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Text genres, such as scientific articles published in specialized periods and many others, usually present nominal groups more complex with a center and multiple determinants. Those genres, generally, have a lot of information that must be concise because they need your capacity to analyze for your effective communication with the reader. The strategies used to translate those complex groups start with finding the center, which is always the noun and will appear last in the word chain. Back to the text "Nodulation of Acacia Species by Fast-and Slow Growing Tropical Strains of Rhizobium" and the text "Cloud the issue or clear the air?". Highlight the nominal complex groups. Associating the discussion from the last section surrounding the problem of translating lexicon with the issue related to the arrangement of the words in nominal groups, propose alternatives of translation for those groups. Two examples were made to motivate this activity.

1)      Effective nodulation response patterns.

2)      Cleaner burning natural gas.

Conclusion

In this chapter, beyond the astronomer figure, we also made the scientist character that analyzes the text carefully, showing all the minor aspects. However, it is the most valuable part of the harmony, visualized before from the microscopic search. The intention was to set a reminder that both investigations are essential in the process of translation. After that, the translator can design proper strategies and make choices aiming to produce appropriate texts for the readers.

We focus the effort into our discussion of the issues in translation evolving the non-equivalency word by word in two levels: the lexicon level and the grammar level. At the lexicon stage, you can detect various ways to show the word in a different meaning, depending on the context and the general context. You also recognize ways that present the lexicon in the language aspect is built inside the selections and conventions, metaphorically or not, that restricts the use of vocabulary in communication. At the grammar level, we target our work on issues that involve morphology and syntax of the language, from the role of morphemes to the capacity of words in a complete sentence.

Summarizing all the information, our goal is up to you to approach many texts not only with the harmony of the astronomer, but also with...

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Figura 6.4

Ou limpar o ar?

A Shell acredita que uma ação precisa ser tomada agora, tanto por parte das empresas quanto de seus clientes. Portanto, no ano passado, renovamos nosso compromisso não apenas de cumprir as metas acordadas em Kyoto para reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa, mas também de superá-las. Estamos trabalhando para aumentar o fornecimento de gás natural de queima mais limpa e incentivando o uso de combustíveis com baixo teor de carbono para residências e transportes. Tudo isso faz parte do nosso compromisso com o desenvolvimento sustentável, equilibrando o progresso econômico com o cuidado ambiental e a responsabilidade social. As soluções para o futuro não virão facilmente, principalmente no clima atual de negócios, mas você não conseguirá encontrá-las se não continuar procurando.

Figura 6.3

Nuvem o problema - Lucros e princípios

A questão do aquecimento global deu origem a um debate acalorado. É a queima de combustíveis fósseis e aumento da concentração de dióxido de carbono no ar uma ameaça séria ou apenas muito ar quente.

Read, in the texts 6.19 to 6.22. The translation excerpts done by students in the first semester of translation training.

Text 6.19

A renowned scientist (someone said it was Bertrand Russell) once presented a public conference on astronomy.

Text 6.20

Burton started a blitz to install some of his names on the main street in branches of the Debenhams department store chain, which he just acquired, despite the controversial "gallery" concept.

Text 6.21

He is too young to remember that this period also includes the golden age of magazine theater and that two of the favorite jokes of the time were one about the library that kept the train schedule in the fiction section and one about the man who he tried to commit suicide by lying on the tracks of the Southern Railway and died of starvation.

Text 6.22

I want a very well paid profession when I am out of here!

Check the nominal groups made up of noun + adjective and vice versan trying to verify their fluency in Portuguese. Identify what kind of influence of the source language is occurring with those unconventional Portuguese groups.

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Many shoes found were made with leaf fabric from a plant similar to iúca, known as “vence cascavel, because it must be an antidote against snake’s poison. These two new pieces from the collection, although, are moccasins made of deer skin.

Despite these materials being perishable, the shoes conserved for consequence of climate conditions inside the cave, known as Arnold Research Cave: dry spot with a nice temperature.

In the case of the title, the shoes, previously human agents of the action of walking through the war, become an inanimate entity, affected by the action of finding (they were found by someone). They also become the newest pieces, instead of the youngest ones, and do not survive time but are preserved (reflective passive). We will not go into the merit of the choices made by the translator, which will certainly be explained in the light of a critical study that will take into account a broader social context in which translation functions as a social practice. Just reflect on the changes that the translation is making to the genre in question.

How will the effect intended by the textual genre of the source language be transformed by translation by personifying and passivizing shoes, taking away their status as characters and agents in this archaeological history? Also note the passive construction it is supposed, from the source text. It is a grammatical construction that does not find equivalent one to one in Portuguese. See the alternative in the translation proposal given. Could you think of another alternative? Research and discuss the issue with your classmate, in the classroom, or with a translation scholar, if you are using this book independently.

Question 10

In this activity, we will work with the question of the arrangement of words in nominal pos.  Let us start with word order in nominal groups - those composed of a nucleus and a determinant, especially the case of Cs composed of noun + adjective.  We know that the order of this group in English is fixed and, in general, inverse to the usual order of Portuguese. While in English we will almost always have an adjective + noun, in Portuguese it is common to…

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If you answered that use of the perfect gift, in these phrases indicates a report of experiences, very well!  Translate the phrases into Portuguese and see if it will be possible to mark this distribution, without making your text unnatural for your readers.  It seems that the best alternative is even present in the indicative since the compound time equivalent to the past tense is not used fluently in Portuguese.

With regard to voice, it is important that you keep in mind the frequency of active and passive voice similar structures in the source and target languages, and their stylistic values ​​in the different textual genres.  More important than understanding the form of verbal voices and similar structures is to understand their function in each language.  Translating active voice into passive or vice versa can affect the information given in the sentence, the linear arrangement of the semantic elements and the focus of the message, as Mona Baker’s theory well recalls.

Read texts 6.16 and 6.17

Text 6.16

Shoed that walked The Earth 8,000 yeas ago

It is a text genre title to the so-called scientific article and published in the section The science Times, on the New York Times website, the textual genre of a scientific article aimed at a lay audience, studied by Adriana Pagano, appropriates elements of the narrative  such as the creation of characters.  In the case of the text in question, na important character are the shoes, personified and agents of the action of walking on the earth. There are several lexical choices, but tactics in the text to redirect the focus to the shoes, as characters of these archaeological adventures among them:

Text 6.17

Sevoral dos sapatos são tecidos de folhas de uma planta semelhante à iúca, conhecida como mastor de cascavel, porque é um suposto antídoto para o veneno de cobra.  Os dois itens mais jovens na colocação, no entanto, são mocassins feitos de pele de veado.  Embora os materiais sejam perecíveis, os sapatos sobreviveram por causa das condições secas e constantes da caverna, conhecida como Caverna de Investigação Armold.

Observe the youngest and sunvived lexical choices whose assumed meaning makes us generally expect a human subject to whom they are attributed.

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let's see the problem with the pronoun ‘we’ (read by the critical spirit that the two researchers help us to have) can beget when translated into Portuguese. We all know that, whiles on english, the verbal form  it is not marked for a person, which makes the use of the pronoun mandatory, in Portuguese most verbal forms have a morpheme, or formal element of lesser meaning than the word, which brings the grammatical mark of a person making the use of the personal pronoun redundant . Watch what happens if we try to translate the sentence presented in text 6.14, always filling the space of the pronoun, just like the text

“Nós vamos ao centro de refugiados e nós nos registramos. Nós não somos refugiados, porque nós estamos no nosso próprio país.” Um refugiado sérvio próximo a Merdare,  a respeito de como eles sobreviverão agora.

We’ll go to the refugee center and register . We are not refugees, because we are in our  own country. But we’ll be living on humanitarian aid’ a serbian refugee near Merdare, on how they will survive now

Notice how the repetition of the person's brand makes repetition a strange phrase in Portuguese. Therefore, reflect on the following issues; you would simply omit, in your translation in the advertising text note, the personal pronoun ‘us’, which could be considered redundant if used with the verbal forms we renew, we are working, especially if we take into account that the text makes use of the pronoun ours twice in the same nominal group (our commitment?)

Remember that the omission of the pronouns will also result in the alteration or even omission of the footnote of the advertisement. How, then, would the question of the exclusion of the reader in the process and the consequent control of the situation that the ‘shell ‘ assumes one of the possibilities of interpretation that we should leave open to our readers?