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How would you characterize the expansion of industry throughout Europe during the early 1800's?

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How would you characterize the expansion of industry throughout Europe during the early 1800's?

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Industrialization was regional rather than nation-wide; some countries did not industrialize because of geographic or social obstacles

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How did industrialization shift the world balance of power?

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How did industrialization shift the world balance of power?

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It widened existing inequalities between industrialized and non-industrialized countries and paved the way for imperialism.

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What were the favorable conditions in both the US and Britain that led to industrialization? Who played a role and where do we see it in the US?

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What were the favorable conditions in both the US and Britain that led to industrialization? Who played a role and where do we see it in the US?

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Both has water powered harbors, iron ore, vast labor forces, political stability, and a favorable financial system.

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What inventions changed the way textiles were produced and how did it lead to the textile industry to move from homes to factories?

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What inventions changed the way textiles were produced and how did it lead to the textile industry to move from homes to factories?

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Flying shuttle (John Kay)

Spinning jenny (James Hargreaves)

Water frame (Richard Arkwright)

Spinning mule (Samuel Crompton)

Power loom (Edward Cartwright)

The machines sped up the process of making textiles and also moved textile making to factories.

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What are the four ways that railroads revolutionized life in England?

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What are the four ways that railroads revolutionized life in England?

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1. Cheap way to transport materials and products

2. Hundreds of thousands of new jobs

3. Boosted agriculture and fishing by transporting to distant cities

4. Encouraged country bumpkins to get city jobs, and brought city folks to the countryside

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What were the three reasons the Industrial Revolution began in England?

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What were the three reasons the Industrial Revolution began in England?

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Extensive natural resources

Expanding economy

Political stability

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What were the long-term effects of the Industrial Revolution?

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What were the long-term effects of the Industrial Revolution?

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- Most people today in industrialized countries can afford consumer goods that would have been considered luxuries 50 or 60 years ago.
- Their living and working conditions are much improved over those of workers in the 19th century.
- Profits derived from industrialization produced tax revenues.
- These funds have allowed local, state, and federal governments to invest in urban improvements and raise the standard of living of most city dwellers.

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What were the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?

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What were the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?

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Out of the Industrial Revolution came healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper, mass-produced clothing. It expanded educational opportunities because the Industrial Revolution created a demand for engineers as well as clerical and professional workers. Although it took until the 1800’s for quality of life to improve for the working class as well, they did eventually receive higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions.

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Describe three of the reasons the agricultural revolution began in Britain, and the effects on population.

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Describe three of the reasons the agricultural revolution began in Britain, and the effects on population.

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Enclosures helped farmers try new agricultural methods, and also it made large farmers force small farmers to become tenants or even move to the city. New crop rotation improved upon older methods of crop rotation, such as the medieval three-field method. Livestock breeding helped food supplies increase and living condition improved population flourished.

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How did the middle class differ from the working class? Which class saw their standard of living improve during the industrial revolution? Which did not and why not?

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How did the middle class differ from the working class? Which class saw their standard of living improve during the industrial revolution? Which did not and why not?

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The middle class was composed of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers while the working class was just laborers. The new middle class changed the social structure in Great Britain because factory owners, merchants, and bankers became more wealthy than the landowners and aristocrats. Although rich entrepreneurs were not considered social equals of the lords of the countryside until late in the 1800s, they were still able to live lavish lives. The working class on the other hand was forced to work long, grueling hours for little pay. They lived in slums and there wasn’t anything they could do to change the way they lived.

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engine designed by George Stephenson and his son. first locomotive to travel on the Liverpool-Manchester line

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Describe the living conditions in English cities during the Industrial Revolution

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Describe the living conditions in English cities during the Industrial Revolution

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English cities lacked housing, education and police protection for the
people who moved their in search for jobs. Workers were forced to live in small, dirty, dark shelters with whole families shoved into one bedroom. The city streets weren’t paved, there were no drains, and garbage piled up in heaps on the sides of the roads. Sickness was very common because of these horrid living conditions.

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invented cotton gin to remove seeds from cotton

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improved upon the steam engine, created the Watt Engine. Teamed up with entrepreneur Matthew Boulton

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After 1800, how did the balance of rural people vs. city people change (term)? Why?

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After 1800, how did the balance of rural people vs. city people change (term)? Why?

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After 1800, there was an enormous shift from the majority of the population consisting of rural people to the majority of the population consisting of city people. This shift was caused by the Enclosure Movemen. This movement enabled wealthy aristocrats to gain ownership of land that had previously been shared by poor farmers.
Poor commoners lost their homes and farms and moved into cities in search for work.

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Stocks are certain rights of ownership, or shares sold by entrepreneurs to raise money.
Corporations are businesses owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

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A group of workers who attacked whole factories in northern England beginning in 1811, destroying laborsaving machinery.

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a machine for spinning with more than one spindle at a time, patented by James Hargreaves in 1770.

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Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848) is a work of fiction. But it presents a startlingly accurate portrayal of urban life experienced by many at the time.

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a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

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a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods.

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the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution.

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the resources—including land, labor, and capital—that are needed to produce goods and Services.

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(1759–1832) was a British entrepreneur who created a textile machine manufacturing business in Verviers and Liège, Belgium (then part of the French First Republic).

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the development of industries for the machine production of Goods.

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Lowell is a city in the U.S. Commonwealth of Massachusetts.Incorporated in 1826 to serve as a mill town, Lowell was named after Francis Cabot Lowell, a local figure in the Industrial Revolution.

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a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

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Factory owners kept their machines running as many hours as possible to increase production, so the average worker worked 14 hours a day 6 days a week year-round. Factories were extremely dangerous: they were dark and filthy, workers often were injured by machines, and there was no government program to provide aid in case of injury. The most dangerous occupation was a coal miner because of the damp conditions, frequent accidents, and constant breathing of coal dust.

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the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.

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(June 9, 1768 – April 21, 1835) was an early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" (a phrase coined by Andrew Jackson) and the "Father of the American Factory System."

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Until the first Factory Act passed in 1819, the British gov-ernment exerted little control over child labor in Manchester and other factory cities. The act restricted working age and hours. For years after the act passed, young children still did heavy, dangerous work in Manchester’s factories.

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a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers.

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the growth of cities and the migration of people into them.

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one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.

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The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s