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"Engaging students as ethnographers of their own
communities may change relationships within the classroom, allowing students to gain understanding of diverse experiences."

Steps to becoming an ethnographer:
1. Adopt a cultural perspective
2. Read and discuss sample studies
3. Select a topic for research
4. Pose research questions
5. Gain entry to the group
6. Become a participant observer
7. Collect artifacts and write field notes
8. Analyze artifacts, field notes, and interviews
9. Write research reports
10. Reflect on experiences as researchers
11. Evaluate

APA Citation:
Beach, R., & Finders, M. J. (1999). Students as Ethnographers: Guiding Alternative Research Projects. The English Journal, 89(1), 82.

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"...this participatory space as a "convergence culture" in which individuals privilege having the ability to participate in a variety of ways with popular culture, including sampling and remixing their own texts, discussing texts with other fans, and responding to producers of mass popular culture texts."

"Understanding convergence culture as a social practice is vital if we hope to gain insights into how and why young people engage in participatory popular culture."

APA Citation:
Williams, B., & Zenger, A. A. (2012). New Media Literacies and Participatory Popular Culture Across Borders. New York, NY: Routledge.

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Pew Research Reports: Teens, Social Media, and Technology

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Pew Research Reports: Teens, Social Media, and Technology

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"More than half (56%) of teens — defined in this report as those ages 13 to 17 — go online several times a day, and 12% report once-a-day use. Just 6% of teens report going online weekly, and 2% go online less often."

"Much of this frenzy of access is facilitated by mobile devices. Nearly three-quarters of teens have or have access1 to a smartphone and 30% have a basic phone, while just 12% of teens 13 to 17 say they have no cell phone of any type."

APA Citation:

Lenhart, A. (2015, April 08). Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/

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Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech

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24% of teens go online "almost constantly," facilitated by the widespread availability of smartphones.

Aided by the convenience and constant access provided by mobile devices, especially smartphones, 92% of teens report going online daily - including 24% who say they go online "almost constantly," according to a new study from Pew Research Center. More than half (56%) of teens - defined in this report as those ages 13 to 17 - go online several times a day, and 12% report once-a-day use. Just 6% of teens report going online weekly, and 2% go online less often.

Much of this frenzy of access is facilitated by mobile devices. Nearly three-quarters of teens have or have access to a smartphone and 30% have a basic phone, while just 12% of teens 13 to 17 say they have no cell phone of any type. African-American teens are the most likely of any group of teens to have a smartphone, with 85% having access to one, compared with 71% of both white and Hispanic teens. These phones and other mobile devices have become a primary driver of teen internet use: Fully 91% of teens go online from mobile devices at least occasionally. Among these "mobile teens," 94% go online daily or more often. By comparison, teens who don't access the internet via mobile devices tend to go online less frequently. Some 68% go online at least daily.

African-American and Hispanic youth report more frequent internet use than white teens. Among African-American teens, 34% report going online "almost constantly" as do 32% of Hispanic teens, while 19% of white teens go online that often.

Facebook is the most popular and frequently used social media platform among teens; half of teens use Instagram, and nearly as many use Snapchat

Facebook remains the most used social media site among American teens ages 13 to 17 with 71% of all teens using the site, even as half of teens use Instagram and four-in-ten use Snapchat.
71% of teens use more than one social network site
Teens are diversifying their social network site use. A majority of teens - 71% - report using more than one social network site out of the seven platform options they were asked about. Among the 22% of teens who only use one site, 66% use Facebook, 13% use Google+, 13% use Instagram and 3% use Snapchat.

This study uses a somewhat different method than Pew Research Center's previous reports on teens. While both are probability-based, nationally representative samples of American teens, the current survey was administered online, while our previous work involved surveying teens by phone. A great deal of previous research has found that the mode of interview - telephone vs. online self-administration - can affect the results. The magnitude and direction of these effects are difficult to predict, though for most kinds of questions, the fundamental conclusions one would draw from the data will be similar regardless of mode. Accordingly, we will not compare specific percentages from previous research with results from the current survey. But we believe that the broad contours and patterns evident in this web-based survey are comparable to those seen in previous telephone surveys.

Facebook remains a dominant force in teens' social media ecosystems, even as Instagram and Snapchat have risen into a prominent role in teens' online lives. Asked which platforms they used most often, the overall population of teens in this sample (ages 13 to 17) reported that Facebook was the site they used most frequently (41% said that), followed by Instagram (20%) and Snapchat (11%).

Boys are more likely than girls to report that they visit Facebook most often (45% of boys vs. 36% of girls). Girls are more likely than boys to say they use Instagram (23% of girls vs. 17% of boys) and Tumblr (6% of girls compared with less than 1% of boys). Older teens ages 15 to 17 are more likely than younger teens to cite Facebook (44% vs. 35% of younger teens), Snapchat (13% vs. 8%) and Twitter (8% vs. 3%) as a most often used platform, while younger teens ages 13 to 14 are more likely than their older compatriots to list Instagram (25% vs. 17% of older teens) as a platform they visit most often.

Middle and upper income teens lean toward Instagram and Snapchat

The survey data reveals a distinct pattern in social media use by socio-economic status. Teens from less well-off households (those earning less than $50,000) are more likely than others to say they use Facebook the most: 49% of these teens say they use it most often, compared with 37% of teens from somewhat wealthier families (those earning $50,000 or more).

Teens from more affluent households are somewhat more likely than those from the least affluent homes to say they visit Snapchat most often, with 14% of those from families earning more than $75,000 saying Snapchat is their top site, compared with 7% of those whose families earn less than $30,000 annually. Twitter shows a similar pattern by income, with the wealthiest teens using Twitter more than their least well-to-do peers. It should be noted that some of these differences may be artifacts of differences in use of these sites by these different subgroups of teens.

Smartphones facilitate shifts in teens' communication and information landscape

As American teens adopt smartphones, they have a variety of methods for communication and sharing at their disposal. Texting is an especially important mode of communication for many teens. Some 88% of teens have or have access to cell phones or smartphones and 90% of those teens with phones exchange texts. A typical teen sends and receives 30 texts per day

And teens are not simply sending messages through the texting system that telephone companies offer. Some 73% of teens have access to smartphones and among them messaging apps like Kik or WhatsApp have caught on. Fully 33% of teens with phones have such apps. And Hispanic and African-American youth with phones are substantially more likely to use messaging apps, with 46% of Hispanic and 47% of African-American teens using a messaging app compared with 24% of white teens.

Girls dominate social media; boys are more likely to play video games

Teenage girls use social media sites and platforms - particularly visually-oriented ones - for sharing more than their male counterparts do. For their part, boys are more likely than girls to own gaming consoles and play video games.

Data for this report was collected for Pew Research Center. The survey was administered online by the GfK Group using its KnowledgePanel, in English and Spanish, to a nationally representative sample of over 1,060 teens ages 13 to 17 and a parent or guardian from September 25 to October 9, 2014 and February 10 to March 16, 2015. In the fall, 1016 parent-teen pairs were interviewed. The survey was re-opened in the spring and 44 pairs were added to the sample. For more on the methods for this study, please visit the Methods section at the end of this report.

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Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview 2015

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24% of teens go online "almost constantly," facilitated by the widespread availability of smartphones. Aided by the convenience and constant access provided by mobile devices, especially smartphones, 92% of teens report going online daily - including 24% who say they go online "almost constantly," according to a new study from Pew Research Center.

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Pew Research Reports: Teens, Technology, and Romantic Relationships

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Pew Research Reports: Teens, Technology, and Romantic Relationships

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"Many teens in relationships view social media as a place where they can feel more connected with the daily events in their significant other’s life, share emotional connections, and let their significant other know they care. At the same time, teens’ use of social media sites can also lead to feelings of jealousy or uncertainty about the stability of their relationships."

APA Citation:
Lenhart, A., Anderson, M., & Smith, A. (2015, October 01). Teens, Technology and Romantic Relationships. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/10/01/teens-technology-and-romantic-relationships/

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Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech

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From flirting to breaking up, social media and mobile phones are woven into teens' romantic lives

Adolescence is a time of incredibly physical, social and emotional growth, and peer relationships - especially romantic ones - are a major social focus for many youth. Understanding the role social and digital media play in these romantic relationships is critical, given how deeply enmeshed these technology tools are in lives of American youth and how rapidly these platforms and devices change.

This study reveals that the digital realm is one part of a broader universe in which teens meet, date and break up with romantic partners. Online spaces are used infrequently for meeting romantic partners, but play a major role in how teens flirt, woo and communicate with potential and current flames.

This report examines American teens' digital romantic practices. It covers the results of a national Pew Research Center survey of teens ages 13 to 17; throughout the report, the word "teens" refers to those in that age bracket, unless otherwise specified. The survey was conducted online from Sept. 25 through Oct. 9, 2014, and Feb. 10 through March 16, 2015; 16 online and in-person focus groups with teens were conducted in April 2014 and November 2014. The main findings from this research include:

Relatively few American teens have met a romantic partner online

Overall, 35% of American teens ages 13 to 17 have ever dated, hooked up with or been otherwise romantically involved with another person, and 18% are currently in a romantic relationship. Though 57% of teens have begun friendships in a digital space, teens are far less likely to have embarked on a romantic relationship that started online. A majority of teens with dating experience (76%) say they have only dated people they met via offline methods. One-quarter (24%) of teen "daters" or roughly 8% of all teens have dated or hooked up with someone they first met online. Of those who have met a partner online, the majority met on social media sites, and the bulk of them met on Facebook.

Social media is a top venue for flirting

While most teen romantic relationships do not start online, technology is a major vehicle for flirting and expressing interest in a potential partner. Along with in-person flirting, teens often use social media to like, comment, "friend" or joke around with someone on whom they have a crush. Among all teens:

Digital flirting has "entry-level" and more sophisticated elements for teens, depending on the nature of the relationship and their experience with virtual flirting strategies

Each of the flirting behaviors measured in the survey is more common among teens with previous dating experience than among those who have never dated before. But while some of these behaviors are at least relatively common among dating neophytes, others are almost entirely engaged in by teens with prior relationship experience.

When it comes to "entry-level" flirting, teens who have never been in a romantic relationship are most comfortable letting someone know that they are interested in them romantically using the following approaches:

Flirting or talking to them in person: 39% of teens without dating experience have done this.

Friending them or taking part in general interactions on social media: Roughly one-third (37%) of teens without dating experience have friended someone they are interested in romantically and a similar 34% have liked, commented on a post or otherwise interacted with a crush on social media.

Sharing funny or interesting things with them online. Some 31% of teens without dating experience have done this.

On the other hand, more advanced and sometimes overtly sexually suggestive online behaviors are most often exhibited by teens who have prior experience in romantic relationships:

Girls are more likely to be targets of uncomfortable flirting tactics

Not all flirting behavior is appreciated or appropriate. One-quarter (25%) of all teens have unfriended or blocked someone on social media because that person was flirting in a way that made them uncomfortable.

Just as adult women are often subject to more frequent and intense harassment online, teen girls are substantially more likely than boys to experience uncomfortable flirting within social media environments. Fully 35% of all teen girls have had to block or unfriend someone who was flirting in a way that made them uncomfortable, double the 16% of boys who have taken this step.

Social media helps teen daters to feel closer to their romantic partner, but also feeds jealousy and uncertainty

Many teens in relationships view social media as a place where they can feel more connected with the daily events in their significant other's life, share emotional connections, and let their significant other know they care. At the same time, teens' use of social media sites can also lead to feelings of jealousy or uncertainty about the stability of their relationships. However, even teens who indicate that social media has played a role in their relationship (whether for good or for bad) tend to feel that its role is relatively modest in the grand scheme of things.

Among teen social media users with relationship experience (30% of the overall population of those ages 13 to 17):

59% say social media makes them feel more connected to what's happening in their significant other's life; 15% indicate that it makes them feel "a lot" more connected.

47% say social media offers a place for them to show how much they care about their significant other; 12% feel this way "a lot."

44% say social media helps them feel emotionally closer to their significant other, with 10% feeling that way "a lot."

27% say social media makes them feel jealous or unsure about their relationship, with 7% feeling this way "a lot."

Boys are a bit more likely than girls to view social media as a space for emotional and logistical connection with their significant other

Among teens ages 13 to 17 who use social media and have some relationship experience:

65% of boys say social media makes them feel more connected with what's happening in their significant other's life (compared with 52% of girls). Some 16% of these boys report that these platforms make them feel "a lot" more connected.

50% of boys say social media makes them feel more emotionally connected with their significant other (compared with 37% of girls). Some 13% of boys feel "a lot" more emotionally close.

Teen daters like being able to publicly demonstrate their affection and show support for others' romantic relationships. Yet they also find it allows too many people to be involved in their personal business

For some teens, social media is a space where they can display their relationship to others by publicly expressing their affection on the platform. More than a third (37%) of teens with relationship experience (also called "teen daters" throughout this report) have used social media to let their partner know how much they like them in a way that was visible to other people in their network. As noted above, teen daters say social media makes them feel like they have a place to show how much they care about their boyfriend, girlfriend or significant other. A bit less than half of teens (47%) say they feel this way about social media.

Teens also use social media to express public support or approval of others' romantic relationships. Nearly two-thirds (63%) of teens with dating experience have posted or liked something on social media as a way to indicate their support of one of their friends' relationships. Girls are especially likely to support friends' relationships on social media: 71% of girls with dating experience have done so, compared with 57% of boys.

But even as they use social media to show affection, display their relationships and support their friends' relationships, many teen daters also express annoyance at the public nature of their own romantic partnerships on social media. Some 69% of teen social media users with dating experience agree that too many people can see what's happening in their relationship on social media; 16% of this group "strongly" agrees.

Many teens in romantic relationships expect daily communication with their significant other

Most teens in romantic relationships assume that they and their partner will check in with each other with great regularity throughout the day.

When asked about their partner's expectations for their own communication, a similar pattern emerges.

88% of teens in romantic relationships say their partner expects to hear from them at least once a day.

15% say they are expected to check in hourly.

38% are expected to do so every few hours.

35% are expected to do so once a day.

Texting, voice calls and in-person hanging out are the main ways teens spend time with their significant others

When it comes to spending time with a significant other, teens say texting is the top method, but phone calling and in-person time mix with other digital means for staying in touch. Asked how often they spent time with their current or former boyfriend, girlfriend or significant other on particular platforms, teen daters told us they use:

Text messaging - 92% of teens with romantic relationship experience have spent time text messaging with their partner at least occasionally.

Talking on the phone - 87% have spent time talking on the phone with their significant other.

Being together in person - 86% have spent time together in person, outside of school hours.

Social media - 70% have spent time together posting on social media sites.

Instant or online messaging - 69% have spent time with their significant other using instant or online messaging.

Video chat - 55% say they have spent time with their partner video chatting.

Messaging apps - 49% have used messaging apps to stay connected to their partner.

Email - 37% have used email to spend time with a significant other.

Talk while playing video games - 31% talk with their partner while playing video games together.

Teens consider the text message breakup to be socially undesirable, but a sizeable number of teens with relationship experience have been broken up with - or have broken up with others - using text messaging

The most socially acceptable way to break up with someone is by having an in-person conversation, and these conversations are the most common way that breakups occur in a "real-world" setting. While most teens rate an in-person talk as the most acceptable way to break up with someone, some 62% of teens with relationship experience have broken up with someone in person, and 47% have been broken up with through an in-person discussion.

Text messaging - which is widely viewed as one of the least acceptable ways of breaking up with someone - is more common in the context of actual relationships than its perceived acceptability might indicate. Some 27% of teens with relationship experience have broken up with someone via text message, 31% have been broken up with in this way.

Phone calls, which are seen as the second-most acceptable way of breaking up with someone, are just as common as a breakup text; 29% of teens with relationship experience have broken up with someone over the phone, and 27% have been broken up with in this way.

And breakups through social media (which, like texts, are also viewed as having low levels of acceptability) are also relatively common - 18% of teens with dating experience have experienced or initiated a breakup by sending a private social media message, changing their relationship status on Facebook or posting a status update.

Relatively small numbers of teen daters engage in potentially controlling or harmful digital behavior to a partner or ex-partner

Dating isn't always a positive experience for youth, in person or digitally. In this study, we asked teen daters about a number of things they might have done online or with a phone to someone they were dating or used to date. These behaviors fall on a spectrum of seriousness, from potentially innocuous to troubling. And most of these activities are highly dependent on context - as one person's cute is another person's creepy.

11% of teen daters have accessed a mobile or online account of current or former partner.

10% have modified or deleted their partner's or ex-partner's social media profile.

10% have impersonated a boyfriend, girlfriend or ex in a message.

8% of teens have sent embarrassing pictures of a current or former partner to someone else.

4% have downloaded a GPS or tracking program to a partners' device without their knowledge.

A small share of teen daters have experienced potentially abusive or controlling behavior by a current or former partner

Beyond perpetrating potentially inappropriate or harmful behavior, teen daters also can be the recipients of -possibly more serious - controlling or potentially abusive experiences at the hands of significant others. These questions ask about nine experiences and whether they occur during a relationship and/or after a relationship ends. And like the practices our survey respondents told us they engaged in above, these behaviors and experiences are in some cases dependent on context of the interaction.

During a relationship teens are most likely to experience:

31% of teens with dating experience report that a current or former partner has checked up on them multiple times per day on the internet or cellphone, asking where they were, who they were with or what they were doing.

26% of teen daters report that their partner checked up on them during their relationship.

5% of teen daters report that a former partner checked up on them multiple times per day after their relationship ended.

21% of teen daters report that a current or former boyfriend, girlfriend or partner has read their text messages without permission.

18% of teen daters report such an experience during the course of their relationship.

3% report that a partner read their texts without permission after their relationship had ended.

15% of teen daters (or 5% of all teens) say a current or former partner used the internet or text messaging to pressure them to engage in sexual activity they did not want to have.

10% of teen daters report that this happened during a relationship.

5% report that a former partner did this to them after a relationship ended.

Potentially controlling and harmful behaviors teens experience both during and after a relationship with similar frequency:

16% of teen daters have been required by a current or former partner to remove former girlfriends or boyfriends from their friends list on Facebook, Twitter or other social media.
10% of teens experience this during their relationship; 7% experience it after a breakup.

13% of teens with dating experience report that their current or former partner demanded that they share their passwords to email and internet accounts with them.
And teens are about equally as likely to experience this during a relationship (7%) as after a relationship ends (5%).

11% of teens with relationship experience report that a current or former partner has contacted them on the internet or on their cellphone to threaten to hurt them.

8% of teens with dating experience have been threatened digitally by an ex.

4% experienced this during a relationship.

8% of teen daters report that a current or ex-partner used information posted on the internet against them, to harass or embarrass them.
4% had this happen during a relationship, and another 4% have experienced this after the relationship ended.

After a relationship ends, teens are more likely to experience:

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Teens, Technology and Romantic Relationships

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From flirting to breaking up, social media and mobile phones are woven into teens' romantic lives Adolescence is a time of incredibly physical, social and emotional growth, and peer relationships - especially romantic ones - are a major social focus for many youth.

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Pew Research Reports: Teens, Technology, and Friendships

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Pew Research Reports: Teens, Technology, and Friendships

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"Social media helps teens feel more connected to their friends’ feelings and daily lives, and also offers teens a place to receive support from others during challenging times."

APA Citation:
Lenhart, A. (2015, August 06). Teens, Technology and Friendships. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/06/teens-technology-and-friendships/

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Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech

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Video games, social media and mobile phones play an integral role in how teens meet and interact with friends

This report explores the new contours of friendship in the digital age. It covers the results of a national survey of teens ages 13 to 17; throughout the report, the word "teens" refers to those in that age bracket, unless otherwise specified. The survey was conducted online from Sept. 25 through Oct. 9, 2014, and Feb. 10 through March 16, 2015, and 16 online and in-person focus groups with teens were conducted in April 2014 and November 2014.

For today's teens, friendships can start digitally: 57% of teens have met a new friend online. Social media and online gameplay are the most common digital venues for meeting friends

For American teens, making friends isn't just confined to the school yard, playing field or neighborhood - many are making new friends online. Fully 57% of teens ages 13 to 17 have made a new friend online, with 29% of teens indicating that they have made more than five new friends in online venues. Most of these friendships stay in the digital space; only 20% of all teens have met an online friend in person.

Boys are more likely than girls to make online friends: 61% of boys compared to 52% of girls have done so.

Older teens are also more likely than younger teens to make online friends. Some 60% of teens ages 15 to 17 have met a friend online, compared with 51% of 13- to 14-year-olds.

The most common spots for meeting friends online are social media sites like Facebook or Instagram (64% of teens who have made a friend online met someone via social media), followed by playing networked video games (36%). Girls who have met new friends online are more likely to meet them via social media (78% vs. 52% of boys), while boys are substantially more likely to meet new friends while playing games online (57% vs. 13% of girls).

Text messaging is a key component of day-to-day friend interactions: 55% of teens spend time every day texting with friends

The vast majority of teens (95%) spend time with their friends outside of school, in person, at least occasionally. But for most teens, this is not an everyday occurrence. Just 25% of teens spend time with friends in person (outside of school) on a daily basis.

For many teens, texting is the dominant way that they communicate on a day-to-day basis with their friends. Some 88% of teens text their friends at least occasionally, and fully 55% do so daily. Along with texting, teens are incorporating a number of other devices, communication platforms and online venues into their interactions with friends, including:

Instant messaging: 79% of all teens instant message their friends; 27% do so daily.

Social media: 72% of all teens spend time with friends via social media; 23% do so daily.

Email: 64% of all teens use email with friends; 6% do so daily.

Video chat: 59% of all teens video chat with their friends; 7% video chat with friends daily.

Video games: 52% of all teens spend time with friends playing video games; 13% play with friends daily.

Messaging apps: 42% of all teens spend time with friends on messaging apps such as Kik and WhatsApp; 14% do so every day.

Video games play a critical role in the development and maintenance of boys' friendships

Overall, 72% of teens ages 13 to 17 play video games on a computer, game console or portable device. Fully 84% of boys play video games, significantly higher than the 59% of girls who play games. Playing video games is not necessarily a solitary activity; teens frequently play video games with others. Teen gamers play games with others in person (83%) and online (75%), and they play games with friends they know in person (89%) and friends they know only online (54%). They also play online with others who are not friends (52%). With so much game-playing with other people, video gameplay, particularly over online networks, is an important activity through which boys form and maintain friendships with others:

Much more than for girls, boys use video games as a way to spend time and engage in day-to-day interactions with their peers and friends. These interactions occur in face-to-face settings, as well as in networked gaming environments:

16% of boy gamers play in person with friends on a daily or near-daily basis, and an additional 35% do so weekly. That amounts to 42% of all teen boys ages 13 to 17.

34% of boy gamers play over the internet with friends on a daily or near-daily basis, and another 33% do so weekly. That amounts to 55% of all teen boys ages 13 to 17.

When playing games with others online, many teen gamers (especially boys) connect with their fellow players via voice connections in order to engage in collaboration, conversation and trash-talking. Among boys who play games with others online, fully 71% use voice connections to engage with other players (this compares with just 28% of girls who play in networked environments).

All this playing, hanging out and talking while playing games leads many teens to feel closer to friends.

78% of teen online gamers say when they play games online it makes them feel more connected to friends they already know. That amounts to 42% of all teens ages 13 to 17.

52% of online-gaming teens feel more connected to other gamers (whom they do not consider friends) they play with online. That amounts to 28% of all teens ages 13 to 17.

Gaming boys are more likely than girls to report feeling more connected to other networked gamers.

84% of networked-gaming boys feel more connected to friends when they play online, compared with 62% of girls.

56% of boy gamers feel more connected to people they play networked games with who are not friends, as do 43% of gaming girls.

Teen friendships are strengthened and challenged within social media environments

Social media also plays a critical role in introducing teens to new friends and connecting them to their existing friend networks. Some 76% of teens ages 13 to 17 use social media and:

Social media helps teens feel more connected to their friends' feelings and daily lives, and also offers teens a place to receive support from others during challenging times.

83% of teen social media users say social media makes them feel more connected to information about their friends' lives.

70% of social media-using teens feel better connected to their friends' feelings through social media.

68% of teen social media users have had people on the platforms supporting them through tough or challenging times.

But even as social media connects teens to friends' feelings and experiences, the sharing that occurs on these platforms can have negative consequences. Sharing can veer into oversharing. Teens can learn about events and activities to which they weren't invited, and the highly curated lives of teens' social media connections can lead them to make negative comparisons with their own lives:

88% of teen social media users believe people share too much information about themselves on social media.

53% of social media-using teens have seen people posting to social media about events to which they were not invited.

42% of social media-using teens have had someone post things on social media about them that they cannot change or control.

21% of teen social media users report feeling worse about their own life because of what they see from other friends on social media.

Teens face challenges trying to construct an appropriate and authentic online persona for multiple audiences, including adults and peers. Consequently, many teens feel obligated to project an attractive and popular image through their social media postings.

40% of teen social media users report feeling pressure to post only content that makes them look good to others.

39% of teens on social media say they feel pressure to post content that will be popular and get lots of comments or likes.

Some conflict teens experience is instigated online

Girls are more likely to unfriend, unfollow and block former friends

When friendships end, many teens take steps to cut the digital web that connects them to their former friend. Girls who use social media or cellphones are more likely to prune old content and connections:

58% of teens who use social media or cellphones have unfriended or unfollowed someone they used to be friends with, and 45% of teens have blocked an ex-friend.

63% of girls who use social media or cellphones have unfriended or unfollowed an ex-friend, compared with 53% of boys.

53% of social media- or cellphone-using girls have blocked someone after ending a friendship, compared with 37% of boys.

Teens spend time with their closest friends in a range of venues. Texting plays a crucial role in helping close friends stay in touch

Along with examining the general ways in which teens interact and communicate with their friends, this report documents how and where teens interact with the friends who are closest to them. These "close friend" relationships loom large in the day-to-day social activities of teens' lives, as 59% of teens are in touch with their closest friend on a daily basis (with 41% indicating that they get in touch "many times a day").

School is the primary place teens interact with their closest friends. However, these best-friend interactions occur across a wide range of online and offline venues:

83% of teens spend time with their closest friend at school.

58% spend time with their closest friend at someone's house.

55% spend time with their closest friend online (such as on social media sites or gaming sites or servers).

Teens also use a wide range of communication tools to get in touch with their closest friend.

49% of teens say text messaging (including on messaging apps) is their first choice of platform for communicating with their closest friend.

20% say social media is their first-choice communication tool when talking with their closest friend.

13% say phone calls are the method they would choose first to talk with their closest friend.

6% say video games are their first-choice platform for talking with their closest friend.

Teens who live in lower-income households are more likely than higher-income teens to say they use social media to get in touch with their closest friend. Lower-income teens, from households earning less than $30,000 annually, are nearly evenly split in how they get in touch with these friends, with 33% saying social media is the most common way they do so and 35% saying texting is their preferred communication method. Higher-income teens from families earning $30,000 or more per year are most likely to report texting as their preferred mode when communicating with their closest friend. Modestly lower levels of smartphone and basic phone use among lower-income teens may be driving some in this group to connect with their friends using platforms or methods accessible on desktop computers.

Smartphone users have different practices for communicating with close friends

Nearly three-quarters (73%) of teens have access to a smartphone, and smartphone-using teens have different practices for communicating with close friends. Teens with smartphones rely more heavily on texting, while teens without smartphones are more likely to say social media and phone calls are preferred modes for reaching their closest friend.

Girls are more likely to use text messaging - while boys are more likely to use video games - as conduits for conversations with friends

Compared with boys, girls tend to communicate more often with friends via texting and instant messaging:

62% of girls spend time with friends every day via text messaging, compared with 48% of boys.

32% of girls spend time with friends every day using instant messaging, compared with 23% of boys.

On the other hand, boys are much more likely than girls to interact and spend time with friends while playing video games:

74% of teen boys talk with friends while playing video games together, while 31% of girls report the same.

22% of boys talk daily with friends while playing video games, compared with just 3% of girls.

Phone calls are less common early in a friendship, but are an important way that teens talk with their closest friends

Some 85% of teens say they spend time with friends by calling them on the phone, and 19% do so every day. The perceived intimacy of the phone call as a communication choice means teens are less likely to use it immediately upon meeting a new friend, but they often prefer it when talking to close friends.

About half of teens (52%) indicate that a phone number for calling is one of the first three things they would share with a new friend, but just 9% indicate that this is the first thing they would share.

And when teens want to talk to their closest friend, phone calls are the second most popular method overall, with 69% of teens citing phone calls as one of their three choices.

84% of black teens say phone calls are one of the three most common methods they use to get in touch with close friends, compared with 69% of whites and 63% of Hispanic teens.

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Video games, social media and mobile phones play an integral role in how teens meet and interact with friends This report explores the new contours of friendship in the digital age. It covers the results of a national survey of teens ages 13 to 17; throughout the report, the word "teens" refers to those in that age bracket, unless otherwise specified.

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"Although Ian had grown up on the Southside too, Mickey and himself were nothing alike. Ian was kind, caring. He knew how to love, and was loved by so many. Mickey, on the other hand, was a thug. Rude, arrogant, and loved by nobody throughout his entire childhood. He was only shown love as a teenager, when he almost believed that love didn't exist anymore."

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Mode of Enactment (Excessive): fanfiction.net

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Mode of Enactment (Excessive): fanfiction.net

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Taking the relationship between Mickey and Ian way too far.

"What had he done? What if they killed him, right there and then. What would Gallagher do?"

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Fan Fiction story: "So this was based off a prompt! Mickey gets caught up with a gang he's no right to be messing with. After double-crossing them, they discover Mickey is gay and kidnap Ian in revenge."

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Mode of Enactment (Emotional): Fanpop.com

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Mode of Enactment (Emotional): Fanpop.com

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"So those are some of the many reasons I do not think they should be together. Agree or disagree, it is how I feel on the subject. I just thought I would get that out there and see if anyone else felt the same."

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So I know alot of people out there love the idea of Lip and Karen together as a couple. Everyone has couples that they like and ones they dislike. I happen to greatly dislike this couple for many reasons.

I suppose one of the main reasons would be the fact that Lip seems to actually care for her. He genuinely likes her and I don't see that she cares about him at all. It is almost as if she is with him because she can get something from him. Like she wants to ride on his coat tails so to speak.

You always see her opening up to him about her problems. It's always her this and her that. She never takes time to ask him about his life. When Monica came back where was she? Why didn't she seem to care what was happening? Lip was there for her when it came to her father, but it seems like she can't be there for him.

Personally I think that Lip needs someone who wants to be with him for deeper reasons that just sex. He needs someone who can understand his family and who supports him in whatever he does. I just do not see Karen as being that person for him.

I mean if she cared about him, would she have done some of the things she has done which she knew would hurt him? Like take Frank to parent teacher night? I mean come on really? She had to know that would bother him, but she only did it to get back at her own father.

So those are some of the many reasons I do not think they should be together. Agree or disagree, it is how I feel on the subject. I just thought I would get that out there and see if anyone else felt the same.

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Shameless (US) Article: Reasons why I don't think Lip should be with Karen

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So I know alot of people out there love the idea of Lip and Karen together as a couple. Everyone has couples that they like and ones they dislike. I happen to greatly dislike this couple for many reasons. I suppose one of the main reasons would be the fact that Lip seems to actually care for her.

# data[].attributes.body
"When Monica came back where was she? Why didn't she seem to care what was happening? Lip was there for her when it came to her father, but it seems like she can't be there for him."

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So I know alot of people out there love the idea of Lip and Karen together as a couple. Everyone has couples that they like and ones they dislike. I happen to greatly dislike this couple for many reasons.

I suppose one of the main reasons would be the fact that Lip seems to actually care for her. He genuinely likes her and I don't see that she cares about him at all. It is almost as if she is with him because she can get something from him. Like she wants to ride on his coat tails so to speak.

You always see her opening up to him about her problems. It's always her this and her that. She never takes time to ask him about his life. When Monica came back where was she? Why didn't she seem to care what was happening? Lip was there for her when it came to her father, but it seems like she can't be there for him.

Personally I think that Lip needs someone who wants to be with him for deeper reasons that just sex. He needs someone who can understand his family and who supports him in whatever he does. I just do not see Karen as being that person for him.

I mean if she cared about him, would she have done some of the things she has done which she knew would hurt him? Like take Frank to parent teacher night? I mean come on really? She had to know that would bother him, but she only did it to get back at her own father.

So those are some of the many reasons I do not think they should be together. Agree or disagree, it is how I feel on the subject. I just thought I would get that out there and see if anyone else felt the same.

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Shameless (US) Article: Reasons why I don't think Lip should be with Karen

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So I know alot of people out there love the idea of Lip and Karen together as a couple. Everyone has couples that they like and ones they dislike. I happen to greatly dislike this couple for many reasons. I suppose one of the main reasons would be the fact that Lip seems to actually care for her.

# data[].attributes.body
"So I know alot of people out there love the idea of Lip and Karen together as a couple. Everyone has couples that they like and ones they dislike. I happen to greatly dislike this couple for many reasons."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
So I know alot of people out there love the idea of Lip and Karen together as a couple. Everyone has couples that they like and ones they dislike. I happen to greatly dislike this couple for many reasons.

I suppose one of the main reasons would be the fact that Lip seems to actually care for her. He genuinely likes her and I don't see that she cares about him at all. It is almost as if she is with him because she can get something from him. Like she wants to ride on his coat tails so to speak.

You always see her opening up to him about her problems. It's always her this and her that. She never takes time to ask him about his life. When Monica came back where was she? Why didn't she seem to care what was happening? Lip was there for her when it came to her father, but it seems like she can't be there for him.

Personally I think that Lip needs someone who wants to be with him for deeper reasons that just sex. He needs someone who can understand his family and who supports him in whatever he does. I just do not see Karen as being that person for him.

I mean if she cared about him, would she have done some of the things she has done which she knew would hurt him? Like take Frank to parent teacher night? I mean come on really? She had to know that would bother him, but she only did it to get back at her own father.

So those are some of the many reasons I do not think they should be together. Agree or disagree, it is how I feel on the subject. I just thought I would get that out there and see if anyone else felt the same.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Shameless (US) Article: Reasons why I don't think Lip should be with Karen

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
So I know alot of people out there love the idea of Lip and Karen together as a couple. Everyone has couples that they like and ones they dislike. I happen to greatly dislike this couple for many reasons. I suppose one of the main reasons would be the fact that Lip seems to actually care for her.

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Mode of Enactment (Emotional & Subjective): puckermob.com

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Mode of Enactment (Emotional & Subjective): puckermob.com

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1. Mickey and Ian are the only couple worth "shipping."

"Their chemistry is incalculable, and even though neither of them are particularly known for making good decisions (this is Shameless we’re talking about, after all), they still manage to prioritize each other’s well being on a regular basis. It’s true love, I tell you! OTP status, for sure."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Oh, Shameless; that Showtime remake of the popular British dramedy of the same name so many of us love to...cringe over. And even though it's been shocking (and disturbing) audiences for almost six years, it still somehow operates well below the buzz radar. Some of us might even go so far as to label it the most underrated hour on television, but who's counting?

Despite what you may have heard, investing your time in a Shameless binge-session is totally worth it, but be prepared; you're in for a dysfunctional ride:
1. Mickey and Ian are the only couple worth "shipping."
Their chemistry is incalculable, and even though neither of them are particularly known for making good decisions (this is Shameless we're talking about, after all), they still manage to prioritize each other's well being on a regular basis. It's true love, I tell you! OTP status, for sure.
2. Gross, Carl.
Whether it's inflicting bodily harm on himself or others, a disgusting comment about one of his sisters' sexual exploits, or tricking a cancer camp counselor into showing him her boobs (a fark dying wish), Carl Gallagher is kind of just...gross.
3. William H. Macy is incredible, but why isn't Frank dead yet?
Frank is such an incredible waste of space, and after five seasons, we're all ready for him to just drink himself to death already. Preferably in another country.
4. Is Jimmy-Steve-Jack actually gone for good this time?
Two seasons ago, Jimmy-Steve-Jack was frogmarched onto a boat by his former father-in-law/Brazilian drug lord (presumably to be executed for his lack of compliance in his citizenship scam of a marriage) and never heard from again. The show's creator, John Wells, swore up and down that Jimmy had met his untimely end, but the very next season, the character made a cameo appearance to the shock of all, including various cast members.
5. Fiona has terrible luck with men.
Jimmy, that cop who had a thing for her, her boss Mike and his coked-out brother Robbie, her other boss Sean, some dude in a band who had a girlfriend, and Gus, who suggested they get married after knowing each other for less than a week. Seriously, Fi, you really know how to pick winners.
6. Please don't break Kev and Vee up.
The only (somewhat) stable couple on the show, Kev and Vee, recently welcomed twin baby girls after a few seasons of trying to conceive. New parenthood hasn't been easy on their previously-solid marriage, and the two are currently separated.
7. Go away, Sammi.
Why is she even still around? And why hasn't she killed Frank yet?
8. Mandy deserves better than Lip.
Seriously, Lip, telling a woman she deserves better than a man who beats her and then sexually-objectifying her in same breath is not a good look.
9. You're worth more than your sexuality, Debbie.
And yes, what you did to Matty totally was rape. Don't let Lip delude you otherwise.
10. I just want the Gallaghers to be happy.
In the end, despite several misgivings and a lot of questionable behavior (Liam's overdose, anyone?), we're all too irrevocably in love with this family to think they deserve anything less than the best. We've watched the Gallaghers (and by extension, the Milkoviches) grow up for five years, and by god, we're going to see this one through to the end.

Like that puppy who pees on your floor and then rolls in it repeatedly, we just can't help but love the Gallaghers.

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10 Thoughts All True "Shameless" Fans Have Had

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Oh, Shameless; that Showtime remake of the popular British dramedy of the same name so many of us love to...cringe over. And even though it's been shocking (and disturbing) audiences for almost six years, it still somehow operates well below the buzz radar.

# data[].attributes.body
4. Is Jimmy-Steve-Jack actually gone for good this time?

"Two seasons ago, Jimmy-Steve-Jack was frogmarched onto a boat by his former father-in-law/Brazilian drug lord (presumably to be executed for his lack of compliance in his citizenship scam of a marriage) and never heard from again. The show’s creator, John Wells, swore up and down that Jimmy had met his untimely end, but the very next season, the character made a cameo appearance to the shock of all, including various cast members."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Oh, Shameless; that Showtime remake of the popular British dramedy of the same name so many of us love to...cringe over. And even though it's been shocking (and disturbing) audiences for almost six years, it still somehow operates well below the buzz radar. Some of us might even go so far as to label it the most underrated hour on television, but who's counting?

Despite what you may have heard, investing your time in a Shameless binge-session is totally worth it, but be prepared; you're in for a dysfunctional ride:
1. Mickey and Ian are the only couple worth "shipping."
Their chemistry is incalculable, and even though neither of them are particularly known for making good decisions (this is Shameless we're talking about, after all), they still manage to prioritize each other's well being on a regular basis. It's true love, I tell you! OTP status, for sure.
2. Gross, Carl.
Whether it's inflicting bodily harm on himself or others, a disgusting comment about one of his sisters' sexual exploits, or tricking a cancer camp counselor into showing him her boobs (a fark dying wish), Carl Gallagher is kind of just...gross.
3. William H. Macy is incredible, but why isn't Frank dead yet?
Frank is such an incredible waste of space, and after five seasons, we're all ready for him to just drink himself to death already. Preferably in another country.
4. Is Jimmy-Steve-Jack actually gone for good this time?
Two seasons ago, Jimmy-Steve-Jack was frogmarched onto a boat by his former father-in-law/Brazilian drug lord (presumably to be executed for his lack of compliance in his citizenship scam of a marriage) and never heard from again. The show's creator, John Wells, swore up and down that Jimmy had met his untimely end, but the very next season, the character made a cameo appearance to the shock of all, including various cast members.
5. Fiona has terrible luck with men.
Jimmy, that cop who had a thing for her, her boss Mike and his coked-out brother Robbie, her other boss Sean, some dude in a band who had a girlfriend, and Gus, who suggested they get married after knowing each other for less than a week. Seriously, Fi, you really know how to pick winners.
6. Please don't break Kev and Vee up.
The only (somewhat) stable couple on the show, Kev and Vee, recently welcomed twin baby girls after a few seasons of trying to conceive. New parenthood hasn't been easy on their previously-solid marriage, and the two are currently separated.
7. Go away, Sammi.
Why is she even still around? And why hasn't she killed Frank yet?
8. Mandy deserves better than Lip.
Seriously, Lip, telling a woman she deserves better than a man who beats her and then sexually-objectifying her in same breath is not a good look.
9. You're worth more than your sexuality, Debbie.
And yes, what you did to Matty totally was rape. Don't let Lip delude you otherwise.
10. I just want the Gallaghers to be happy.
In the end, despite several misgivings and a lot of questionable behavior (Liam's overdose, anyone?), we're all too irrevocably in love with this family to think they deserve anything less than the best. We've watched the Gallaghers (and by extension, the Milkoviches) grow up for five years, and by god, we're going to see this one through to the end.

Like that puppy who pees on your floor and then rolls in it repeatedly, we just can't help but love the Gallaghers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Thoughts All True "Shameless" Fans Have Had

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Oh, Shameless; that Showtime remake of the popular British dramedy of the same name so many of us love to...cringe over. And even though it's been shocking (and disturbing) audiences for almost six years, it still somehow operates well below the buzz radar.

# data[].attributes.body
10. I just want the Gallaghers to be happy.

"In the end, despite several misgivings and a lot of questionable behavior (Liam’s overdose, anyone?), we’re all too irrevocably in love with this family to think they deserve anything less than the best. We’ve watched the Gallaghers (and by extension, the Milkoviches) grow up for five years, and by god, we’re going to see this one through to the end."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Oh, Shameless; that Showtime remake of the popular British dramedy of the same name so many of us love to...cringe over. And even though it's been shocking (and disturbing) audiences for almost six years, it still somehow operates well below the buzz radar. Some of us might even go so far as to label it the most underrated hour on television, but who's counting?

Despite what you may have heard, investing your time in a Shameless binge-session is totally worth it, but be prepared; you're in for a dysfunctional ride:
1. Mickey and Ian are the only couple worth "shipping."
Their chemistry is incalculable, and even though neither of them are particularly known for making good decisions (this is Shameless we're talking about, after all), they still manage to prioritize each other's well being on a regular basis. It's true love, I tell you! OTP status, for sure.
2. Gross, Carl.
Whether it's inflicting bodily harm on himself or others, a disgusting comment about one of his sisters' sexual exploits, or tricking a cancer camp counselor into showing him her boobs (a fark dying wish), Carl Gallagher is kind of just...gross.
3. William H. Macy is incredible, but why isn't Frank dead yet?
Frank is such an incredible waste of space, and after five seasons, we're all ready for him to just drink himself to death already. Preferably in another country.
4. Is Jimmy-Steve-Jack actually gone for good this time?
Two seasons ago, Jimmy-Steve-Jack was frogmarched onto a boat by his former father-in-law/Brazilian drug lord (presumably to be executed for his lack of compliance in his citizenship scam of a marriage) and never heard from again. The show's creator, John Wells, swore up and down that Jimmy had met his untimely end, but the very next season, the character made a cameo appearance to the shock of all, including various cast members.
5. Fiona has terrible luck with men.
Jimmy, that cop who had a thing for her, her boss Mike and his coked-out brother Robbie, her other boss Sean, some dude in a band who had a girlfriend, and Gus, who suggested they get married after knowing each other for less than a week. Seriously, Fi, you really know how to pick winners.
6. Please don't break Kev and Vee up.
The only (somewhat) stable couple on the show, Kev and Vee, recently welcomed twin baby girls after a few seasons of trying to conceive. New parenthood hasn't been easy on their previously-solid marriage, and the two are currently separated.
7. Go away, Sammi.
Why is she even still around? And why hasn't she killed Frank yet?
8. Mandy deserves better than Lip.
Seriously, Lip, telling a woman she deserves better than a man who beats her and then sexually-objectifying her in same breath is not a good look.
9. You're worth more than your sexuality, Debbie.
And yes, what you did to Matty totally was rape. Don't let Lip delude you otherwise.
10. I just want the Gallaghers to be happy.
In the end, despite several misgivings and a lot of questionable behavior (Liam's overdose, anyone?), we're all too irrevocably in love with this family to think they deserve anything less than the best. We've watched the Gallaghers (and by extension, the Milkoviches) grow up for five years, and by god, we're going to see this one through to the end.

Like that puppy who pees on your floor and then rolls in it repeatedly, we just can't help but love the Gallaghers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Thoughts All True "Shameless" Fans Have Had

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Oh, Shameless; that Showtime remake of the popular British dramedy of the same name so many of us love to...cringe over. And even though it's been shocking (and disturbing) audiences for almost six years, it still somehow operates well below the buzz radar.

# data[].attributes.body
"Oh, Shameless; that Showtime remake of the popular British dramedy of the same name so many of us love to...cringe over. And even though it’s been shocking (and disturbing) audiences for almost six years, it still somehow operates well below the buzz radar. Some of us might even go so far as to label it the most underrated hour on television, but who’s counting?"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Oh, Shameless; that Showtime remake of the popular British dramedy of the same name so many of us love to...cringe over. And even though it's been shocking (and disturbing) audiences for almost six years, it still somehow operates well below the buzz radar. Some of us might even go so far as to label it the most underrated hour on television, but who's counting?

Despite what you may have heard, investing your time in a Shameless binge-session is totally worth it, but be prepared; you're in for a dysfunctional ride:
1. Mickey and Ian are the only couple worth "shipping."
Their chemistry is incalculable, and even though neither of them are particularly known for making good decisions (this is Shameless we're talking about, after all), they still manage to prioritize each other's well being on a regular basis. It's true love, I tell you! OTP status, for sure.
2. Gross, Carl.
Whether it's inflicting bodily harm on himself or others, a disgusting comment about one of his sisters' sexual exploits, or tricking a cancer camp counselor into showing him her boobs (a fark dying wish), Carl Gallagher is kind of just...gross.
3. William H. Macy is incredible, but why isn't Frank dead yet?
Frank is such an incredible waste of space, and after five seasons, we're all ready for him to just drink himself to death already. Preferably in another country.
4. Is Jimmy-Steve-Jack actually gone for good this time?
Two seasons ago, Jimmy-Steve-Jack was frogmarched onto a boat by his former father-in-law/Brazilian drug lord (presumably to be executed for his lack of compliance in his citizenship scam of a marriage) and never heard from again. The show's creator, John Wells, swore up and down that Jimmy had met his untimely end, but the very next season, the character made a cameo appearance to the shock of all, including various cast members.
5. Fiona has terrible luck with men.
Jimmy, that cop who had a thing for her, her boss Mike and his coked-out brother Robbie, her other boss Sean, some dude in a band who had a girlfriend, and Gus, who suggested they get married after knowing each other for less than a week. Seriously, Fi, you really know how to pick winners.
6. Please don't break Kev and Vee up.
The only (somewhat) stable couple on the show, Kev and Vee, recently welcomed twin baby girls after a few seasons of trying to conceive. New parenthood hasn't been easy on their previously-solid marriage, and the two are currently separated.
7. Go away, Sammi.
Why is she even still around? And why hasn't she killed Frank yet?
8. Mandy deserves better than Lip.
Seriously, Lip, telling a woman she deserves better than a man who beats her and then sexually-objectifying her in same breath is not a good look.
9. You're worth more than your sexuality, Debbie.
And yes, what you did to Matty totally was rape. Don't let Lip delude you otherwise.
10. I just want the Gallaghers to be happy.
In the end, despite several misgivings and a lot of questionable behavior (Liam's overdose, anyone?), we're all too irrevocably in love with this family to think they deserve anything less than the best. We've watched the Gallaghers (and by extension, the Milkoviches) grow up for five years, and by god, we're going to see this one through to the end.

Like that puppy who pees on your floor and then rolls in it repeatedly, we just can't help but love the Gallaghers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Thoughts All True "Shameless" Fans Have Had

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Oh, Shameless; that Showtime remake of the popular British dramedy of the same name so many of us love to...cringe over. And even though it's been shocking (and disturbing) audiences for almost six years, it still somehow operates well below the buzz radar.