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Great White shark
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Chondrichthyes
Order- Lamniformes
Family- Lamnidae
Genus- Carcharodon
Species-  carcharias
Giant Oceanic Manta Ray
Order- Rajiformes
Family- Mobulidae
Genus- Manta
Species- birostris
Largetooth  sawfish
Order- Rhinopristiformes
Family- Pristidae
Genus- Pristis
Species- pristis

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This tree shows the evolution the class went through to get the species we have today.

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Class Chondrichthyes experienced gradual equilibrium, not punctuated.  This is because it has been a very very long time since the creatures that first came to be compared to the species we have now.  This proves it happened slowly over a long period of time, not quickly.  The type of evolution that occurred is called divergent.  All of the species have homologous structures  which proved they have a common ancestor and later separated into different  species.  Reproductive isolation is shown throughout the evolution of the class because different species mate at different times during the year and so they cannot reproduce with each other.  That is how new species are created.  Another evolutionary mechanism caused the gene pool to change over time and create diverse organisms (originally from the same species) that create new species.
Darwin's two theories of evolution are displayed in the class Chondrichthyes. Descent with modification is shown in the fossil record because it displays what structures of the organisms have changed over time. Anatomy & Physiology displays the homologous structures in the species and proves they all came from a common ancestor. The type of natural selection displayed is called stabilizing because the intermediate traits were favored at the time and still are today.

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Great white shark vs Largetooth sawfish
There are a couple of similarities in the embryology of the Great white and Largetooth sawfish.  The first one is called oophagy where embryos eat each other in the womb so they can get nourishment and the fittest can be born.  Another is that both organisms are ovoviviparous.  This means that the embryos are nourished in the yolk sac of the egg of the mother, then break from the egg inside the mother and are born live.
There are also some differences. The Great white shark can have 2-10 pups at a time, and have a gestation period of 12-18 months. They are migrational during that time. Since Largetoooth sawfish are so rare, not much is known about their mating habits and embryology. Although, they are estimated to have about a 5 month gestation period and produce over 20 pups at a time.

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The Class Chondrichthyes has similarities like jaws,  spines, and cartilage.  It shows evolution because it proves they all have a common ancestor but they have become diverse and used in different ways over time, creating new species.
Homologous structure
The tailbone is a homologous structure of Kingdom Animalia because it was used in fish to swim, monkeys and cats for balance, and a vestigial structure in humans. In cartilaginous fish, the tailbone is the structure of the tail/ fin which they use to propel them through the water in a whip-like motion.

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The fossils in my group show evidence of evolution because it displays the differences of the organisms from long ago. This way you can see how the organisms from different time periods were set up anatomically and be clearly compared. Plus, all of the fossils shown have something in common such as a tail.

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Harpagofututor volsellorhinus

Age: Mississippian/ 320 million years ago

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rare harpagofututor volsellorhinus paleozoic bear gulch fossil shark mississippian heath shale formation

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Rare Harpagofututor volsellorhinus Paleozoic Bear Gulch Fossil Shark

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Acanthodes gracilis
Age: Early Permian/ 290 million years ago

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Heliobatis radians
Age: Eocene/ 50 million years ago

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Paratriakis curtirostris
Cretaceous/ 95 million years ago

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Cyclobatis major skate fossil
Age: Cretaceous/ 50 million years ago

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Charcharodon Megalodon shark tooth
Age: Middle Eocene to lower Pliocene/ 33-40 million years ago

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EXEMPLARY #3: Giant Oceanic Manta ray Behavior

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EXEMPLARY #3: Giant Oceanic Manta ray Behavior

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Jump out of water (breaching)
Not known why
Mating ritual a mystery due to the rarity of the ray
Ignore each other
Live alone
Migrational
Minimal territorial problems
Go to cleaning stations where Small fish feed on them
Not particularly harmful to people because they cannot sting

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EXEMPLARY #3: Giant Oceanic Manta ray Characteristics

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EXEMPLARY #3: Giant Oceanic Manta ray Characteristics

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Gills on underside of body
Need to continuously move in order to keep water flowing over their gills
Wing span up to 23 feet
Can weigh up to 4,440 lbs

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EXEMPLARY #3: Giant Oceanic Manta ray Location

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EXEMPLARY #3: Giant Oceanic Manta ray Location

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Reefs all over the world
Shallow water
Soft sandy bottom
Ocean floor

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EXEMPLARY #2: Great white shark behavior

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EXEMPLARY #2: Great white shark behavior

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Antisocial
Surprise prey from below
Swim up to 35 mph
Super smart
Use electro receptors to pick up on prey's beating heart
Rare cannibalism
Don't purposely prey on humans, sharks mistake them for sea lions or other fish and take a "sample bite"
Don't bite sharks, they slap them when needed
Ovoviviparous; eat each other in the womb so the fittest may be born
Reach maturity at about 15 years
18 month gestation period and migrate for that time
Males bite female in order to use claspers
Mating has never been seen live before

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EXEMPLARY #2: Great white shark Characteristics

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EXEMPLARY #2: Great white shark Characteristics

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EXTERNAL
Can weigh up to 3-4 tons
Can measure from 12-20 feet in length
Hydrodynamic
3,000 serrated teeth in 3 messy rows
Grey skin, white belly
Gills on either side
INTERNAL
Olfactory bulbs behind eyes (ears)
Nostrils under snout
Very sensitive smell and can tell if they are upside down, sideways, or rightside up

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EXEMPLARY #2: Great white shark Location

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EXEMPLARY #2: Great white shark Location

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Stay shallow near surface usually
Can also reach depth of around 800 feet
Warm, salty waters
Found of coasts of US, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia
Live in waters that range from 54-75 degrees Farenheit
Fairly rare

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EXEMPLARY #1: Largetooth Sawfish Behavior

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EXEMPLARY #1: Largetooth Sawfish Behavior

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Mostly a mystery due to rarity
Spend most of their lives at the floor
Are not harmful to humans unless provoked
Will slash or stun prey with rostrum ("saw" part of the fish)
Eat crustaceans, mollusks, and small fish
Diurnal
Mainly live alone; except when mating
Internal fertilization; eggs hatch in uterus  and continue to grow until it's born
Gestation about 5 months
Produce 1-13 offspring at a time
Denticles covered in tissue at birth to protect mother

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The Blue Shark is displayed in figure C and is it shown to have 86 diploid chromosomes and a fundamental number of 116.  The sizes of the chromosomes are generally smaller than that of the Scalloped hammerhead (shown in figure D) though they do have the same amount of diploid chromosomes.   The fundamental number of this species is 106.

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Reproduce by internal fertilization
Don't produce a large amount of offspring
Move inshore to give birth
Bury under the sand or swim over food
Fast and agile
Predatory
Solitary/ anti-social
Possibly territorial

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Specific habitat requirements of the group:

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Specific habitat requirements of the group:

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Mainly saltwater but sometimes fresh
Open ocean; not many corals and other obstacles
Soft, sandy bottom
Mostly warm water
Fairly shallow waters

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Rough skin
Cartilaginous
Jawed vertebrates
Hearts with chambers in series

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EXEMPLARY #1: Largetooth Sawfish Characteristics

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EXEMPLARY #1: Largetooth Sawfish Characteristics

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EXTERNAL
Long flat nose
Cartilaginous
14-23 "teeth" (denticles) on either side of nose
Gills on underside
Can measure up to 23 feet
Can weigh up to 1300 pounds
Greyish skin
Whiter skin on bottom
INTERNAL
Breathe through spiracles behind eyes
No swim bladder
Spiral valve for digestion
Air-filled liver to control buoyancy

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https://sites.google.com/site/animalbiologyspring2011/home/chondrichthyes-cartilaginous-fish-sharks-rays-and-skates-organismal-individual-and-population-levels

http://www.arkive.org/largetooth-sawfish/pristis-pristis/

http://www.elasmoworld.org/sawfish.html

http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/fish/largetooth-sawfish.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawfish

http://wiki.safariltd.com/index.php/Sawfish#Behavior

http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/03/geography-in-the-news-the-great-white-sharks-habitats/

http://www.livescience.com/27338-great-white-sharks.html

http://www.sharksider.com/great-white-shark/

http://ocean.si.edu/great-white-shark

http://www.bioexpedition.com/manta-ray-behavior/

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fishfossils/Chondrichthyes-fossils.ht

http://animals.howstuffworks.com/fish/sharks/great-white5.htm
http://www.fossilmall.com/Science/FishFossils/cyclobatis-major/cyclobatis_pair2949b.jpg

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Phylum_Chordata_Fossils/Class_Chondrichthyes_Fossils/Megalodon/Megalodon188.jpg

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Green_River_Formation_Fish/Heliobatis_ra http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fishfossils/Paratriakis-curtirostris/Paratriakis-La.jpg

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fishfossils/Acanthodes-gracilis/Acanthodes-gracilis-t.jpg

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/beargulch/harpagofututor-volsellorhinus/harpagofututor-volsellorhinus.htm

http://bunken.org/pdf_store/isj/publication/pdf/42/421/42105.pdf

https://chondrichthyesblog.wordpress.com/2016/06/01/evolution-at-work/

http://www.fossilmall.com/Science/FishFossils/cyclobatis-major/cyclobatis_pair2949b.jpg

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Phylum_Chordata_Fossils/Class_Chondrichthyes_Fossils/Megalodon/Megalodon188.jpg

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Green_River_Formation_Fish/Heliobatis_ra http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fishfossils/Paratriakis-curtirostris/Paratriakis-La.jpg

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fishfossils/Acanthodes-gracilis/Acanthodes-gracilis-t.jpg

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/beargulch/harpagofututor-volsellorhinus/harpagofututor-volsellorhinus.htm

http://bunken.org/pdf_store/isj/publication/pdf/42/421/42105.pdf

https://chondrichthyesblog.wordpress.com/2016/06/01/evolution-at-work/

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EXEMPLARY #1: Largetooth Sawfish Location

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EXEMPLARY #1: Largetooth Sawfish Location

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Shallow coastal waters
Sometimes freshwater
Warm water
Soft bottoms of bodies of water
Muddy areas
Rare
Eastern Pacific, West Atlantic, Mediterranean

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Big skate
Common skate
Barndoor skate
Great white shark
Tiger shark
Bull shark
Black tip shark
Spotted eagle ray
Southern stingray
Giant freshwater stingray