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What characterizes the English language at this time? What has influenced the language in this period?

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What characterizes the English language at this time? What has influenced the language in this period?

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A lot of new things, concepts and techniques were invented, which all required new words. Therefore, many new words were invented during this time, what can be described as an explosion in vocabulary. This was a huge influence on the language in this period. Many of these new words were taken from more than 50 foreign languages. Futhermore, this period can be described as the printing revolution. With the invention of the printing press, you were now able to mass produce books and tekst for the masses. This lead to a search for a commonground in terms of the language. If the books were to sell, the language they contained had to be understandable throughout the country.
The first proper dictionary of the English language was first published in 1755

Many of the idioms we use today originated during this period. More specifically, many of them originated from Shakespeare and the King James Bible translation.

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Characterization:
Not much is known about the language that was spoken then, because it was spoken, not written down.
- The alphabet had 24 letters
- The text form would contain weird-looking letters, strange word forms, etc.
- 1/3 of the words we use on any page today are Old English origin

Influence:
- Each race of newcomers, whether is was raiders, settlers, merchants or missionaries, brought their own language
- In the 5th century the British Isles were invaded by Angles (northern Germany), Saxons (Germany) and Jutes (Jutland/Denmark)

- Two major influences:
- Latin (Christian missionaries and scholars)
- Norse (Danish Vikings), because of the establishment of the Danelaw

Example:
The influence of Norse was dramatic and long-lasting
- Families are still called Henderson and Johnson, thus reflecting the Norse søn/sen

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Vocabulary:
- The English language adopted several French words, due to the invasion by the Normans. in 1066 more than 90% of the english vocabulary were of Old English origin. by the end of the 14th century the percentage had shrunk to 75%

- The language was also influenced by Latin that continued its influence in especially areas such as religion and learning
Grammar:
the grammatical relationship in the sentence was at the beginning shown by the inflections of the words, but got replaced in the Middle Ages by a system where word order establishes relationship between the words
Remnants from the old inflection system can be seen in the pronouns, genitive and s-endings of verbs in present tense.

Sounds and spelling:
- æ replaced by to a
- ð and θ replaced by "th"
- the way of spelling was regularized, which meant that by the end of the middle ages there were only one correct way of spelling a word. lawless -> system

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The grammar continued to change doing this period, but slower than the before. The changes reflects the multiple social, scientific, technological and economic developments in the 19th and 20th centuries. Hundredes of thousands of words were added. Another parts of society that caused additions to the vocabulary were from the lower classes' work. Charles Dickens(famous for depiction of lives and conditions of poor people)renewed the language. The big challenge for Standard(British) English came from overseas

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- They have a different vocabulary, which means they use different words
fx. gasoline instead of petrol
- The ending of the words are different from the traditional english
fx. Theater instead of theatre
- The americans have a pitch range of 90-200 while the british have a pitch range of 90-300

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William Caxton:
"Certaynly, it is harde to playse every man by cause of dyversite and chaunge of langage. For in these dayes every man that is in ony reputacyon in his countre wyll utter his commynycacyon and maters in such manners and termes that fewe men shall understonde them."
1490

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What has influenced the language in this period?

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What has influenced the language in this period?

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As a new nation they needed a new language, they thought.
In 1806 Noah Webster published his first American dictionary. Is is mainly thanks to Webster that a fairly clear distinction exits between the two languages.

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The ending -(e(th) in third person singular instead of -s.
"The lady doth protest too much. (Hamlet); He hath given his empire up to a whore. (Anthony and Cleopatra).

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Latin continued its influence, especially in the areas of religion and learning. Several thousand Latin words entered the English vocabulary through a translation of the Bible from 1384. Many of the loan words were adopted in the English language simply because they described things that were new to the English people.