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Progress means that there is a forward movement toward a destination. The Aztec and Inca both showed progress when they would conquer multiple cities and advance technology.

Property means a thing or things belonging to someone. The Aztec and Inca both demonstrated property when they would conquer land and make it their own.  Even though this land was theirs originally.

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with causeways

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What is the role of technology in human history?

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What is the role of technology in human history?

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For the the aztec and Incas the technology had a positive role and it  it made their lives easier.
The Aztec used obsidian which was a volcanic glass to make knifes. These knives then were used for hunting and fighting. The Aztecs also used causeways to connect there city of Tenochtitlan to the mainland. The causeways made it easier for them to travel to and from the city.

The Inca had a Quipu which was a color coded string system which kept records of all of Incan cities.
The Aztec and the Inca both had two calendars. One calendar was a normal 365 day calendar. The second calendar that was used for ritual purposes.

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What is meant by the term “the modern world”?When did “modernity” begin?

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What is meant by the term “the modern world”?When did “modernity” begin?

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The Aztec and Inca didn't come in contact with other tribes or people until after the 1500's. One of the things that marked modernity for them was their calendars that they used was the 365 day calendar which the Mayans created.

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What does it mean to be "Civilized" (or "Barbarian")? What does it mean to call some people “savages”? Does this marginalize or “dehumanize” them or make their concerns less important?

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What does it mean to be "Civilized" (or "Barbarian")? What does it mean to call some people “savages”? Does this marginalize or “dehumanize” them or make their concerns less important?

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Civilized means advanced stage of social and cultural development. The Aztec may not have had a positive impact  when sacrificing people, but they did advance their cities because of their religion and economy. The Inca were very civilized people. They built roads to connect multiple cities, They had a trading market throughout their cities, and they had Mita which was a labor tribute tax.

Both of these tribes had ways that seem wrong and crazy to us like the human sacrifices, but calling they barbaric is not correct. The term Barbarian is dehumanizing. Both the Incan and Aztec needed human sacrifice to grow as a civilization, and to learn from  mistakes.