supplies, richer nations had to phase out existing fossil-fuel power stations, she added.

But what this means is poor countries are more than pulling their weight in terms of moving towards a fossil fuel-free world to limit the effects of global warming.

"For the first time in history, total investment in renewable power and fuels in developing countries in 2015 exceeded that in developed economies," the REN21 report said.

China, often portrayed as a polluted, coal-powered villain in debates on climate change, topped a league table for investment in renewable power and fuels apart from large-scale hydro, followed by the US, Japan, the UK and India.

And Mauritania came first in a league based on investment in proportion to GDP, followed by Honduras, Uruguay, Morocco and Jamaica.

The report added: "Bangladesh is the world's largest market for solar home systems, and other developing countries (e.g., Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania in Africa; China, India and Nepal in Asia; Brazil and Guyana in Latin America) are seeing rapid expansion of small-scale renewable systems, including renewables-based mini-grids, to provide electricity for people living far from the grid."

China, it said, had played a "dominant role" in the industry, increasing its investment by 17 per cent. This accounted for a staggering 36 per cent of the total global investment.

"Renewable energy investment also increased significantly in India, South Africa, Mexico and Chile. Other developing countries investing more than $500m (about £345m) in renewables in 2015 included Morocco, Uruguay, the Philippines, Pakistan and Honduras," the REN21 report said.

"By contrast, renewable energy investment in developed countries as a group declined by eight per cent in 2015, to $130bn (about £90bn).

"The most significant decrease was seen in Europe (down 21 per cent to $48.8bn), despite the region's record year of financing for offshore wind power ($17 billion, up 11 per cent from 2014).

"In the United States, renewable energy investment (dominated largely by solar power) increased by 19 per cent to $44.1bn, the country's largest increase in dollar terms since 2011."

In January, experts who carried out an analysis for The Independent warned that the British renewable energy sector would "drop off a cliff after 2019" because of the Government decision to end subsidies for windfarms while pledging to go "all out" for shale gas produced by fracking.

James Court, head of policy at the Renewable Energy Association, said the REN21 report "clearly shows that globally there is a strong business case for renewables".

"While the demand globally for renewables is increasing, we are beginning to see in countries such as the UK, that political decisions are holding back the industry's growth," he said.

"Good examples include onshore wind and solar, both of which are being denied access to the market while more expensive technologies are supported instead."

Andrew Pendleton, a Friends of the Earth campaigner, said: "It should be a source of deep shame that Britain is being outspent by many other industrialised and developing nations in renewables when, as a windy island, we have a clear competitive advantage.

"It's even more shameful that we're being outspent by much poorer countries - Bangladesh is installing home solar while our Government slashes support to homeowners.

"Wind, solar and marine technologies will dominate energy markets. Whichever country emerges the most innovative and ambitious will doubtless be positioned for economic domination with all of the job creation that that implies.

"If Britain, with our almost unrivalled natural resources isn't the right place to invest in renewables then where is? If now is not the right time, when will be? Governments have to create the right investment climate and it's clear that currently ours isn't."

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The developing world is investing more in renewable energy than rich countries

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Investment in renewable energy was higher in the world's poorest countries than the richest ones for the first time last year, according to a major new report.

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Help to the disabled - a step towards social development

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Help to the disabled - a step towards social development

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"At least 23,9% of the Brazilian population can be considered disabled. The gov. provides strategic actions in the sectors of health, education, citizenship and accessibility, granting tax reductions (often 0% of tax) for a number of products and equipment of assistive technology."

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Disabled people represent almost 25% of the entire Brazilian population. In this article we will learn how the measures taken by the government try to promote their accessibility.

According to the 2010 Census conducted by IBGE, approximately 45,6 million people declared to have some kind of disability, which means that at least 23,9% of the Brazilian population can be considered disabled. Visual impairment is the highest, representing 18,8%, followed by motor (7%), hearing (5,1%) and intellectual (1,4%) disabilities.

Brazil's relation to its special population is still difficult. For a person using a wheelchair, crossing the street can be a hard task, if you consider that not all sidewalks have ramps, and ones that do are often in poor condition. Rules have been established in cities throughout Brazil to supply basic needs for people with disabilities like crossing the street.

Considering the difficulties faced by disabled people, the Brazilian government also provides a series of tax reductions and exemptions for them, especially when it comes to buying items that they need for everyday life.

The National Plan for People with Disabilities

The government launched a national plan for disabled people, the Plano Nacional dos Direitos da Pessoa com Deficiência - Viver Sem Limite. Created in 2011, it provides strategic actions in the sectors of health, education, citizenship and accessibility, granting tax reductions for a number of products and equipment of assistive technology.

Also in 2011, it instituted a law that provides the reduction of the PIS/PASEP and Cofins rates to zero on the import and sales of products for disabled people, such as braille machines, calculators equipped with voice synthesizers, electronic magnifying glasses, ocular prostheses, cochlear implants, hearing aids and parts and pieces for wheelchairs. The exemption is also valid for people with Down's Syndrome or intellectual impairment, and it is valid when there is no other similar product in Brazil in terms of quality, technical content, price and productive capacity.

Tax Reduction for Vehicle Purchases

The acquisition of a car can be considered as a means to improve the quality of life for disabled people in tasks such as going to the doctor or to treatment centers. Poor infrastructure conditions that make it difficult for disabled people to walk on the streets, like the lack of ramps on the sidewalks, also reinforce the need for a vehicle to go from one place to another.

Therefore, when buying a new car, people with a physical disability have exemption from the following taxes:

IPI - the exemption is valid for passenger cars or mixed-use vehicles, of national fabrication, purchased either directly or through the person's legal representative

IOF - applies for financial operations for the acquisition of passenger cars of national production

ICMS - for fuel-based vehicles, destined for the exclusive use of the disabled person, unable to drive an ordinary automobile

IPVA - for passenger cars produced nationally. The exemption is valid for the period in which the disabled person owns the car

Rodízio Municipal de São Paulo, for those who live in the city of São Paulo - disabled people can drive their vehicles in all São Paulo city areas where there is restriction to a vehicle's transit

It is not only disabled people who are granted this benefit, though; people with serious diseases, such as HIV, cancer, dwarfism - less than 1,5m high - and cardiac or renal problems that cause limitation of movement. These people, plus parents whose children have special needs, are exempt from paying IPI, ICMS and IPVA. The discounts can reach BRL 8000.

How to Obtain the Tax Benefit

To get the reduction, it is necessary to make an appointment with Detran's medical board, taking a report from the disabled person's doctor. Then, the person who cannot drive will get another report, which will take from 15 to 20 days to be issued. After getting the report, the person has to go to the Federal Revenue Service, where they will have to register as a special contributor. The next step is the analysis of the medical report: if approved, the exemption request and the contributor's documentation will be issued in approximately 4 working days.

Then it's necessary to go to the Secretaria da Fazenda, the Treasury Secretariat, which will analyse the case again and concede the benefit. The whole process takes approximately 3 months.

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Tax Reduction for People with Disabilities

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Disabled people represent almost 25% of the entire Brazilian population. In this article we will learn how the measures taken by the government try to promote their accessibility. According to the 2010 Census conducted by IBGE, approximately 45,6 million people declared to have some kind of disability, which means that at least 23,9% of the Brazilian population can be considered disabled.

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With immigration on (or near) the top of everyone's minds in the U.S. lately, I thought it would be helpful to take a look at immigration's effect on Brazil. A continuous inflow of highly qualified immigrants is a key factor in any country's development. By attracting and retaining talent, an economy benefits from new entrepreneurs and the businesses and jobs they create. Brazil is beginning to reap the benefits of a recent inflow of highly skilled professional immigrants, and is looking for new ways to maintain that growth and attract even more successful foreigners.

Taking a look back at immigration in Brazil at the end of the 19 th century, the country experienced a strong surge which would eventually become a turning point in the country's evolution from a low-level industrialized society to a developed one. Brazil was able to tap into consolidated industrialization in Europe, where manpower from rural areas flooded into cities unable to absorb them. Brazil was waiting with open arms and took in millions of immigrants from countries such as Italy, Portugal, Spain and Germany.

This migratory wave enabled Brazil to not only diversify agriculture and end its dependence on coffee, but also boosted the urbanization and industrialization that significantly enhanced economic growth. The immigrants settled in the larger cities, which lead to economic progress in the state of São Paulo and laid the foundation for major industries in the south of Brazil that were critical for development.

However, after 1939, Brazil once again underwent change and many skilled and unskilled Brazilians sought a better life elsewhere. A series of economic crises in the region had greatly diminished employment opportunities and the quality of life, which gave rise to the saying that "Brazil exported its talents, eliminated its poor and retained its mediocre people." Due to significant moves to reduce inequality beginning in 2002, the situation reversed once more in the country's favor. Large numbers of skilled or qualified foreigners have come back to Brazil seeking employment and better living standards once again.

In fact, during the last six years, temporary immigrant numbers have risen 135% overall and more than 200% for those holding masters' degrees or doctorates. While most of the immigrants coming to the country are now highly qualified, reflecting a shortage of qualified manpower in certain specialized sectors, such as oil and gas, technological innovation, and construction and energy. The bulk of these professional immigrants are coming from countries such as the United States, Philippines, India, Germany, Italy and France. Those wishing to stay in Brazil for longer periods are coming from Portugal, Spain, France, and China. These highly qualified professionals have come to Brazil under employment contracts; and the businesses that are bringing them in are increasingly looking for foreign executives to lead the way.

The question arises, what exactly do these qualified workers expect to find in Brazil? A study titled, "Qualified Foreigners: The Changing Face of Immigration in Brazil" by Gilda Momo from São Paulo's PUC University, found that these immigrants originally sought an opportunity for professional growth in their home country; however, they view the opportunity to work in Brazil as a way to gain experience in "a complex and diverse market." This is seen as an essential step on the way to reaching their final objective of returning home with international experience in an emerging market with the challenges and scale of Brazil. They believe it gives them a better view of the world that will be extremely valuable as they climb the corporate ladder.

Most of those coming to Brazil on a temporary basis are living in two of Brazil's largest cities, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (35% and 45%, respectively). For these professionals, the main advantages of coming to work in Brazil are its large market, higher salaries and a general hospitable attitude throughout the country. On the downside, the cost of living is high, there's a lot of government bureaucracy, and ever changing labor and employment legislation. Overall, Brazil is considered a unique place to live with enormous opportunity and a structure that allows foreigners to live well, despite latent problems such as crime and low standards of urban mobility.

The bad news for Brazil is that despite the recent growth of immigrants, they are still only 0.3% of the total population, which is insignificant compared to other developed countries like the United States (14.51%), Singapore (42.9%) or Switzerland (28.9%). The importance of immigration policy for economic development is well documented. A recent estimate found that close to 25% of Silicon Valley companies have been founded by immigrants and those companies are generating approximately $17 billion in sales and employing about 52,000 people.

During Brazil's recent fiercely contested presidential election campaign, there was little discussion of immigration policy. In fact, Brazil has no concrete strategy or public policy currently in place for attracting and retaining these highly qualified immigrant professionals.

As the country continues to seek economic expansion, Brazilian officials will need to develop robust immigration policies to continue to bring top talent to the country. But, the fact remains that Brazil is becoming an attractive place for skilled immigrants to live and work; and it is a mutually beneficially relationship for both foreigners and the country.

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Welcome To Brazil: The Effect Of Immigration On The Country's Economy

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With immigration on (or near) the top of everyone's minds in the U.S. lately, I thought it would be helpful to take a look at immigration's effect on Brazil. A continuous inflow of highly qualified immigrants is a key factor in any country's development. By attracting and retaining talent, an [...]

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41% of the brazilian domestic supply is already composed of renewable energy (mainly coming from biomass and hydropower)

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Brazil is more advanced than most countries around the globe when it comes to clean energy, but the solar power presence is yet to be expanded in the energy matrix. This article outlines the certification process of solar panels to Brazil.

Brazil is known for having one of the most sustainable energy matrix in the world, with 41,2% of the domestic supply composed of renewable energy, mainly of sugarcane biomass and hydropower. On the contrary as many would expect, the country does not yet take advantage of its solar potential, which is extremely high due to the country's geographic position.

Foreign manufacturers for photovoltaic systems see Brazil as a potential market, but in order to import and commercialise solar panels in Brazil, it is necessary for the products to be approved by Inmetro, and that they follow certain local standards.

Brazilian Labelling Programme (PBE)

With the increase in the consumption and commercialisation of solar panels, the Brazilian government has found it necessary to monitor and control them, which is why the Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem (or the Brazilian Labelling Programme, known as PBE) was created.

PBE is coordinated by Inmetro and mainly focuses on energy efficiency. Nowadays the programme is composed of different levels of Conformity Evaluation Programmes, that comprise of labelling electrical appliances and the labelling of products related to renewable energy, such as solar-thermal and photovoltaic equipment. The programmes related to solar panels are:

Programme

Characteristics

Equipment to solar heating of water - solar-thermal

Voluntary Application for Registration

Equipment and Systems for photovoltaic energy

Mandatory Application for Registration

National Stamp of Energy Conservation (ENCE)

Both solar-thermal and photovoltaic equipment must have the National Stamp of Energy Conservation (ENCE), which is a conformity stamp that classifies equipment from "A," which means more efficient, to "E," less efficient, and provides other relevant information. In order to be classified in these categories, the products must be tested by Inmetro before being imported to Brazil.

Steps for Solar Panels Certification for Importing

All products comprised in the Conformity Evaluation Programme in the scope of PBE, have its importation authorised through the issuance of an Import License, known as LI, by Siscomex. The LI must be issued before the product embarks its country of origin. Which means, that the importation of solar-thermal and photovoltaic equipment doesn't have automatic licensing, the importer must register the LI before embarking.

1) LI to Equipment Samples

All importers must register an LI, short for import license, on Siscomex to the equipment samples that will be subjected to testing. To get the LI it is necessary to pay an Approval Tax, through the Union Collection Guide, which is BRL 60 as of January 2017. The LI will be analysed by Inmetro within a maximum of 60 days.

2) Tests in Laboratories - Conformity Evaluation

The tests performed in order to label equipment are realised by laboratories accredited by the Coordination Department of Inmetro, the Cgcre/Inmetro, according to the rules and requirements established by the Conformity Evaluation Requirements, known as RAC, that can be viewed here.

The equipment must be tested in the following laboratories:

Research Center of Electric Energy (CEPEL)

Research and Development (CPpD/ASE)

Institute of Electrotechnical and Energy of the University of São Paulo (IEE/USP)

Solar Energy Laboratory of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)

Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais (GREEN/PUC-MG)

Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-RJ)

Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (LABELO/PUC-RS)

3) Inmetro Certification of the Equipment Tested

The difference between the importation of solar-thermal and photovoltaic equipment is that the first ones, as was observed in the table above, are exempt from Inmetro registration.

This means that, after the Conformity Evaluation, the solar-thermal equipment can have its LI duly registered with Siscomex followed by the approval to be imported and commercialised in Brazil. Whilst the photovoltaic equipment still needs to be registered by Inmetro and to follow the procedures listed below.

To get this registration, it's necessary to log in to the registration system of Inmetro which is available here. Along with the application, it is necessary to attach the following documentation:

Registration application

Copy of the articles of association of the importer

Commitment term of the conformity evaluation signed by the legal representative

Notarised copy of the legal representative's identity card

Test reports developed in the laboratory accredited to Inmetro

Models of the labels that will be put on the products for commercialisation

Other documents that could be required by Inmetro

It's also necessary to pay the Conformity Evaluation Tax of BRL 60 through the Union Collection Guide.

4) LI to Labelled and Certified Products

The importer must finally register the LI of the authorised equipment on Siscomex systems to begin the import of the equipment. To get the LI, it is necessary to pay an Approval Tax of BRL 60 through the Union Collection Guide.

5) Maintenance of the Inmetro Certification

The importer responsible for the certification, must renew it every year, otherwise the registration is cancelled. To maintain the certification, the person responsible must access the system and attach the new laboratory reports according to the rules established by the Conformity Evaluation Requirements.

Important Considerations

To import and register their equipment, foreign companies must have a legal representative in Brazil

The LI is analysed in order of arrival, with the objective of promoting equal treatment to all suppliers

Nowadays, Inmetro doesn't recognise analysis of foreign laboratories

There isn't any bilateral or multilateral mutual recognition agreements to certification of products. Even in the case of equipment certified by foreign laboratory units. It's required to have the labelling and the certification by Inmetro

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Solar Panel Certification Process in Brazil

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Brazil is more advanced than most countries around the globe when it comes to clean energy, but the solar power presence is yet to be expanded in the energy matrix. This article outlines the certification process of solar panels to Brazil.

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A majority of the Brazilians who leave are young (60% are between 20 and 34 yo) and from the richest regions (50% come from the southeast, 21% alone from Sao Paulo).

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Growing economy, growing job opportunities, growing investments. Brazil is far from an economical crisis, but many Brazilians choose to live in other countries. This article will cover this emigration movement.

Brazil's full employment was a subject frequently cited in the past year by the press and the government. So far, this condition has not been reached but unemployment rates have been kept under control. Even so, many Brazilians leave the country, emigrating mainly for developed nations.

The emigration from Brazil increased between the 1980s and the 1990s. Successive economic crises happened in this period, leading to a growing number of firings and high inflation rates.

In search of better conditions, several families left the country looking for job opportunities. At first, some Brazilians went looking for work in neighboring countries like Paraguay, but the United States, Europe and Japan quickly became popular destinations.

Current Overview

Today, the Brazilian scenario is very different from the one seen during the end of the military regime and the birth of the presidential republic in the late '80s. Even so, the amount of people living abroad is much higher than the observed 30 years ago.

The Ministry of External Relations or MRE, short for Ministério das Relações Exteriores, estimates that over 2.5 million Brazilians live in other countries, although his number is not exact since there aren't any completely efficient methods to calculate this data.

One example of the inaccuracy is the latest census realized in Brazil. It pointed out that less than 500,000 people were living abroad. This number is considered to be distorted due to lack of information during the research, and much farther from reality than the one presented by MRE.

Main Reasons

The biggest reason on why Brazilians are leaving the country is still the search of employment, as shown on a research made by International Centre for Migration Policy Development or ICMPD. Also, in the past years, many people moved in order to be close to their relatives or families. The entity affirms that a big part of this is made irregularly.

ICMPD also showed that there is a growing emigration of Brazilians to Europe. Among the reasons for emigrating to Europe is the fact that moving to European nations is usually cheaper and easier than going to the United States, declares the entity. Portugal is historically one of the favorite destinations due to the language similarity.

Where are Brazilians Going?

The Ministry of External Relations affirms that the population living abroad is distributed in over 190 countries worldwide. The main destination is the United States, responsible for almost 42% of all the Brazilian emigration.

The table below shows the ten most popular destinations for people leaving Brazil to settle in another country, according to the Ministry of External Relations:

Other Data

The demographic census, realized in every ten years by IBGE or Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, presents some other information about the Brazilian population that decided to move to another country. Below are some of the most recent available results, which are part of the census realized in 2010. Even though the nominal amounts nowadays might be inaccurate, the percentage of distribution can be considered up-to-date.

* Gender: around 53% of the Brazilians living abroad are women.

* Age: almost 60% of the Brazilians that emigrated are between 20 and 34 years old.

* Origin: half of the population that left the country used to live in the southeast region. 21.6% used to live in the state of São Paulo.

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Growing economy, growing job opportunities, growing investments. Brazil is far from an economical crisis, but many Brazilians choose to live in other countries. This article will cover this emigration movement. Brazil's full employment was a subject frequently cited in the past year by the press and the government.

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#1 destination for Brazilians = the USA !

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#1 destination for Brazilians = the USA !

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Each key theme is then divided into smaller columns for each subject

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Slide to the right to change of key theme  -------->>

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Slide to the right to change of key theme  -------->>

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Unemployment risign in Brazil - recession since 2015

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Unemployment risign in Brazil - recession since 2015

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‘People are getting poorer’: hunger and handouts as Brazil crisis deepens

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Unemployment and social instability threaten unwelcome return to the past in recession-hit country once seen as a model for developing economies

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Dramatic impact on services and life expectancy

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Dramatic impact on services and life expectancy

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NUMBERS (2013) = AVG life expectancy in the North is 73.9, and is 78.2 in the South

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Inequalities in healthy life expectancy by Brazilian geographic regions: findings from the National Health Survey, 2013

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The demographic shift and epidemiologic transition in Brazil have drawn attention to ways of measuring population health that complement studies of mortality. In this paper, we investigate regional differences in healthy life expectancy based on…

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Poverty makes a country more fragile concerning sanitary crises

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Poverty makes a country more fragile concerning sanitary crises

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“The lack of basic sanitation, the poverty, it all favours the mosquito,” Cruz said. “There is a big chance of Zika coming back.”

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Two months after government says Zika emergency at an end, water shortages and weak health system trigger fears of fresh outbreak

Weaknesses in the public health system risk another Zika epidemic in Brazil, according to a report published two months after the government declared the mosquito-borne virus was no longer an emergency.

Blamed for the birth defect microcephaly, Zika exposed human rights deficiencies in areas such as sanitation, access to clean water, poverty and sexual health restrictions, the report released on Thursday by Human Rights Watch said.

"The underlying conditions that allowed the outbreak to be so damaging have not been addressed and there is a vulnerability for future outbreaks," said Amanda Klasing, one of the report's authors. She added that millions of people lack proper sanitation or fresh water, and women also need better information and access to contraception and safe abortion - which is illegal in most cases in Brazil.

Zika was first identified in Brazil in 2014 and spread rapidly through the country. There were 191,992 cases in 2016 and by May, 9,351 new cases this year. The ministry of health said Zika was responsible for the majority of the 2,753 cases of the devastating birth defect microcephaly - of which 322 were this year.

Microcephaly, which can also be caused by other infections such as herpes, rubella and syphilis, causes babies to be born with abnormally small heads and leads to cognitive and learning difficulties. Many of the babies come from low-income backgrounds, like Maria Eduarda, born 19 months ago, who is cared for by Cleane Serpa, 19, and Miriam Pereira, 42, who adopted the baby.

They live in a tiny house in a low-income community in Recife, the north-eastern city that was an epicentre for the Zika epidemic, and receive £225 in monthly benefits for the child and two women to live on. They also receive free bus travel to take her to occupational therapy, hearing, physiotherapy and other sessions - spending up to two hours each way on the journey.

"It is not enough. Her milk is expensive, and her medicine is expensive," Serpa said. Caring for a microcephalic baby is intensive, full-time work. Maria Eduarda spent six months feeding through a tube that she has only just been weaned off. "She forgot how to swallow," said Serpa.

Many women interviewed for the report said they lacked information on contraception and were unaware that Zika could be transmitted sexually. Almost half of those with microcephalic babies were single mothers.

Illegal abortions increased in Brazil in the face of the Zika crisis, according to a 2016 study by the New England Journal of Medicine. Requests from Brazil to Women on Web, a Dutch organisation that sends abortion medicines to women in countries where it is restricted, increased 108%. Since 2005, more than 900 women have died from unsafe abortion in Brazil.

The HRW report recommended that Brazil's supreme court make abortion legal, a move the country's conservative congress is unlikely to make in this deeply religious country.

"Politically, it is very difficult - but from a public health perspective, criminalising abortion is terrible policy," Klasing said.

The microcephaly outbreak was concentrated last year in the north-east of Brazil - one its poorest and most arid regions - for reasons that scientists and researchers are still trying to understand. The report argues that a lack of proper sanitation and water supply contributed - a view many specialists share.

The Aedes aegypti mosquito, which transmits Zika and other arboviruses like Dengue and Chikungunya, lays eggs on damp surfaces near water. Poor sanitation and a lack of water supply, which means people leave their water sitting in buckets or containers, provide ideal conditions for it to spread.

"When you have more conditions for the Aedes aegypti mosquito to spread, you have more transmission possibilities," said Jessé Alves, an infectious diseases specialist at the state-run Emilio Ribas hospital in São Paulo.

According to World Health Organisation statistics, 35 million people in Brazil do not have adequate sanitation and 3.8 million do not have access to safe drinking water. In the north-east, just 25% are connected to a wastewater system.

"There is a big deficit in the country," said Alceu Galvão, a sanitation consultant in the north-eastern state of Ceará, following decades of low investment.

In 2013, left President Dilma Rousseff's government launched a 20-year plan to improve sanitation across Brazil. The plan "was overtaken by the economic situation", Galvão said as Brazil has sunk into a debilitating recession. Rousseff was impeached last year for breaking budget rules and her successor, Michel Temer, has introduced a 20-year ceiling on spending to reduce a spiralling £33 billion deficit he blamed on her overspending.

Other specialists agreed that Zika could return.

Danielle Cruz, an infectious diseases specialist in Recife who has treated many microcephalic babies, said Zika could be cyclical, like other arboviruses. While Dengue numbers fell sharply this year, Brazil had to mount an emergency vaccination operation to contain a sylvatic yellow fever outbreak.

"The lack of basic sanitation, the poverty, it all favours the mosquito," Cruz said. "There is a big chance of Zika coming back."
Topics

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'Poverty favours the mosquito': experts warn Zika virus could return to Brazil

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Two months after government says Zika emergency at an end, water shortages and weak health system trigger fears of fresh outbreak Weaknesses in the public health system risk another Zika epidemic in Brazil, according to a report published two months after the government declared the mosquito-borne virus was no longer an emergency.

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"refugees are left to fend for themselves with a small clutch of charities and non-governmental organisations providing support where they can"

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77,000 Venezuelan have fled to Brazil and are left to themselves = Brazil doesn't have the ressources to welcome them)

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Brazil has received 15,000 asylum claims this year, but its national asylum system hasn't been updated since 1997 when it got 500 applications a year

razil is failing to respond to one of the most serious forced migration crises in decades. The economic and political maelstrom in neighboring Venezuela has forced thousands of people to flee into Brazil in search of food, medicine and basic survival. According to Brazil's border police, more than 77,000 Venezuelans poured into Brazil between 2015 and 2016. While most are eager to return to Venezuela, many are seeking asylum. There are already 8,231 Venezuelans who have officially claimed asylum in 2017 and another 5,000 others waiting for an appointment. Roughly 150 new claims are being received every single day.

The situation for the new arrivals is dire. They are living on the streets and in improvised shelters. Many people have contracted diseases associated with poor living conditions and rely on overstretched and understaffed hospitals. Human Rights Watch reports that almost 2,000 migrants were diagnosed with malaria in 2016. The number of Venezuelan women seeking maternity care has also sky-rocketed, as have reports of kidnapping, rape and trafficking for sexual exploitation.

The emergency response has been meagre. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has increased its presence at the border and is working with the Brazilian federal government to craft an emergency plan. But in the face of rapidly deteriorating conditions in Venezuela, the contingency plan is dangerously far from being effective. For their part, state and municipal authorities are reticent about getting fully involved. Many officials fear that assistance to migrants is an electoral liability. One mayor went so far as to suggest that Brazil should close its border with Venezuela to avoid new arrivals.

Making matters worse, there appears to be no long-term strategy to anticipate mass migration situations in the future. Instead, refugees are left to fend for themselves with a small clutch of charities and non-governmental organisations providing support where they can. Unless Brazil significantly rethinks and retools its migration and asylum systems to the new reality of increasing human mobility, the country will be in permanent response mode. This is not just a question of morality, ethics and "doing the right thing". There are stark legal and operational implications of Brazil's non-action.

While having a long-standing reputation as a "welcoming" country, Brazil has never had a federal institution devoted exclusively to migration. As a result, skills and resources are scattered across different ministries. Astonishingly, the national asylum system has had no structural changes since 1997, a period when Brazil received no more than 500 asylum claims a year. At the moment, there are six case workers assisting a National Committee that gathers only once a month to process more than 15,000 new claims each year. Not surprisingly, there's a backlog of at least 25,000 asylum cases.

Particularly concerning is the fact that Brazil has no digital system in place to track its migrant and refugee population. No one actually knows how many asylum-seekers and refugees there are in Brazil. There is no centralised information on their nationalities, age or gender, much less their basic needs for protection and support. If Brazil wishes to upgrade its system into the 21st century it needs at the very least a unified data management system. Information should be gathered at entry and exit points, processed at the federal level and then used to drive informed public policies.

Brazil's restrictive migration law was updated this past month. In spite of a searing political and economic crisis, a handful of enlightened Brazilian policy makers proposed new legislation focused on protecting and preserving migrants' rights. Sadly, not all is good news. 20 presidential vetoes introduced in the last few weeks have vastly diminished the power of the new law. The much-awaited amnesty for migrants in an irregular situation, a practice adopted by Brazilian administrations since the 1980s, was one of the major drawbacks to the bill. What's more, it's become patently clear that the government is not even remotely prepared to implement the new law in terms of procedure and policy.

Brazil must create a new institution to manage migration. This is essential to coordinating the government's response to refugees. Equally important is the deployment of a semi-permanent presence in key border areas and major urban centres to provide assistance to those who need it most. In a continent-sized country such as Brazil, asylum processing and refugee assistance cannot be restricted to just two or three major cities as is currently the case. States and municipalities must be incentivised to step-up and work in a coordinated manner.

The country also needs to deliver on its commitment to develop a new resettlement programme. Previous initiatives were fully funded by UNHCR and offered comparatively few places when compared to Brazil's sheer size and potential. In almost 15 years, no more than 800 refugees were resettled in the country. With international funding waning, Brazil has not resettled a single claimant in 10 months. An enlarged programme, targeting particularly vulnerable groups and involving all levels of government, private firms, civil society and international organizations is critical and could serve as a model for Latin America.

At a time of increasing reactionary nationalism, in which border walls and security fences continue to be built to control migration, it is imperative that Brazil updates its approach to forced migration. It needs to match the rhetoric of an open-door policy with real improvements in the institutionalisation, coordination and management of refugee protection and resettlement. The crisis affecting its Venezuelan neighbours provides an opportunity to make the necessary changes and honour its tradition as a defender of the poor and vulnerable.

Maria Beatriz Nogueira and Maiara Folly are researchers at the Igarapé Institute. Join our community of development professionals and humanitarians. Follow @GuardianGDP on Twitter. Topics

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Brazil's refugee policy needs a radical overhaul in response to Venezuela's crisis

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Brazil has received 15,000 asylum claims this year, but its national asylum system hasn't been updated since 1997 when it got 500 applications a year razil is failing to respond to one of the most serious forced migration crises in decades.

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Disadvantages of immigration for the host

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Disadvantages of immigration for the host

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MAIN ONE = Lack of sufficient public services/infrastructure to support the number of people in the area

Widen regional inequalities as immigrants tend to concentrate in the richer and more developed parts of the country

Congestion/traffic and pollution problems

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MAIN ONE = a more skilled workforce boosts a country's development and economy

Workforce is expanded and demand increases, which creates even more jobs = virtuous cycle

Boost urbanization and industrialization factors where people install, significantly enhancing economic growth

Diversification of the culture, which improves the country's opening to the world

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Pull reasons = why do people immigrate to brazil ?

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Pull reasons = why do people immigrate to brazil ?

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MAIN ONE = more qualified job opportunities for foreigners, at a better salary

Advantageous policies for skilled workforce

Lower cost of life

Large market

Higher salaries

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Push reasons = why emigrate from brazil ?

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Push reasons = why emigrate from brazil ?

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MAIN ONE = search of employment (source: International Centre for Migration Policy Development)

Poor living conditions

Poor services (education, health, water supply, technology...)

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Brazil is mainly populated by the descendants of the portugese who colonised this land from 1500 to 1815

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In 1999, Brazil signed an agreement with the United Nation High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) to begin a formal refugee resettlement program.

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Brazil wants to attract highly qualified migrants = brain gain !

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Brazil wants to attract highly qualified migrants = brain gain !

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WHAT IS BRAIN GAIN ?
"Because the government wants to attract high-skilled employees, the Labor Ministry provides experts, managers, and administrators with temporary work visas." "The number of work visas issued by the Brazilian government augmented ten fold between 1993 and 2008.
WHY THIS AUGMENTATION ?
"It is associated with the increasing insertion of Brazil in the world economy. Most of the immigrants coming to the country are now highly qualified and allows Brazil's to further develop and grow."

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In the 19th century, industrialized metropolises (rich south) was supplied in raw material by the poorer north. North's development became dependent on South's, but did not develop at the same rate.

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Brazil slashed poverty from 25 percent of the population in 2004 to 8.5 percent in 2014. Extreme poverty declined from 12 to 4 percent over the same period.
source : World Bank’s international poverty line

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Brazil's North and Northeast areas = poorest regions, periphery
South and Southeast areas = richest regions, core

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BRICS is an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
Its is aimed at cooperation between developing or newly industrialized countries.

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A peak emerged in 2014 as a consequence of the Brazilian Economic Crisis of 2014

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- RISING high-technology exports (% of manufactured exports) = 13.4%
- HIGH renewable energy (% of primary energy supply, 2016) = 40.25%
- RISING ict good exports (million US$, 2012) = 1,325
- LOW internet access (% of all households) = 49.3%

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- GDP growth (% annual) = -3.6%
- GNI per capita, PPP (US$) = 14,840
- GDP per capita, PPP (US$) = 15,500
- Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) = 12.5%

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- Life expectancy at birth (years, 2016) = 75.2

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Data from 2016

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Free and open access to global development data