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Description of the disorder: Persistent issues in falling and staying asleep. They often wake up in the middle of the night and can not fall back asleep.                            Causes of the disorder: Anxiety, stress, and depression
Symptoms of the disorder: headaches, not being able to focus, interrupting sleep and light sleep. Trouble falling asleep, trouble maintaining sleep, early morning awakening without being able to fall back asleep.
Treatment of the Disorder: Sleeping pills (can be habit forming) and alcohol is a way to aggravate the problem and aid in the tolerance a person can build against the pills and alcohol. Exercising regularly, avoid caffeine in the early afternoon, avoid eating before slumber time, relax before bedtime, use dimmer lights, have a regular sleep schedule, etc.

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Sleep Apnea - A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeating momentary awakenings. People with this disorder wake up due to decreased blood oxygen. This deprives people of slow-wave sleep.

3 Levels of Sleep Apnea:
- Mild: Less than 15 awakenings in one hour
- Moderate: Between 15 and 30 awakenings in one hour
- Severe: Greater than 30 awakenings in one hour

Symptoms of this Disorder:
a. Nocturnal Breathing Disorders: snoring, snorting/gasping or breathing pauses during sleep
b. Daytime sleepiness or Fatigue

Treatment for this Disorder:
- Lifestyle changes such as weight loss and breathing assistance devices during the night (CPAP Machine - Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)

Causes:
-Correlation w/obesity, smoker, structure of airway.

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Definition: Episodes of screaming, intense fear, and flailing while still asleep, often paired with sleepwalking. Night terrors can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. If they occur infrequently, it's a normal stage of childhood development. They also can be caused by nightmares.
Night terrors and nightmares are able to differ because people will be able to remember having a nightmare but they will NOT be able to recall a night terror.
Night terrors normally occur during the NREM-3 stage of sleep.
The reason it is a disorder is because it can impair another person's disorder.

Treatments:
-Relaxation techniques
-Therapy

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Description of the disorder
a repetitive, disturbing dream associated with survival of a threat. Leads to person waking up in a state of alertness.
3 Levels
Mild - less than one episode per week on average
Moderate - one or more episodes per week but less than nightly
Severe - episodes nightly

Acute - duration period of nightmares is 1 month or less
Subacute - Duration period of nightmares is greater than 1 month but less than 6
Persistent - duration period is more than 6 months
Causes of the disorder
- Stress or anxiety
- Trauma
- Sleep deprivation
- Medications
- Substance Abuse
- Other disorders
- Scary books or movies
Symptoms of the disorder
-causes distress
-lead to sleep deprivation
Treatment of the Disorder
- Medication--used in extreme cases to aid in getting into deeper sleep, or to decrease anxiety
- Therapy--relaxation techniques, determine the underlying cause.

--Occur in REM, they can be remembered. This is different from sleep terrors because sleep terrors occur in NREM-3, and sleep terrors cannot be remembered.

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NARCOLEPSY - “numbness seizure”

Extreme tendency to fall asleep into REM sleep at any moment in time

often called “sleep attacks” which contribute to sudden muscle weakness several times a week

last less than 5 minutes; happens at inopportune times

Must occur 3 times per week over the past 3 months to be determined as narcoleptic

Deficiency of hypocretin/orexin (due to the relative absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces this neurotransmitter - linked to alertness)

No obvious emotional triggers

Episodes of cataplexy (no control over muscles), excessive daytime sleepiness, napping, global hypotonia, tongue thrusting

Treatment: Potential drug (currently being researched) that mimics missing orexin and pass through the blood brain barrier, Amphetamines--stimulants that would help wake up a person.

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Sleepwalking is walking in your sleep. It lasts between 2-10 minutes. Young children are the most likely to get it. As we grow older sleepwalking diminishes. When we are sleep deprived, we are more likely to sleepwalk. This can occur in any sleep stage, but it mostly occurs in NREM-3, Sleepwalking is usually harmless, but the sleepwalkers don’t remember that they did it. It is genetic.

Causes:
fatigue, or lack of sleep apnea
Sedative agents
Febrile illness
Is more likely to occur in children with sleep

Symptoms - https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/sleepwalking
Sitting up in bed
Walking around a room, house, or long distances
Little to no memory of event
Talking during sleep
Screaming or violent attacks

Treatments
--Having a regular sleep routine
--Improving sleep hygiene
--Have a safe sleep environment
--Therapy--determine cause

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For additional detail, have at least one person refer to the DSM-5 (linked in title):

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For additional detail, have at least one person refer to the DSM-5 (linked in title):

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Sleep Disorder (p. # in DSM-5)
Sleepwalking Disorder (Somnambulism) p.399
Insomnia p.362
Sleep apnea p.378
Narcolepsy p.372
Nightmare Disorder p.404
Sleep Terror Disorder p.399

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Be sure to also address what stage of sleep this occurs in. 

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Be sure to also address what stage of sleep this occurs in. 

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Be sure to address what stage of sleep nightmares occur in/how this is different than Night Terror Disorder. 

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Be sure to address what stage of sleep nightmares occur in/how this is different than Night Terror Disorder. 

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Be sure to address what stage of sleep Night Terrors occur in/how this is different than Nightmare Disorder. 

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Be sure to address what stage of sleep Night Terrors occur in/how this is different than Nightmare Disorder. 

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Be sure to also address how many times per night a person stops breathing. 

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Be sure to also address how many times per night a person stops breathing. 

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Be sure to also address what stage of sleep a person falls into. 

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Be sure to also address what stage of sleep a person falls into. 

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Be sure to also address what makes this a disorder, and not just normal, occasional trouble falling asleep. 

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Be sure to also address what makes this a disorder, and not just normal, occasional trouble falling asleep. 

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1. Each table selects a sleep disorder. (Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea, Night Terrors Disorder, Nightmare Disorder, Sleepwalking) pp.238-240.
2. Read about it in the textbook and add information to the class Padlet.  Information to include in post:  Description of the disorder, Causes of the disorder, Symptoms of the disorder, and Treatment of the Disorder.  You will probably have to look up causes and treatment outside of the textbook. Any sources outside of the textbook used, cite in APA format.  Citation Machine is a great tool to help you.  To add a post, just double-click.

3. Select one person to present the information to the class.