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- suggested by Wilhelm Wundt, founded by Tichener

- every complex conscious experience can be broken down

- used introspection, only adult humans
- focus on conscious, recollectable experiences

- disappeared because it unreliable and limiting in the topics it can cover

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- founded by Wertheimer, Loffka, and Kohler
- gestalt is German for "shape" or "form"
- only people
- perceptions are wholes that give meaning
- counter to structuralism
- learning is caused by insight and reorganized perceptions

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- founded by William James, Harvard scientist
- behavior's function in allowing people and animals to adapt to environment
- consciousness is a stream of mental activity
- stresses human behavior and its adaptive role

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- founded by Sigmund Freud, Austrian doctor
- human actions and behavior is a result of unconscious desires and hidden motives
- dreams and hypnosis to uncover these conflicts
- personality develops through stages in first 5 years
- views like Oedipal Complex and Penis Envy

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- created by Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney
- expansion of Freud's views
- Jung thought there was a personal unconscious and a common unconscious between all humans
- Adler felt all humans are born with an "Inferiority Complex" and strive to better
- Horney felt people have anxiety because of a lack of basic security
- uses "Hindsight," looks at data, then makes hypothesis
- not scientific

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- founded by Carl Rogers
- humanists believe that awareness, experience, and choice allow us to choose behavior
- unique potential for growth and direction
- theory of motivation by Abraham Maslow

Physiological Needs

Safety Needs

Belongingness & Love

Esteem Needs

Self- Actualization

- humans are inherently good, focus on inner experience (unscientific)

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- founded by Ivan Pavlov (Russian)
- added to by John Watson and B.F. Skinner
- focus scientific observations on observable behavior
- behavior is learned through environment, and can be changed and controlled by it, no free will
- most scientific

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- both agree that problems are due to unconscious conflicts
- A: personality is developed through the critical stages, and if fixated, one is unable to move on. carries fear and anxiety onto adulthood
- D: personality is a result of the conflicts and the shared unconscious motives (the archetype, inferiority complex, basic security)

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- brain, nervous system, and brain cell activity
- influence of genes and hormones on personality
- difficulties are neurological, and can be treated with drug therapy, surgery, and shock therapy

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- ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status and other factors impact behavior and mental processes
- one's uniqueness is defined by the culture one lives in

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- based off of Darwin's work
- focuses on the influence of genes that were passed on because they enable adaptability and survival
- influences social interaction, mate selection, emotional responses

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- the reason for a person's unique characteristics is a result of "all" perspectives
- Bio, Cog, Behav, Human, PDynam, Ges, Sociocult
- all must be combined for effective treatment

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- one is Jean Piaget
- focuses on the role of mental processes
- a person's behavior depends on their values, interpretations
- response varies by cognitive thought process

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I Can... describe and apply steps of the scientific method

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1. Humanistic

2. Behavioral

3. Neuroscience/Bio

4. Cognitive: false perception, thinking

5. Neuroscience/Bio

6. Psychodynamic: subconscious, fears

7. Psychodynamic

8. Behavioral

9. Cognitive

10. Humanistic: all the people with us make up who we are

11. Humanistic

12. Neuroscience/Bio

13. Psychodynamic: all past experiences and repressed issues

14. Behavioral

15. Humanistic: lacking a part of the pyramid

16. Psychodynamic

17. Behavioral

18. Cognitive

19. Cognitive

20. Neuroscience/Bio

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- Gratification: emotional response when we achieve our goals

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Step 1
- Hypothesis: testable prediction; if/then statement
- IV: manipulated
- DV: measured
- Operational Definition: defining the research, hypothesis, part of essay
Step 2
- Design study
- Where do we want to do the study? Lab or Naturalistic Observation?
- Individual or Group?
- Parents? *ethical guidelines* consent giver
- What reward is gratifying?
Step 3
- Collect data
Step 4
- Analyze data
Step 5
- Publish findings

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Hypothesis: If the child is older than 6 years, then 80% will wait for more marshmallows.

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- check back over a long period of time, to see what the long term effects are
- vary hard to do

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1. E, O, L

1. IV - Video

2. DV - Aggression

2. D, O, L

3. C, O, L

4. C, O, L

5. E, O, F

1. IV - Video

2. DV - Aggression

6. D, O, F

7. E, SR, L

1. IV - Video

2. DV - Level of Aggression

8. C, SR, L

9. D, SR, L

10. C, SR, F

11. D, SR, F

12. E, SR, F

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1. Experimental

2. Impossible

3. Clinical

4. Survey

5. Naturalistic Observation

6. Impossible

7. Naturalistic Observation

8. Clinical

9. Survey

10. Experimental

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- Good Subject Bias: people know they're being observed, so their not behaving normally
Confounding/Third/Extraneous Variable: a third variable that was not perceived to affect the study but it did

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I can identify and apply IVs and DVs

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I can begin to understand statistics in psychology
- Cognitive comes from Gestalt
- Evolutionary is an outgrowth of Biological
- Humanistic is a reaction to the Psychodynamic perspective (founded by Freud)
- Humanistic is very popular today, most therapists have this, newest, also Positive Perspective
- colic: a baby that cannot be soothed, fussy
- between 0 to 3 months, a baby's cry cannot be discerned
- by 3 to 6 months, their cries can be discerned, and they develop colic
- random assignment: after sample is chosen, to separate experimental and control group
- representative sample: choosing a sample from the population which represents the individuals, and each group of individuals has the same chance of being chosen

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I can apply Statistics in Psychology
- if the p is low, the null must go//if the p is high, the null will fly
- the null hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis

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- statistical reasoning in everyday life
- roll the dice
- analyzing correlations

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I can identify and explain the differences between correlations and experiments.
Notes
- Correlation does not show cause-and-effect, it shows a causal relationship
*Acetaminophen - Tylenol
- A Scatter Plot is the way to organize correlational data
Khan Academy
- Causality says that A causes B
- Correlations says A and B tend to be observed at the same time
- better studies prove causality

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Hindsight bias
- the principle of the experimenter saying my hypothesis was right because it was
I knew it all along
STEPS?
1. memory distortion
2. inevitability
3. foreseeability
NEGATIVES?
- we lose the ability to learn from our experiments because we just appreciate that it happened in favor of ourselves
- if we're very overconfident, we don't see the confounding variables and don't prevent them
AVOID IT?
by considering what didn't happened
Bystander Effect
- the more people involved in a conversation, the less likely they are to actively do something because they feel someone else would intervene

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respect for persons - entitled to protection, consent
beneficence - do no harm, secure their well-being
justice - the benefits and harms are equally distributed

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perspective
research method
- good subject bias
scientific method
ethics

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case study
survey
naturalistic observation
experimental
correlational study