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Il giornalista rilegge il mito della Nuova Frontiera a sessant’anni dagli spari di Dallas

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Look Back in Anger (1959) ORIGINAL TRAILER [HD 1080p]

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Bloody Sunday 1972: The day's events explained

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The Troubles - "In the Name of the Father"

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The Troubles - "In the Name of the Father"

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In the Name of the Father (1993) - IRA Riot Scene (1/10) | Movieclips

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Olivia O'Hagan tried to keep out of politics. But Northern Ireland's Troubles had a way of coming to her door. First her sister was abducted and shot. Then her father was shot at for buying property from a Protestant. People all around her were paranoid about being hassled by paramilitaries or dying in random attacks, and O'Hagan had become used to a life of fear.

"You didn't know who to trust," she recalled in a 2013 oral history. "You just kept yourself to yourself. You didn't get angry whenever you heard of all the people being shot dead. You just thought 'When is this ever going to end?'"

She had good reason to wonder. The Troubles-a term long used as a euphemism for violent conflict-brought decades of riots and bloody clashes between pro-British Protestants and Catholics bent on national independence to the doorsteps of people like O'Hagan. Rooted in a legacy of colonialism, religious conflict, and political uncertainty, the Troubles would take 30 years, and thousands of lives, to peter out.

Why Protestants and Catholics clashed in Northern Ireland

The Troubles arose from longstanding grievances between Catholics and Protestants who held deeply opposing views on Northern Ireland's relationship with Great Britain. A short distance and a long-shared history bound the two nations together, laying the foundation for the conflict.

In its earliest days, Ireland was home to multiple waves of conquerors, including the Celts, Vikings, and Anglo-Saxons. But beginning in 1541, Ireland was ruled by the British crown-and English emigrants soon began to settle in the country's northern region. Under British rule, the Irish, who were mostly Catholic, had their land confiscated and given to the mostly Protestant settlers.

Animosity between Catholics and Protestants continued, exacerbated by Britain's use of the island as a colony to be exploited. Over time, an Irish nationalist movement grew, and after decades of brutal fighting, Britain partitioned the country in 1921. Majority-Catholic Ireland gained its independence, and Northern Ireland, billed as "a Protestant state for Protestant people," remained part of the United Kingdom.

But not all Northern Irish people wanted to be associated with the U.K., and the newly created nation was roiled with sectarian violence from the start. Catholics, ruled by Protestant officials who discriminated against them and enforced laws unevenly, pushed for equal treatment and political independence.

During the 1960s, they began to borrow from the American civil rights movement with peaceful protests that, like those in the U.S., were met with brutality. At an October 1968 protest in Londonderry, also known as Derry, where the Catholic working class struggled with poor housing, unemployment, and persistent discrimination, police cracked down and beat protesters. The Troubles had begun.

Street battles and guerrilla warfare

Catholic nationalists soon redoubled their efforts, holding a march from Belfast to Derry in January 1969 that mirrored Martin Luther King, Jr.'s march to Selma in the U.S. Crowds of loyalists attacked the marchers throughout the protest and ambushed them on the final day at Burntollet Bridge just outside of Derry. The Protestant police did nothing to stop the loyalists even though they used clubs, stones, and other weapons. In response, riots raged throughout Derry.

Soon the Troubles kicked into high gear. Loyalists and nationalists alike marched and brawled. In one August 1969 incident now known as the Battle of the Bogside, a loyalist march from Belfast to Derry was met with protests and barricades. Local Catholic nationalists assailed the loyalists with Molotov cocktails and stones. The days-long riot only died down when British troops were deployed to Derry.

(The history of the Molotov cocktail, an iconic weapon of underdogs.)

Soon, hardline nationalists had organized into a paramilitary group known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Its objective: to force Britain to withdraw from Northern Ireland using any means necessary, including violence and guerrilla tactics. Its political arm, Sinn Féin, was devoted to achieving the same goals in the legislature.

In 1971, in response to the rising violence, Northern Ireland's government instituted a policy of internment without trial and arrested hundreds of IRA members and suspected nationalists.

Bloody Sunday

As the situation deteriorated, the nation's police force struggled to maintain order. Then, on January 30, 1972, the Troubles took an even darker turn when 15,000 nationalist protesters took to the streets in Derry in defiance of a ban on marches.

The protesters tussled with both the British Army and loyalist counterprotesters-until 21 soldiers fired on the crowd, killing 13 men and injuring others. It was a violent escalation that increased popular support for the IRA and represented Britain's willingness to silence the nationalists.

Now known as Bloody Sunday, the incident further inflamed anti-British, anti-Protestant sentiment. A tribunal held at the time acquitted both the soldiers and the British Army, but a more recent inquiry revealed that the civilians were shot without warning and had been doing nothing threatening.

The aftermath of Bloody Sunday was widespread chaos on the streets of Northern Ireland, and a breakdown at the nation's parliamentary level. The U.K. had dithered on how to intervene, but in March 1972 it acted. Northern Ireland's premier suspended parliament and Britain instituted direct rule.

A long path to peace

The first steps toward peace began in 1973 when Britain, the Republic of Ireland, and a variety of Northern Irish political factions hashed out the Sunningdale Agreement. The deal created a power-sharing arrangement between loyalists and nationalists within the Northern Irish government and instituted a Council of Ireland with representatives from both nations. But the agreement collapsed after a group of loyalists, incensed by what they saw as an invitation for the Republic of Ireland to interfere in Northern Irish affairs, held a general strike that effectively closed down the country.

After the collapse of the Sunningdale Agreement, terrorist and counter-terrorist activity resumed with bombings, street fighting, and other violence erupting regularly. The carnage even reached the royal family; in 1979, members of the IRA blew up the boat of Lord Louis Mountbatten, Queen Elizabeth's second cousin and Prince Philip's uncle, assassinating him and killing one of his sons and another passenger.

In the wake of one 1985 IRA hotel bombing intended to assassinate British leaders, Britain and the Republic of Ireland signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement, giving the Republic of Ireland a role in Northern Irish affairs. The agreement improved relations between the countries and opened a path toward Irish reunification. But in Northern Ireland, both the nationalists and loyalists disliked the agreement and violence swelled.

Progress continued to be made at the negotiating table-even as ongoing violence threatened to upend it all. In 1993, British Prime Minister John Major issued a declaration that laid the ground for peace talks, and the IRA and other paramilitary groups declared a ceasefire the following year. But the ceasefire fell apart in the mid 1990s when the British government told the IRA they must completely disarm before joining the peace process. In response, the IRA detonated a massive truck bomb at a London dockyard, wounding a hundred people.

The Good Friday Agreement

After the shock of the bombing, the British government dropped its demand and allowed the IRA to participate in the peace process. The IRA reinstated its ceasefire in 1997-which would mark the official end to the violence as all parties negotiated in earnest.

Finally, on April 10, 1998, Britain, the Republic of Ireland, and most Northern Irish political parties signed the Good Friday Agreement, which established a power-sharing system of government and made Northern Ireland a devolved state that, while part of the U.K., would have its own legislature and executive. Something else came from the agreement: an all-Irish referendum which voters from both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland ultimately approved.

Though the Troubles officially ended with the Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland's political woes were far from over. In 2002, Britain suspended Northern Ireland's power-sharing Assembly in response to renewed violence and political upheaval. Only in 2007 did the devolved government come back.

The legacy of the Troubles

Today, the IRA has disarmed, and power-sharing continues in Northern Ireland. But the brutal conflict still reverberates there. Nearly 4,000 people were killed and more than 47,000 injured throughout the 30-year struggle, most of them young adults.

The history of the conflict is also still being written. For example, one 2019 project revealed the confessions of paramilitaries on both sides, leading to a protracted legal battle. Many perpetrators were never brought to justice, and 16 people are thought to have been kidnapped, murdered, and buried in undisclosed locations by nationalists during the conflict.

The Good Friday Agreement was historic. But many of those whose lives were disrupted by the violence and grief of the Troubles are still alive and contending with the conflict's gruesome legacy. "You can't turn it around overnight," recalled O'Hagan in the oral history. "Every now and again, whenever it raises its head, you sort of say to yourself 'You know what? We're really not all that far on.'"

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What were the Troubles that ravaged Northern Ireland?

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Olivia O'Hagan tried to keep out of politics. But Northern Ireland's Troubles had a way of coming to her door. First her sister was abducted and shot. Then her father was shot at for buying property from a Protestant.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict. The crisis was unique in a number of ways, featuring calculations and miscalculations as well as direct and secret communications and miscommunications between the two sides. The dramatic crisis was also characterized by the fact that it was primarily played out at the White House and the Kremlin level with relatively little input from the respective bureaucracies typically involved in the foreign policy process.

After the failed U.S. attempt to overthrow the Castro regime in Cuba with the Bay of Pigs invasion, and while the Kennedy administration planned Operation Mongoose, in July 1962 Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev reached a secret agreement with Cuban premier Fidel Castro to place Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter any future invasion attempt. Construction of several missile sites began in the late summer, but U.S. intelligence discovered evidence of a general Soviet arms build-up on Cuba, including Soviet IL-28 bombers, during routine surveillance flights, and on September 4, 1962, President Kennedy issued a public warning against the introduction of offensive weapons into Cuba. Despite the warning, on October 14 a U.S. U-2 aircraft took several pictures clearly showing sites for medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs) under construction in Cuba. These images were processed and presented to the White House the next day, thus precipitating the onset of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Kennedy summoned his closest advisers to consider options and direct a course of action for the United States that would resolve the crisis. Some advisers-including all the Joint Chiefs of Staff-argued for an air strike to destroy the missiles, followed by a U.S. invasion of Cuba; others favored stern warnings to Cuba and the Soviet Union. The President decided upon a middle course. On October 22, he ordered a naval "quarantine" of Cuba. The use of "quarantine" legally distinguished this action from a blockade, which assumed a state of war existed; the use of "quarantine" instead of "blockade" also enabled the United States to receive the support of the Organization of American States.

That same day, Kennedy sent a letter to Khrushchev declaring that the United States would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba, and demanded that the Soviets dismantle the missile bases already under construction or completed, and return all offensive weapons to the U.S.S.R. The letter was the first in a series of direct and indirect communications between the White House and the Kremlin throughout the remainder of the crisis.

The President also went on national television that evening to inform the public of the developments in Cuba, his decision to initiate and enforce a "quarantine," and the potential global consequences if the crisis continued to escalate. The tone of the President's remarks was stern, and the message unmistakable and evocative of the Monroe Doctrine: "It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union." The Joint Chiefs of Staff announced a military readiness status of DEFCON 3 as U.S. naval forces began implementation of the quarantine and plans accelerated for a military strike on Cuba.

On October 24, Khrushchev responded to Kennedy's message with a statement that the U.S. "blockade" was an "act of aggression" and that Soviet ships bound for Cuba would be ordered to proceed. Nevertheless, during October 24 and 25, some ships turned back from the quarantine line; others were stopped by U.S. naval forces, but they contained no offensive weapons and so were allowed to proceed. Meanwhile, U.S. reconnaissance flights over Cuba indicated the Soviet missile sites were nearing operational readiness. With no apparent end to the crisis in sight, U.S. forces were placed at DEFCON 2-meaning war involving the Strategic Air Command was imminent. On October 26, Kennedy told his advisors it appeared that only a U.S. attack on Cuba would remove the missiles, but he insisted on giving the diplomatic channel a little more time. The crisis had reached a virtual stalemate.

That afternoon, however, the crisis took a dramatic turn. ABC News correspondent John Scali reported to the White House that he had been approached by a Soviet agent suggesting that an agreement could be reached in which the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba if the United States promised not to invade the island. While White House staff scrambled to assess the validity of this "back channel" offer, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a message the evening of October 26, which meant it was sent in the middle of the night Moscow time. It was a long, emotional message that raised the specter of nuclear holocaust, and presented a proposed resolution that remarkably resembled what Scali reported earlier that day. "If there is no intention," he said, "to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot. We are ready for this."

Although U.S. experts were convinced the message from Khrushchev was authentic, hope for a resolution was short-lived. The next day, October 27, Khrushchev sent another message indicating that any proposed deal must include the removal of U.S. Jupiter missiles from Turkey. That same day a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance jet was shot down over Cuba. Kennedy and his advisors prepared for an attack on Cuba within days as they searched for any remaining diplomatic resolution. It was determined that Kennedy would ignore the second Khrushchev message and respond to the first one. That night, Kennedy set forth in his message to the Soviet leader proposed steps for the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba under supervision of the United Nations, and a guarantee that the United States would not attack Cuba.

It was a risky move to ignore the second Khrushchev message. Attorney General Robert Kennedy then met secretly with Soviet Ambassador to the United States, Anatoly Dobrynin, and indicated that the United States was planning to remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey anyway, and that it would do so soon, but this could not be part of any public resolution of the missile crisis. The next morning, October 28, Khrushchev issued a public statement that Soviet missiles would be dismantled and removed from Cuba.

The crisis was over but the naval quarantine continued until the Soviets agreed to remove their IL-28 bombers from Cuba and, on November 20, 1962, the United States ended its quarantine. U.S. Jupiter missiles were removed from Turkey in April 1963.

The Cuban missile crisis stands as a singular event during the Cold War and strengthened Kennedy's image domestically and internationally. It also may have helped mitigate negative world opinion regarding the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. Two other important results of the crisis came in unique forms. First, despite the flurry of direct and indirect communications between the White House and the Kremlin-perhaps because of it-Kennedy and Khrushchev, and their advisers, struggled throughout the crisis to clearly understand each others' true intentions, while the world hung on the brink of possible nuclear war. In an effort to prevent this from happening again, a direct telephone link between the White House and the Kremlin was established; it became known as the "Hotline." Second, having approached the brink of nuclear conflict, both superpowers began to reconsider the nuclear arms race and took the first steps in agreeing to a nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

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Milestones: 1961-1968 - Office of the Historian

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Hippies Change a Generation - Decades TV Network

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Jesus Christ Superstar   Simon Zealotes (HD)

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Jesus on trial before Pilate (with lyrics)

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Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) - Heaven on their Minds (Carl Anderson) ENG Sub - A. Lloyd Webber

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Jefferson Airplane -Somebody to love , White rabbit (live at Woodstock)

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JAILHOUSE ROCK (1957) - Elvis Presley - Classic Movie Musical Numbers

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JFK's Assassination | National Geographic

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The 14 Hour Technicolor at Alexandra Palace

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The 14 Hour Technicolor at Alexandra Palace

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https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yKgmw95lKRo

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Alexandra Palace - Fund raising Happening

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Alexandra Palace - Fund raising Happening

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http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/14-hour-tech-dream-menu.html

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_Club

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Times

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indica_Gallery

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London Free School - free arts - birth of Pink Floyd

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London Free School - free arts - birth of Pink Floyd

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Free_School

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Allen Ginsberg - Beat Generation

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Allen Ginsberg Reads Beat Poetry at Royal Albert Hall London 1965

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From the Kinolibrary archive film collections. To order the clip clean and high res visit http://www.kinolibrary.com. Clip ref AB33. Black and white footage from the United Kingdom in the 1960s featuring Allen Ginsberg reading beat poetry to an audience at the Royal Albert Hall in Britain in 1965.

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Watergate

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KHRUSHCHEV

Nikita Khrushchev emerged as a leader in the Soviet Union after Dictator Josef Stalin’s death. He advocated reforms and indirectly criticized Stalin and his methods starting a process called "de-Stalinization”, which prompted movements against Soviet control in Poland and Hungary to make Soviet society less repressive. Moreover, Khrushchev allowed more freedom of expression, released political prisoners, increased agricultural production.

Yet he could be authoritarian in his own right, he was one of the primary players in the Cuban Missile Crisis, placing nuclear weapons 90 miles from Florida and he also approved the construction of the Berlin Wall.

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ALABAMA, 1955

It was the year 1955 when in Montgomery(Alabama) the African-American Rosa Parks refused to respect the racial segregation laws and didn’t give up on her seat in the "coloured section" for a white passenger, after the white one was full. Therefore, she was arrested and itresulted in demonstrations and theboycott of Montgomery buses by African-Americans. Anyway, since it was costing considerable money, negotiations started and the Supreme Court ruling in November 1956 abolished racial segregation on transports.

This event was also a starting point for the Civil Rights movement of Martin Luther King and others.

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Erected in the dead of night on August 13, 1961, the Berlin Wall (known as Berliner Mauer in German) was a physical division between West Berlin and East Germany. Its purpose was to keep disaffected East Germans from fleeing to the West.

When the Berlin Wall fell on November 9, 1989, its destruction was nearly as instantaneous as its creation. For 28 years, the Berlin Wall had been a symbol of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain between Soviet-led Communism and the democracies of the West.

When it fell, it was celebrated around the world.

A Divided Germany and Berlin

At the end of World War II, the Allied powers divided conquered Germany into four zones. As agreed at the Potsdam Conference, each was occupied by either the United States, Great Britain, France, or the Soviet Union. The same was done in Germany's capital city, Berlin.

The relationship between the Soviet Union and the other three Allied powers quickly disintegrated. As a result, the cooperative atmosphere of the occupation of Germany turned competitive and aggressive. One of the best-known incidents was the Berlin Blockade in June of 1948 during which the Soviet Union stopped all supplies from reaching West Berlin.

Although an eventual reunification of Germany had been intended, the new relationship between the Allied powers turned Germany into West versus East and democracy versus Communism.

In 1949, this new organization of Germany became official when the three zones occupied by the United States, Great Britain, and France combined to form West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany, or FRG).

The zone occupied by the Soviet Union quickly followed by forming East Germany (the German Democratic Republic, or GDR).

This same division into West and East occurred in Berlin. Since the city of Berlin had been situated entirely within the Soviet Zone of Occupation, West Berlin became an island of democracy within Communist East Germany.

The Economic Differences

Within a short period of time after the war, living conditions in West Germany and East Germany became distinctly different.

With the help and support of its occupying powers, West Germany set up a capitalist society. The economy experienced such a rapid growth that it became known as the "economic miracle." With hard work, individuals living in West Germany were able to live well, buy gadgets and appliances, and travel as they wished.

Nearly the opposite was true in East Germany. The Soviet Union had viewed their zone as a spoil of war. They had pilfered factory equipment and other valuable assets from their zone and shipped them back to the Soviet Union.

When East Germany became its own country in 1949, it was under the direct influence of the Soviet Union and a Communist society was established. The economy of East Germany dragged and individual freedoms were severely restricted.

Mass Emigration From the East

Outside of Berlin, East Germany had been fortified in 1952. By the late 1950s, many people living in East Germany wanted out. No longer able to stand the repressive living conditions, they would head to West Berlin. Although some of them would be stopped on their way, hundreds of thousands made it across the border.

Once across, these refugees were housed in warehouses and then flown to West Germany. Many of those who escaped were young, trained professionals. By the early 1960s, East Germany was rapidly losing both its labor force and its population.

Between 1949 and 1961, it's estimated that nearly 2.7 million people fled East Germany. The government was desperate to stop this mass exodus. The obvious leak was the easy access East Germans had to West Berlin.

With the support of the Soviet Union, there had been several attempts to simply take over West Berlin. Although the Soviet Union even threatened the United States with the use of nuclear weapons over this issue, the United States and other Western countries were committed to defending West Berlin.

Desperate to keep its citizens, East Germany knew that something needed to be done.

Famously, two months before the Berlin Wall appeared, Walter Ulbricht, Head of the State Council of the GDR (1960-1973) said, " Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten." These iconic words mean, No one intended to build a wall."

After this statement, the exodus of East Germans only increased. Over those next two months of 1961, nearly 20,000 people fled to the West.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up

Rumors had spread that something might happen to tighten the border of East and West Berlin. No one was expecting the speed -- nor the absoluteness -- of the Berlin Wall.

Just past midnight on the night of August 12-13, 1961, trucks with soldiers and construction workers rumbled through East Berlin. While most Berliners were sleeping, these crews began tearing up streets that entered into West Berlin. They dug holes to put up concrete posts and strung barbed wire all across the border between East and West Berlin. Telephone wires between East and West Berlin were also cut and railroad lines were blocked.

Berliners were shocked when they woke up that morning. What had once been a very fluid border was now rigid. No longer could East Berliners cross the border for operas, plays, soccer games, or any other activity. No longer could the approximately 60,000 commuters head to West Berlin for well-paying jobs. No longer could families, friends, and lovers cross the border to meet their loved ones.

Whichever side of the border one went to sleep on during the night of August 12, they were stuck on that side for decades.

The Size and Scope of the Berlin Wall

The total length of the Berlin Wall was 91 miles (155 kilometers). It ran not only through the center of Berlin, but also wrapped around West Berlin, entirely cutting it off from the rest of East Germany.

The wall itself went through four major transformations during its 28-year history. It started out as a barbed-wire fence with concrete posts. Just days later, on August 15, it was quickly replaced with a sturdier, more permanent structure. This one was made out of concrete blocks and topped with barbed wire.

The first two versions of the wall were replaced by the third version in 1965. This consisted of a concrete wall supported by steel girders.

The fourth version of the Berlin Wall, constructed from 1975 to 1980, was the most complicated and thorough. It consisted of concrete slabs reaching nearly 12-feet high (3.6 meters) and 4-feet wide (1.2 meters). It also had a smooth pipe running across the top to hinder people from scaling it.

By the time the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, there was a 300-foot No Man's Land and an additional inner wall. Soldiers patrolled with dogs and a raked ground showed footprints. The East Germans also installed anti-vehicle trenches, electric fences, massive light systems, 302 watchtowers, 20 bunkers, and even minefields.

Over the years, propaganda from the East German government would say that the people of East Germany welcomed the Wall. In reality, the oppression they suffered and the potential consequences they faced kept many from speaking out to the contrary.

The Checkpoints of the Wall

Although most of the border between East and West consisted of layers of preventative measures, there were little more than a handful of official openings along the Berlin Wall. These checkpoints were for the infrequent use of officials and others with special permission to cross the border.

The most famous of these was Checkpoint Charlie, located on the border between East and West Berlin at Friedrichstrasse. Checkpoint Charlie was the main access point for Allied personnel and Westerners to cross the border. Soon after the Berlin Wall was built, Checkpoint Charlie became an icon of the Cold War. It has frequently been featured in movies and books set during this time period.

Escape Attempts and the Death Line

The Berlin Wall did prevent the majority of East Germans from emigrating to the West, but it did not deter everyone. During the history of the Berlin Wall, it is estimated that about 5,000 people made it safely across.

Some early successful attempts were simple, like throwing a rope over the Berlin Wall and climbing up. Others were brash, like ramming a truck or bus into the Berlin Wall and making a run for it. Still, others were suicidal as some people jumped from the upper-story windows of apartment buildings that bordered the Berlin Wall.

In September 1961, the windows of these buildings were boarded up and the sewers connecting East and West were shut off. Other buildings were torn down to clear space for what would become known as the Todeslinie, the "Death Line" or "Death Strip." This open area allowed a direct line of fire so East German soldiers could carry out Shiessbefehl, a 1960 order that they were to shoot anyone trying escape. Twenty-nine people were killed within the first year.

As the Berlin Wall became stronger and larger, the escape attempts became more elaborately planned. Some people dug tunnels from the basements of buildings in East Berlin, under the Berlin Wall, and into West Berlin. Another group saved scraps of cloth and built a hot air balloon and flew over the Wall.

Unfortunately, not all escape attempts were successful. Since the East German guards were allowed to shoot anyone nearing the eastern side without warning, there was always a chance of death in any and all escape plots. It is estimated that somewhere between 192 and 239 people died at the Berlin Wall.

The 50th Victim of the Berlin Wall

One of the most infamous cases of a failed attempt occurred on August 17, 1962. In the early afternoon, two 18-year-old men ran toward the Wall with the intention of scaling it. The first of the young men to reach it was successful. The second one, Peter Fechter, was not.

As he was about to scale the Wall, a border guard opened fire. Fechter continued to climb but ran out of energy just as he reached the top. He then tumbled back onto the East German side. To the shock of the world, Fechter was just left there. The East German guards did not shoot him again nor did they go to his aid.

Fechter shouted in agony for nearly an hour. Once he had bled to death, East German guards carried off his body. He became the 50th person to die at the Berlin Wall and a permanent symbol of the struggle for freedom.

Communism Is Dismantled

The fall of the Berlin Wall happened nearly as suddenly as its rise. There had been signs that the Communist bloc was weakening, but the East German Communist leaders insisted that East Germany just needed a moderate change rather than a drastic revolution. East German citizens did not agree.

Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991) was attempting to save his country and decided to break off from many of its satellites. As Communism began to falter in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia in 1988 and 1989, new exodus points were opened to East Germans who wanted to flee to the West.

In East Germany, protests against the government were countered by threats of violence from its leader, Erich Honecker. In October 1989, Honecker was forced to resign after losing support from Gorbachev. He was replaced by Egon Krenz who decided that violence was not going to solve the country's problems. Krenz also loosened travel restrictions from East Germany.

The Fall of the Berlin Wall

Suddenly, on the evening of November 9, 1989, East German government official Günter Schabowski blundered by stating in an announcement, "Permanent relocations can be done through all border checkpoints between the GDR [East Germany] into the FRG [West Germany] or West Berlin."

People were in shock. Were the borders really open? East Germans tentatively approached the border and indeed found that the border guards were letting people cross.

Very quickly, the Berlin Wall was inundated with people from both sides. Some began chipping at the Berlin Wall with hammers and chisels. There was an impromptu and massive celebration along the Berlin Wall, with people hugging, kissing, singing, cheering, and crying.

The Berlin Wall was eventually chipped away into smaller pieces (some the size of a coin and others in big slabs). The pieces have become collectibles and are stored in both homes and museums. There is also now a Berlin Wall Memorial at the site on Bernauer Strasse.

After the Berlin Wall came down, East and West Germany reunified into a single German state on October 3, 1990.

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All About the 28-Year History, Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall

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Erected in the dead of night on August 13, 1961, the Berlin Wall (known as Berliner Mauer in German) was a physical division between West Berlin and East Germany. Its purpose was to keep disaffected East Germans from fleeing to the West.

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●	The Profumo affair was a British political scandal in 1961 between the Secretary of State for War John Profumo, in Harold Macmillan's government, and Christine Keeler, a 19-year-old model. In March 1963, Profumo denied any impropriety in a personal statement but was forced to admit the truth a few weeks later. He resigned from the government and from Parliament. 

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●	The Profumo affair was a British political scandal in 1961 between the Secretary of State for War John Profumo, in Harold Macmillan's government, and Christine Keeler, a 19-year-old model. In March 1963, Profumo denied any impropriety in a personal statement but was forced to admit the truth a few weeks later. He resigned from the government and from Parliament. 

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Elvis Presley the "King of Rock and Roll"

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Elvis Presley the "King of Rock and Roll"

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Elvis Presley was born in 1935 in Memphis, America and was a singer and an actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is known to be the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King".  Commercially successful in many genres, including pop, blues and gospel and rockabilly he is one of the best-selling artists in the history of recorded music and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was known for a life of luxury and excess and his physical attractiveness and sexual appeal were widely acknowledged (he was defined "the master of the sexual simile”). He died in 1977.

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The Bay of Pigs invasion began on17th April 1961, when an armed group landed in Cuba and attempted to destroy the communist government of Fidel Castro, but the attack was a failure. As a matter of fact, the invading force was defeated in only three days by the Cuban Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro.Fidel Castro represented a threat to the United States since he took the power in Cuba with a revolution in January 1959. Because of this, President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered a CIA group and the American army to attack Cuba and its leader. Unfortunately, the failed invasion helped to strengthen the position of Castro's leadership, made him a national hero, and make closer the relationship with the Soviet Union.

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Birth control, also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy. The birth control pill was granted thanks to FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval on 11 May, 1960 which meant that it could be prescribed by doctors specifically for the prevention of pregnancy, and it became the first drug to be prescribed to healthy patients and for social reasons.

There was widespread perception that the Pill would lead to infidelity, promiscuity and the general decline of sexual morality. Women enjoyed greater sexual freedom without the exclusions that childbearing created, such as having a career or continuing education. It wasn't long before the Pill was seen on college campuses, and even in high schools. Demand was astonishing.

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Jesus Christ Superstar - Everything's Alright (1970 Audio)

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Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim minister and activist. He spent his life fighting for  human rights, especially for Afro-American.

One of his famous statements is "The chickens have come home to roost", which he said after President Kennedy was assassinated. He was referring to the injustices that many blacks suffered because of segregationist laws. In fact the white man had used violence so often and so easily, so it was obvious that the President would become a victim of violence. Because of this statement the Nation of Islam censored him. After fifteen months he was assassinated while preparing to make a speech.

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Hair: The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical is a rock musical with a book and lyrics by Gerome Ragni and James Rado and music by Galt MacDermot. A product of the hippie counterculture and sexual revolution of the late 1960s, several of its songs became anthems of the anti-Vietnam War peace movement.

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The Clash

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Rare 1979 archival footage of Joe Strummer of The Clash on King's Road, London. They were going to play on the roof of Beaufort Market that day but the cops chased them away.

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Jingle Bells

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Teddy Boys, Mods, Skinheads, Punks, Youth Culture --  Life Is All Memory

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Some skinhead reggae. Song: Toots & the Maytals- 54-46 Was My Number-Trojan Reggae Don't mix your politics with the skinhead culture! No boneheads, no redskins. Stay apolitical, stay traditional! Lyrics: Stick it up, mister! Hear what I say, sir, yeah... Get your hands in the air, sir!

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Teddy boys

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Carnaby Street

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Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.

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Country Joe McDonald - Feel Like I m Fixing To Die

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Country Joe McDonald - Feel Like I m Fixing To Die

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Country Joe McDonald - 'Feel Like I'm Fixing To Die Rag' woodstock (lyrics)

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Come on all of you big strong men Uncle Sam needs your help again he's got himself in a terrible jam way down yonder in Viet Nam so put down your books and pick up a gun we're gonna have a whole lotta fun (CHORUS) And it's one, two, three,

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Ohio - Kent State Massacre

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60s

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60s and 70s

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The Robert Kennedy Assassination - Actual footage

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a snap shot of my channel 4 documentary about the conspiracy behind the death of Robert/Bobby Kennedy. Full DVD available just ask!

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Who Killed Martin Luther King JR Conspiracy

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Fifty years ago, black youngsters' struggles to attend Little Rock's Central High School during the 1957-1958 school year propelled the civil rights movement forward in the United States.

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On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local NAACP, refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. As a result, Parks was arrested for violating a city law. Parks' actions and subsequent arrest launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott, pushing Martin Luther King Jr. into the national spotlight.

Jim Crow Era laws segregating African-Americans and whites in the South was a way of life and upheld by the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision.

Throughout southern states, African-Americans could not use the same public facilities as white residents. Private businesses reserved the right not to serve African-Americans.

In Montgomery, whites were allowed to board the bus through the front doors. African-Americans, however, had to pay in the front and then go to the back of the bus to board. It was not uncommon for a bus driver to pull off before an African-American passenger could board through the back. Whites were able to take seats in the front while African-Americans had to sit in the back. It was at the discretion of the bus driver to identify where the "colored section" was located. It is also important to remember that African-Americans could not even sit in the same row as whites. So if a white person boarded, there were no free seats, an entire row of African-American passengers would have to stand so that the white passenger could sit.

Professor Joann Robinson, president of the Women's Political Council (WPC), meets with Montgomery city officials to discuss changes to the bus system-namely segregation.

On March 2, Claudette Colvin, a fifteen-year-old girl from Montgomery, is arrested for refusing to allow a white passenger to sit in her seat. Colvin is charged with assault, disorderly conduct, and violating segregation laws.

Throughout the month of March, local African-American leaders meet with Montgomery city administrators concerning segregated buses. local NAACP president E.D. Nixon, Martin Luther King Jr., and Rosa Parks are present at the meeting. However, Colvin's arrest does not ignite anger in the African-American community and a boycott plan is not devised.

On October 21, Eighteen-year-old Mary Louise Smith is arrested for not giving up her seat to a white bus rider.

On December 1, Rosa Parks is arrested for not allowing a white man to sit in her seat on the bus.

The WPC launches a one-day bus boycott on December 2. Robinson also creates and distributes flyers throughout Montgomery's African-American community concerning Parks' case and a call to action: boycott the bus system of December 5.

On December 5, the boycott was held and almost all members of Montgomery's African-American community participate. Robinson reached out to Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph Abernathy, pastors at two of the largest African-American churches in Montgomery. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) is established and King is elected president. The organization also votes to extend the boycott.

By December 8, the MIA presented a formal list of demands to Montgomery city officials. Local officials refuse to desegregate buses.

On December 13, the MIA creates a carpooling system for African-American residents participating in the boycott.

King's home is bombed on January 30. The following day, E.D. Dixon's home is also bombed.

On February 21, more than 80 leaders of the boycott are indicted as a result of Alabama's anti-conspiracy laws.

King is indicted as the boycott's leader on March 19. He is ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days in jail.

Bus segregation is ruled unconstitutional by a federal district court on June 5.

By November 13, the Supreme Court upheld the district court's ruling and struck down laws legalizing racial segregation on buses. However, the MIA will not end the boycott until the desegregation of buses was officially enacted.

On December 20, the Supreme Court's injunction against public buses is delivered to Montgomery city officials.

The following day, December 21, Montgomery public buses are desegregated and the MIA ends its boycott.

In history books, it is often argued that the Montgomery Bus Boycott placed King in the national spotlight and launched the modern Civil Rights Movement.

Yet how much do we know about Montgomery after the boycott?

Two days after the desegregation of bus seating, a shot was fired into the front door of King's home. The following day, a group of white men assaulted an African-American teenager exiting a bus. Soon after, two buses were fired at by snipers, shooting a pregnant woman in both of her legs.

By January 1957, five African-American churches were bombed as was the home of Robert S. Graetz, who had sided with the MIA.

As a result of the violence, city officials suspended bus service for several weeks.

Later that year, Parks, who had launched the boycott, left the city permanently for Detroit.

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How Did the Montgomery Bus Boycott Impact the Civil Rights Movement?

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On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local NAACP, refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. As a result, Parks was arrested for violating a city law. Parks' actions and subsequent arrest launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott, pushing Martin Luther King Jr.

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Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have A Dream Speech

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This civil rights movement timeline chronicles the fight for racial equality in its early days, the 1950s. That decade saw the first major victories for civil rights in the Supreme Court as well as the development of nonviolent protests and the transformation of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. into the movement's preeminent leader.

The U.S. Supreme Court strikes down the segregation of African Americans in graduate and law schools. The initial case was fought by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Marshall used this win to begin building a strategy to fight the "separate but equal" doctrine established in 1896.

Linda Brown, an 8-year-old girl in Topeka, Kan., lives within walking distance of a whites-only elementary school. Because of segregation, she has to travel by bus to a more distant school for African American children. Her father sues the school board of Topeka, and the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear the case.

The Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tenn., which runs workshops on organizing protests for individuals such as union organizers, issues invitations to civil rights workers.

The Supreme Court decides Brown v. Board of Education on May 17, arguing that "separate but equal" schools are inherently unequal. The decision legally prohibits school segregation, declaring it unconstitutional.

Rosa Parks attends a workshop for civil rights organizers at the Highlander Folk School in July.

On Aug. 28, Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American boy from Chicago, is killed near Money, Miss., for allegedly whistling at a white woman.

In November, the Federal Interstate Commerce Commission forbids segregation on interstate buses and trains.

On Dec. 1, Rosa Parks refuses to give her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Ala., sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

On Dec. 5, the Montgomery Improvement Association is established by a group of local Baptist ministers. The organization elects the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, president. In this role, King would lead the boycott.

In January and February, whites angry about the Montgomery Bus Boycott bomb four African American churches and the homes of civil rights leaders King, Ralph Abernathy, and E.D. Nixon.

On court order, the University of Alabama admits its first African American student, Autherine Lucy, but finds legal ways to prevent her attendance.

On Nov. 13, the Supreme Court upholds an Alabama district court ruling in favor of the Montgomery bus boycotters.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott ends in December, having successfully integrated Montgomery's buses.

King, along with Ralph Abernathy and other Baptist ministers, helps found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in January. The organization serves to fight for civil rights, and King is elected its first president.

The governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, obstructs the integration of Little Rock High School, using the National Guard to block the entry of nine students. President Eisenhower orders federal troops to integrate the school.

Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which creates the Civil Rights Commission and authorizes the Justice Department to investigate cases of African Americans being denied voting rights in the South.

The Supreme Court decision Cooper v. Aaron rules that a threat of mob violence is not reason enough to delay school desegregation.

Martin Luther King and his wife, Coretta Scott King, visit India, the homeland of Mahatma Gandhi, who won independence for India through nonviolent tactics. King discusses the philosophy of nonviolence with Gandhi's followers.

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Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1951 to 1959

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This civil rights movement timeline chronicles the fight for racial equality in its early days, the 1950s. That decade saw the first major victories for civil rights in the Supreme Court as well as the development of nonviolent protests and the transformation of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

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JFK assassination: Cronkite informs a shocked nation

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At the start of the 1960s, things seemed pretty much like the 1950s: prosperous, calm, and predictable. But by 1963, the civil rights movement was making headlines and the young and vibrant President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, one of the most stunning events of the 20th century. The nation mourned, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson suddenly became president on that day in November. He signed momentous legislation that included the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but he also became the target of protesters' wrath for the quagmire in Vietnam, which expanded in the late '60s. In 1968, the U.S. mourned two more inspirational leaders who were assassinated: the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in April and Robert F. Kennedy in June. For those living through this decade, it was one not to be forgotten.

The decade opened with a presidential election that included the first televised debates between the two candidates: John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon. The first of four debates took place on Sept. 26, 1960, and was viewed by about 40% of the U.S. population.

On February 1, the civil rights era began with a lunch counter sit-in at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina. The Sharpeville massacre in South Africa occurred on March 21, when a crowd of about 7,000 protesters went to the police station. Sixty-nine people lost their lives, and 180 sustained injuries. .

On April 21, the newly built city of Brasília was founded and Brazil moved its capital there from Rio de Janeiro. On May 9, the first commercial birth control pill, Enovid, produced by G.D. Searle was approved for that use by the FDA. The first working laser, invented by several physicists over decades of research, was built by Theodore Maiman of the Hughes Research Laboratory in California on May 16th. The most powerful earthquake ever reported devastated Chile on May 22, with an estimated 9.4-9.6 on the moment magnitude scale. On September 8, Alfred Hitchcock's landmark movie "Psycho" opened in the theaters to mixed reviews, although it is today considered among Hitchcock's best.

On March 1, 1961, President Kennedy founded the Peace Corps, a federal agency designed to give Americans an opportunity to serve their country and the world through volunteer community-based projects. Between April 11 and August 14, Adolf Eichmann went on trial for his role in the Holocaust, charged under the 1950 Nazi and Nazi Collaborators Punishment law. He was found guilty on 15 counts on December 12 and executed the following June.

On April 12, the ​Soviets launched the Vostok 1, carrying Yuri Gargarin as the first man into space.

Between April 17-19, the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba occurred when about 1,400 Cuban exiles failed to wrest control from Fidel Castro.

The first Freedom Ride left Washington DC on May 4th: freedom riders challenged the southern states' non-enforcement of the Supreme Court's ruling that segregation on buses was unconstitutional. And on May 25, 1961, JFK gave his "Man on the Moon" speech, setting a new course of discovery for the U.S. and the world.

Construction was completed on the Berlin Wall, sealing off East from West Berlin on August 13.

The biggest event of 1962 was the Cuban Missile Crisis. Through this event, the United States was on edge for 13 days (October 16-28) during a confrontation with the Soviet Union.

In perhaps the most stunning news of 1962, the iconic sex symbol of the era, Marilyn Monroe, was found dead at her home on August 5. Three months earlier on May 19, she sang a memorable "Happy Birthday" to JFK.

In the ongoing civil rights movement, James Meredith was the first African-American admitted to the segregated University of Mississippi, on October 1; he graduated in 1963 with a degree in political science.

In lighter news, on July 9, Andy Warhol exhibited his iconic Campbell's Soup can painting in an exhibition in Los Angeles. On May 8, the first James Bond movie, "Dr. No," hit the theaters. Also, the first Walmart opened July 2, Johnny Carson began his long run as host of the "Tonight Show" on October 1, and on September 27, 1962, Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" documenting the adverse environmental effects caused indiscriminate pesticide use was published.

The news of this year made an indelible mark on the nation with the assassination of JFK on November 22 in Dallas while he was visiting on a campaign trip.

But other major events occurred. The March on Washington of May 15 drew 200,000 protesters who witnessed the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King's legendary "I Have a Dream" speech. On June 12, civil rights activist Medgar Evers was murdered, and on September 15, the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was fire-bombed by white supremacists, killing four teenage girls and injuring 22 others.

On June 16, Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman launched into space. On June 20, the U.S. and Soviet Union agreed to establish a hotline telephone connection between the two countries. Ten men stole £2.6 million from a Royal Mail train between Glasgow and London on August 8, now known as the Great Train Robbery. They were all caught and convicted.

Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique" was published on February 19th, and the first "Dr. Who" episode aired on television on November 23.

On July 2, 1964, the landmark Civil Rights Act became law, ending segregation in public places and banning employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. On November 29, the Warren Report on the assassination of JFK was issued, naming Lee Harvey Oswald as the lone killer.

Nelson Mandela was arrested and at the Rivonia Trial on June 12 he was sentenced to life in prison in South Africa with seven other anti-apartheid activists. Japan opened its first bullet train (Shinkansen) commuter line on October 1, with trains between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka Station.

On the culture front, the news was big: The Beatles arrived in New York City on February 7 and took the U.S. by storm, changing music forever. Hasbro's GI Joe showed up on toy store shelves beginning February 2, and Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali) became the heavyweight champion of the world, beating Sonny Liston in six rounds on February 25.

On March 6, 1965, two battalions of U.S. Marines waded ashore near Danang, the first wave of sent troops sent by LBJ to Vietnam in what would become a source of division in the U.S. in the decades to come. Activist Malcolm X was assassinated of February 21, and riots devastated the Watts area of Los Angeles between August 11 and 16, killing 34 and injuring 1,032.

The Rolling Stones' mega-hit "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" hit the rock and roll radio airwaves on June 6, and miniskirts started showing up on city streets, making designer Mary Quant the driving force behind 60s fashion.

The Great Blackout of November 9, 1965 left about 30 million people in the Northeast U.S. and parts of Ontario in Canada in the dark for 13 hours in the biggest power failure in history (up to that point).

On September 30, 1966, Nazi Albert Speer was released from Spandau Prison after completing his 20-year sentence for war crimes. In May Mao Tse-tung launched the Cultural Revolution, a sociopolitical movement that would remake China. The Black Panther Party was founded by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, and Elbert Howard in Oakland California on October 15.

Mass protests against the draft and the war in Vietnam dominated the nightly news. In Washington DC, Betty Friedan, Shirley Chisholm, Pauli Murray, and Muriel Fox founded the National Organization for Women on June 30. "Star Trek" made its legendary mark on TV, with its first program on September 8.

The first Super Bowl ever was played in Los Angeles on January 15, 1967 between the Green Bay Packers and the Kansas City Chiefs.

Argentinian physician and revolutionary leader Che Guevara was captured by the Bolivian army on October 8 and executed by firing squad the next day.

Three astronauts-Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee-were killed during a simulated launch of the first Apollo mission on January 27. The Middle East witnessed the Six-Day War (June 5-10) between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. On March 9, Joseph Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva (Lana Peters) defected to the U.S. and arrived there in April 1967.

In June, LBJ nominated Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court, and on August 30, the Senate confirmed him as an associate justice. He was the first African-American justice on the Supreme Court.

South African Christaan Barnard performed the first successful human to human heart transplant in Cape Town on December 3. On December 17, the Australian prime minister Harold Holt disappeared while swimming in Cheviot Bay and his body was never found.

Two assassinations overshadow all other news of 1968. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was killed on April 4, while on a speaking tour in Memphis, Tennessee, and then-presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was felled by an assassin's bullet on June 6 as he was celebrating his win in the California Democratic primary.

The My Lai massacre-in which American soldiers killed nearly all of the people in the Vietnamese village of My Lai on March 16-and the months-long military campaign known as the Tet Offensive (January 30-September 23) topped Vietnam news. The environmental research ship USS Pueblo, attached to Navy intelligence as a spy ship, was captured by North Korean forces on January 23. The crew was held in North Korea for nearly a year, returning to the U.S. on December 24.

The Prague Spring (January 5-August 21) marked a time of liberalization in Czechoslovakia before the Soviets invaded and removed the leader of the government, Alexander Dubcek.

Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon during the Apollo 11 mission on July 20, 1969.

On July 18, SenatorTed Kennedy (D-MA) left the scene of an accident on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, where his campaign worker Mary Jo Kopechne died.

The legendary outdoor Woodstock rock concert was held on Max Yasgur's farm, New York, between August 15-18). On November 10, "Sesame Street" came to public television. Yasser Arafat became the leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization on February 5, a role he would keep until October 2004. The first message was sent between computers connected by the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), the precursor of the Internet, on October 29.

In the most grisly news of the year, the Manson family killed seven people including five at the home of director Roman Polanski in Benedict Canyon near Hollywood, between August 9-11.

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Assassinations, War, and Protests Defined the 1960s

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Three assassinations, the civil rights movement, and protests against the war in Vietnam define the tumultuous 1960s.