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Deep depth of field is the range of distance within a scene that is considerably sharp, is wide, covering a wider depth in the scene. This photo shows how the entire photo is in focus fro the front all to the back where it is hard to see, it's all in focus which is really amazing.
I think this photo was maybe 1/16 to make sure that the whole photo was in focus

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Shallow depth of field is the distance between the nearest and furthest object in a scene that appears acceptably sharp in an image. This image shows the leaf in focus and the background is out of focus.
I think the aperture in this photo was 1/1.8 to be able to have the leaf only in focus and and have the background be blurry.

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How do I change the camera to aperture priority?
I switched the mode dial from S to A changing it from shutter priority to aperture priority.

What happens to the photo when the aperture changes?
The point of focus changes, where you might want the back to be blurry and the front to be really clear so your eye goes straight to it, or the front blurry and the black clear, or anywhere in between.

Why use Aperture priority and when is it best to use it?
You use aperture to make the photo have different places of focus, you do it to make the eyes go to different parts of the photo depending on what aperture you used. It's best used for portraits and baby photos, because you want the focus on the person and not on the background. Or when you are taking landscape photos and want the entire photo to be in focus.

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Aperture-f/16
ISO-200
Shutter Speed-1/2000

This shows shallow because it has the tree in the front more into focus and has bernie in the back out of focus.

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Aperture-f/8
ISO-200
Shutter Speed-1/1000

This shows medium depth of field because the flowers and the grass both are in focus, even though your eyes go to the flowers bec the front ones are in more focus.

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Aperture-f/16
ISO-200
Shutter Speed-1/1500

This shows depth because it has the tree in the front that is mostly in focus and the background with the other trees and the parking that is also in focus