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There is still much that we do not know about the genome and gene expression. And there are many ethical questions that must be considered when sequencing a human. 

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There is still much that we do not know about the genome and gene expression. And there are many ethical questions that must be considered when sequencing a human. 

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Genome Sequencing - Important Ethical Questions

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Dr. Eric Green, Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) stresses that genomic sequencing, particularly in a clinical environment, carries important ethical considerations. These include how to handle incidental findings and how (or if) to integrate genomic information within patient medical records.

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With the use of genome sequencing, we are understanding how all life on Earth is related. Let's explore the Tree of Life and see how we are all related 

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With the use of genome sequencing, we are understanding how all life on Earth is related. Let's explore the Tree of Life and see how we are all related 

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Exome sequencing (WES or WXS) is the technique used to sequence the genes that expressed. This is helping doctors diagnosis diseases caused by genetic mutations.   

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Exome sequencing (WES or WXS) is the technique used to sequence the genes that expressed. This is helping doctors diagnosis diseases caused by genetic mutations.   

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The Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) database: shedding light on human genetic variation

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The Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) database: shedding light on human genetic variation and rare genetic disease Based on the largest resource of its kind, members of the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) led by scientists at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard report scientific findings from data on the exome sequences (protein-coding portions of the genome) from 60,706 people from diverse ethnic backgrounds.

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Based on genomic data, this what we think the human migration pattern looks like

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Based on genomic data, this what we think the human migration pattern looks like

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Map Shows How Humans Migrated Across The Globe

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Whole genome sequencing is helping us understand human migration. As our techniques become more powerful, we are able sequence DNA from material that we previously couldn't 

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Whole genome sequencing is helping us understand human migration. As our techniques become more powerful, we are able sequence DNA from material that we previously couldn't 

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Aboriginal DNA provides human migration clues

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Genome sequencing can tell us how every species is related on Earth, but not every gene is expressed all the time or in the same way in every individual. 

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Genome sequencing can tell us how every species is related on Earth, but not every gene is expressed all the time or in the same way in every individual. 

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Definition of Gene Expression

A gene is a small piece of genetic material written in a code and called DNA. Each gene has within it a set of instructions for making molecules that organisms need to survive. Genes themselves cannot be used by an organism. Instead they must be turned into a gene product. Gene expression is the process by which the information contained within a gene becomes a useful product.

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genes can be expressed as either RNA or protein. However, not every gene product is needed all the time, nor are they needed in the same amounts. In fact, it would be very energetically demanding for a cell to express every gene all the time. Further, some gene products are harmful to the cell and thus only expressed at the end of a cell's life. Because of these reasons, we regulate the expression of our genes.

How do we know what gene product is needed, when it is needed, and how much is needed? Our cells actually have a very complicated system of mechanisms to monitor themselves and their environment. They take internal and external signals, analyze them, and then decide if a gene product is needed. Once it is decided that a gene product is needed, cells have a process to create a gene product.

The first step in making a gene product is to make a copy of the gene. Genes cannot leave the nucleus, so we need to make a copy, which is called messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA can leave the nucleus. So, how do we make mRNA? The first step is for a transcription factor to bind to the DNA at a point upstream to the target gene. This initiation point is a sequence of DNA called a promoter region.

Transcription is the process by which a transcript (mRNA) of the gene is created. Transcription factors can recruit the rest of the mRNA creating machinery to the target gene. The number and types of other factors varies with species, cell type, and even what the target gene is. An important component that is always present is RNA polymerase. This is the machine that actually reads the DNA code and makes the RNA. Transcription factors that promote gene expression are called activators. Figure 1 shows transcription factors and RNA polymerase (RNAP) making an mRNA copy of the DNA.

Interestingly, transcription factors can also prevent the transcription of a gene. So, once analyzed, the signals a cell is receiving may say to the cell that there is enough or even too much of a gene product being produced. In this event, the cell sends a different type of transcription factor to the over-expressed gene. These transcription factors still bind the promoter, but they block access to the gene. Thus, RNA polymerase cannot bind to the gene and mRNA is not made. Transcription factors that block transcription are called repressors. Figure 2 shows a repressor (green) binding to DNA to block transcription.

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analysis & definition - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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What Is Gene Expression? - Regulation, Analysis & Definition - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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A gene is a small piece of genetic material written in a code and called DNA. Each gene has within it a set of instructions for making molecules that organisms need to survive. Genes themselves cannot be used by an organism. Instead they must be turned into a gene product.

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Mendel was the Grandfather of modern genetics. How did he figure out that trait were inherited from parents and not just randomly obtained? 

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Mendel was the Grandfather of modern genetics. How did he figure out that trait were inherited from parents and not just randomly obtained? 

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How Mendel's pea plants helped us understand genetics - Hortensia Jiménez Díaz

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Chromosomes hadn't been discovered when Mendel was studding pea plants, but we now know that the patterns he saw are inherited on macro-molecules called DNA.  DNA is the blueprint for everything that is living on Earth.

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Chromosomes hadn't been discovered when Mendel was studding pea plants, but we now know that the patterns he saw are inherited on macro-molecules called DNA.  DNA is the blueprint for everything that is living on Earth.

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What are the different types of inherited DNA?

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What are the different types of inherited DNA?

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We inherit many different types of DNA from our parents, but what are they and what can they tell us about ourselves?
Let's investigate mtDNA

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Chromosome (24) mtDNA - Lynn Margulis and the mitochondrial DNA

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EXPLORE THE RI ADVENT CALENDAR: http://rigb.org.uk/advent When we're born we usually inherit our father's surname but we also inherit a rather unique type of DNA from our mothers -- mitochondrial DNA. Aoife McLysaght explains how this special genetic link can be traced back to the origins of humans, and tells the story of the remarkable female scientist who figured out where our mitochondria came from in the first place.

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Can we obtain the same information about ourselves from sequencing some DNA as the whole genome? How can we do this?

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How to sequence the human genome - Mark J. Kiel

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So if mtDNA is inherited through the female chromosomes, what is Y-Line-DNA?

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So if mtDNA is inherited through the female chromosomes, what is Y-Line-DNA?

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After you watch the video, can you guess how X-Line-DNA is inherited?

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A very brief introduction to Y DNA. If you have any questions, please ask in the comments! For more information, please visit: http://www.scotlandsdna.com/

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Let's look at how all of these molecules work inside a cell

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Let's look at how all of these molecules work inside a cell

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Drew Berry: Animations of unseeable biology