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Definition

nanotechnology

noun

The branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometres, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.

https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition

One nanometre is a billionth of a meter, or 1X10^-9 of a meter

There are 25,400,000 nanometres in an inch

A sheet of newspaper is 100,000 nanometres thick

Types of Nanomaterials

Carbon Nanotubes

Fullerenes and Buckyballs

Dendrimers

Fine and Ultrafine Particulates in Air

Quantum Dots and Nanocrystals

Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles

Silver nanowire

We are able to manipulate individual atoms due to the use of STM (Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy) and AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy)

STM: http://www.nanoscience.com/technology/scanning-tunneling-microscopy/how-stm-works/#sthash.rKuinwlk.dpuf

“STM works by scanning a very sharp metal wire tip over a surface. By bringing the tip very close to the surface, and by applying an electrical voltage to the tip or sample, we can image the surface at an extremely small scale.”

AFM: http://www.nanoscience.com/technology/afm-technology/how-afm-works/#sthash.L9Fk55AG.dpuf

“Similar to how an STM works, a sharp tip is raster-scanned over a surface using a feedback loop to adjust parameters needed to image a surface. Unlike STM, the AFM does not need a conducting sample. Instead of using the quantum mechanical effect of tunnelling, atomic forces are used to map the tip-sample interaction.”

Applications of Nanotechnology

http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotech-applications.html

Technology

-          Screen display technology can be improved thought the use of Nanotechnology to increase clarity, whilst decreasing size, weight and power consumption

-          Increasing the density of memory chips on the Nano-scale level would allow for advancements in the total storage capacity of devices, Researchers are currently developing a memory chip to store 1 terabyte per square inch of electrical data

-          Solar cells would be able to be increased in surface area and efficiency by manipulating the component materials through nanotechnology, increasing the electricity generated per square inch of solar cells

Batteries

-          Nanotechnology can help to improve battery safety by modifying the electrode materials and conductive mediums

-          Increasing the shelf-life of batteries by using nanotechnology to separate the fluids from solid components inside the battery, allowing the charge to be maintained over a far longer time duration

-          Carbon nanotubes have been developed to replace anodes within lithium ion batteries which can improve the capacity by 10 fold

-          Nano technology is able to produce super-conductive materials allowing for more efficient electricity conduction and faster data transfer over these mediums

-          Increased the speed of re-charge to allow for faster battery regeneration and faster continued use

-          Battery technology advancements through the use of nanotechnology have the potential to allow new devices to be designed without the need for recharging

Nanobots

http://futureforall.org/nanotechnology/nanobots.html

“Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (10−9 meters). More specifically, nanorobotics refers to the still largely hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots, devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components.”

https://dzone.com/articles/meet-the-nanobots-that-could-combat-cancer

“nanobots could be inserted into the bloodstream of the patient, from which they can administer a cancer drug with extreme precision.

The team believes that this approach would enable medicine to be applied to cancerous cells, and thus both increases the likelihood of success while also reducing the risk to other organs and healthy tissue surrounding the tumor.”

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Genetic Engineering is the modification of the genetic strands of DNA to 'splice' in new genes into an organism.
Splicing refers to removing specific genes and removing them copying them or replacing them with another gene, from another organism.  http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Enz-Ho/Genetic-Engineering.html
GE has been used in foods for years to make more resilient crops, produce better yield and select the strands of genes which could otherwise not be passed or other desired traits may be lost through cross breeding crops due to the dominance of different genes
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002432.htm

GE has the advantage over breeding new traits as it removes the requirement of the organisms being able to produce offspring and makes it so that genes can be transferred between different species. One example of what is currently being researched is the possibity of using the genome from the zebrafish which allows it to repair its own organs as a method of potentially using this to repair damage to our hearts http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml

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An example
Some real world applications, although primitive, are personal implants such as NFC chips that can be programmed/ updated to have specific data written to them.

Once configured properly, the implant can be used to open cars, secure doors, be used as a payment method (though needs more development) and to store links/ codes. Storing codes are a popular use of this tech as gamer's can share CD keys for older games.
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Common applications of bio technology are not just limited to medicine but also in
> Agriculture - To modify how food tastes/ growing times/ animal preference etc.
> Industrial - To create fuels or to produce chemicals to produce other resources
> Environmentally - Can be used to clean up hazardous chemicals and/or oil spills.

This doesn't come without risk. With using genetic modification or through creating chemicals can cause adverse problems or side effects. This can include changing the bio diversity of the area of an oil spill though using untested chemicals.

Newer versions of biotech are classified as genetic engineering, genetic modification
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Sources:
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/applications-of-food-biotechnology-2157-7625-1000215.php?aid=81688

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology

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Definition: The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.

Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes. https://www.bio.org/what-biotechnology
DNA Cloning: DNA cloning involves creating many copies of a target DNA. This process is to help people with genetic disorders become healthy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology
Human vaccination: Oral vaccines have been in the works for many years as a possible solution to the spread of disease in underdeveloped countries, where costs are prohibitive to widespread vaccination.

Agricultural biotechnology: This includes chemicals such as pesticides to aid crops surviving against the threat from animals and nature killing them.

Bio fuels: bio fuel is a type of fuel that are made from renewable resources, unlike carbon and oil. These include water, solar, wind and electric powered machines.
https://www.thebalance.com/agricultural-biotechnology-examples-375753
Advantages:
- Renewable energy more environmentally stable
- DNA cloning can be life saving
-  Increase of yield for farmers
- It is  a precise process in which scientific technique

Disadvantages:
- Ingesting pesticides can be harmful to humans
- Renewable energy may not be as accessible to the majority
- At the moment renewable energy is more expensive and time consuming
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Nanotechnology is science, engineering and technology all carried out at the nano scale which is 1 to 100 nano meters.
One Nano Meter is a billionth of a meter an example to show the size is there are 24.5 million nano meters in an inch.
Can be used in medicine so that drugs can be delivered directly to diseased cells in your body.
Electronics-It allows for the possibility to increase the capabilities of electronic devices whilst reducing their weight and also power consumption.
Food-Can have an impact on how food is grown to how its packaged. Companies are working on nano materials that will make a difference in taste but also food safety
Fuel Cells-Nanotechnology is also being used to reduce the cost of catalysts used in fuel cells to produce hydrogen ions from fuel.
Solar Cells-Companies are developing nano tech cells that can be manufactured at a lower cost than the convention solar cells which will make them more accessible for the public.
Batteries-Companies are developing batteries using nano materials that will be as good as new even when it has been left sitting inactive for decades. Also they are working on batteries that can be recharged faster than conventional batteries.
Fuel-Nano technology can address the shortage of fossil fuels by making fuel from low grade raw materials and making it economical increasing mileage of engines

http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotech-applications.html

https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition

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What is Optical Computing - optical computing is an optical computer (also called a photonic computer) is a device that uses the photons in visible light or infrared ( IR) beams,rather than electric current, to perform digital computations.

Where is Optical Computing Used - Optical technology is employed in CD-ROM drives and their relatives, laser printers, and most photocopiers and scanners. However, none of these devices are fully optical; all rely to some extent on conventional electronic circuits and components.

There are disagreements between researchers about the future capabilities of optical computers: will they be able to compete with semiconductor-based electronic computers on speed, power consumption, cost, and size?

For optical logic to be competitive beyond a few niche applications, major breakthroughs in non-linear optical device technology would be required, or perhaps a change in the nature of computing itself.

Advantages:

Increased Performance

Less Power Consumption

less Heat

Less Noise

More Flexibility in Layout

Last Longer (Less wearing)

Disadvantages:

Expensive

Not Small Enough Yet

Manufacturing is not advanced enough to be as precise as needed

Incompatibility

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/optical-computer-photonic-computer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_computing

http://130.75.63.115/upload/lv/wisem0708/SeminarIT-Trends/html/tr/right/5.%20Advantages%20and%20Disadvantages%20of%20Optical%20Computers.htm

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Genetic engineering is also called genetic modification or GM. It is not the same as cloning. Although cloning techniques are used in genetic engineering, the two things should not be confused. genetic engineering produces a unique set of genes, genes can be swapped across species. It's the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism, the main goal is to add one of more traits that are not already found in that organism.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/evolution/reproductionrev6.shtml

http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml

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Companies like 'Zip Line' are developing systems that  give hospitals and surgeries that option to order blood or medicine via text messages. Within minutes a drone will have been dispatched and flown over to the destination with cargo in transit. Each vehicle weight 22 pounds with the ability to carry 3 pounds of medicine for just over 75 miles on a single charge. Once its arrived the cargo is then released with an attached parachute in order to guide it to the ground safely.