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Where is the Science?
Lighter in Water

An ancient Greek mathematician named Archimedes discovered why we are lighter in water.  He wrote the Archimedes’ Principle, which says that when a person gets into water, their body moves the water out of the way and then the water pushes upward as the body pushes downward.  When you get into a swimming pool, your body displaces the water that was there before you got in. It moves it, and the water level rises a bit. This happens because the weight of your body is forcing the water downward. When you get into a pool, the weight of your body pushes the water downward and out of your body’s way.  The weight of the water that you displace (move out of the way) pushes your body upward. If the weight of the water displaced is less than the weight of an object, the object will sink.  Otherwise, the object will float, with the weight of the water displaced equal to the weight of the object.  Because your body weighs more than the water that you displace, it will cause a force to push your body weight upward. This is called buoyancy, or floating. Density is volume, not your weight. Density is what makes you to sink or float when you are in the water. When you are in the swimming pool, unless you swim, you will sink. If you fill your lungs with air and hold your breath, you will rise. If you take a deep breath, you change the volume of your body, adding more air to it, which lets you float.  Archimedes' principle is a law of physics.

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Where is the Science?
Swimming With Stingrays
There are around 70 species of stingrays in the world. Some of them are stingrays, electric rays, butterfly rays, round rays, manta rays, guitarfish and sawfish. Their bodies have no bones, instead, they have a skeleton made of cartilage, just like their cousin, the shark. Sadly, people in Japan use the  leathery skin of the ray for exotic shoes, boots, belts, wallets, jackets, and cell phone cases. Stingrays usually live for 15 to 25 years old in the wild, and the baby stingrays are mature right after they are born. Many stingrays like to live by themselves, but only come together to breed. In Ancient Greece,  the doctors would use the venom of a stingray as an anesthetic. Stingrays have been around for billions of years. The tail of a stingray has these little barbs on them that have venom in them, but if you get pricked by one, the venom rarely kills you, but it will hurt a lot. The barbs also grow like a fingernail, and if they are in captivity, the barbs get trimmed every month or two so that if you are petting them and get pricked,  you won't get hurt.

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Solar Eclipse
The Solar Eclipse is the science of astronomy.This happens when the moon goes in front of the sun.  When the moon gose further in front of the sun it gets dimmer. This year the eclipse was on August 21, 2017. This year the longest you could see the totallity was two minutes. When the moon is completely in front of the sun it is called totality. During the solar eclipse, if you look at it during the non totality you can go blind.The totality can be seen in a line from Salem to South Carolina, If you aren’t in this path you will see a partial eclipse. Solar eclipse only happen around new moons The solar eclipse happens when to moon's orbital path meets the Earth's orbital path A solar eclipse happens about every 25 years or less. The solar eclipse is the opposite of the lunar eclipse.

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Water Skiing
Water skiing is a difficult water sport that involves a lot of science.  The boat has to be going    20-25mph not only to pull you up but to keep you up.  There has to be contact tension in the rope to go as fast as the boat.  The rope keeps the skier in a circular path, becuase of the circular motion the skier expierences accelleratates  toward the circular path.  The speed of the boat must increase when the skis have less surface area which means the friction of the ski is not that good.  The boat force is going forward, the water force is pushing against you and the centirpetal force is keeping you up.  The ski itself has to be curved so it does not dig into the water and make you wipe out.  You have to lean back so you do not fall.  You have to start of in a uncomfortable position but then the boat pulls you up because Newton's Laws Of Motion.

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Dirt Bike Physical Science
The Science of a dirt bike is how the engine works.

Every time the piston rises in the combustion chamber, it fills with a carefully balanced combination of air, petrol, and oil. This is compressed and then ignited by the spark plug, causing an explosion which forces the piston back down. This process repeats. The Science of a dirt bike is a physical kind of science.  Newton's First Law : Newton's First Law is divided into two parts. For now, Part I says: An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This is usually referred to as The Law of Inertia. That's why you need and engine to move and a clutch to switch gears from neutral to first gear that is how to get the dirt bike moving. First gear is mostly used to get up hills and second, third, fourth,and fifth is just extra gears.

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Mikey Muhlenfeld                   Where is the Science?            Flounder         

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Mikey Muhlenfeld                   Where is the Science?            Flounder         

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Flounder is a type of flatfish. There are around 30 species of flounder that can be found in tropical and temperate coastal waters of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Flounder lives on the ocean floor. It usually inhabits areas near the coral reefs, bridge piles and docks.some types of flounders can be found on a depth of 35.000 feet.  Flounder can reach 5 to 25 inches in length.Flounders are usually brown colored with various red, orange, green and blue markings on the body. They can change the color of the body to blend with the colors of the environment in 2 to 8 seconds.Color of the body also indicates emotional state of the flounder. In my opinion flounder tastes good. Juveniles feed upon small shrimp and other crustaceans, while adults eat a variety of fish, including small winter flounder, menhaden, sand lance, red hake, silver sides, bluefish, weakfish and mummichogs as well as invertebrates such as blue crabs, squid, sand shrimp, opossum shrimp and mollusks. fishing times are May-September.I learned that flounder change colors and what they eat they can blend in with there environment in two to eight sconce there are 30 species of flounder.

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Bermuda Ocean
The science I found this summer is about the Bermuda beaches. I researched and found out why the water is more clear in Bermuda than Ocean City and why some beaches have pink sand in Bermuda. The category I am placing this science in is Oceanography. The reason why the water in Bermuda is more clear than water in Ocean City is because reefs and other structures grow where the waves crash which acts as a barrier. This barrier would calm down the water more, and by the time the wave gets to it's crashing point it is too calmed down to crash and make the sand move. Mostly when the wave crashes harder it moves the sand which makes it look less clear. Though that is not accurate for all the oceans. In some areas its just what is in the ocean which makes it darker. Darker oceans usually have more nutrients in it which would cause it to make it more grayish/greenish. The reason why some Bermuda has some beaches with pink sand is because of Foraminifera shells. They are one celled animals who have thread like Pseudopodia extend through holes in its test. They are the color red and in the sand they can make the sand look pink.

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The science behind a baseball pitch
The Science of pitching a baseball. After leaving a pitcher’s hand, a baseball pitch is influenced by three forces: gravity, drag, and the Magnus force. Gravity pulls the ball downwards, drag slows the ball down, and the Magnus force, it depends on the pitch. As the ball spins in its flight path, pressure variations form on it and the Magnus effect generates a force perpendicular to the motion of the ball in the direction of the spin. The movement of a baseball through the air is due to three things: The pitcher’s arm (moving it forward), gravity (moving it down), and air resistance from the spinning seams (which causes side-to-side, sinking and “rising” motion). A mound helps you pitch it faster because you get more momentum.

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Disney Epcot Ball, FL
The Epcot ball in Florida has a lot of cience behind it that we don't even notice. You might recall walking under the Epcot once or twice when you were there. Architects had to hire MIT to conduct a wind tunnel experiment. The Epcot ball model that was used to conduct the experiment was (1/16''=1') scale model. They did this so they could see what the wind presser would be under the ball and determine pressure coefficients. They did not want people falling when walking under the Epcot ball going to the ride and or entering or exiting the park. It is shocking  that it only took 26 months to built the ball and conduct the experiments to test the wind pressure. That is the Science behind the Epcot ball and wind pressure.

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Lacrosse is a sport that is very fast paced. It involves physicality, speed, and finesse.
-In the sport, a stick is used to move the ball through the air.
-There are 10 players on the field per team.
-The goal is 6ft x 4ft. The field is 110 yards long.
-The key to lacrosse is using the correct technique with your stick. Newton's First Law Inertia- An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless
acted upon by an outside force
Ex. Lacrosse ball during face-off does not move until a stick interacts with it.
Ex. A lacrosse ball will not stop besides when acted upon by gravity and air resistance Newton's Second Law Force = Mass x Acceleration
Ex. The force of a stick on a ball is equal to the mass of the stick times the acceleration of the stick.

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Ocean City Waves
Ocean waves are caused by wind moving across the surface of the water. The friction between the air molecules and the water molecules causing energy to be transferred from the wind to the water. This causes waves to form. In science, a wave is defined as a transfer of energy. An ocean current is a continues flow of water in the ocean. Surface currents are usually caused by the wind. As the wind changes, the current may change as well. One other factor impacting ocean current is the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Tides cycle as the moon rotates around the earth and as position as the sun changes. Throughout the day the sea level is constantly rising or falling. This cycle can happen once or twice a day depending on the location of the area of the moon. I thought it was interesting because the highest wave is 1719 feet and I thought that was really cool.

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Niagara Falls Power Plants:
Niagara Falls is one of the most powerful energy sources. They  produce hydroelectric electricity. Niagara Falls started producing hydroelectric power in 1893. Nikola Tesla helped with making the first power plant at the falls.  In a hydro electric power plant, the energy is produced when the kinetic energy from water ,which is converted into electricity using hydro turbine generation. The water makes its way towards a series of curved blades, which catches the force of the water as it passes through.  As the generator rotates, an electric current is created and can eventually be converted into usable electricity. These power plants run from Buffalo, New York to Canada. 4.9 kilowatts of energy is produced everyday.  In a hydro electric power plant, turbines that are run by moving water generate electricity with no green house gas emissions and little pollution of any kind. New York is the largest hydroelectric power producer.

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Earth Science and the Movements of Waves
Waves are disturbances that grow energy through a medium. Waves are all around us. Growing of the energy depend on the actions between the particles that make up the medium. Particles move as the waves pass through but there is no net motion of particles. Longitude waves - Movement of particles are parallel to the motion of energy.

Transverse - movement of the particles are at right angles. Surface Waves - particles travel in a circular motion. The moon is what causes waves. Waves located on the ocean's surface are commonly caused by wind transferring its energy to the water, and big waves, or swells, can travel over long distances. Wave's size depends on wind speed, wind duration, and the area over which the wind is blowing (the fetch). There is about 12 hours and 25 minutes between the two high tides. The gravitational attraction of the moon causes the oceans to bulge out in the direction of the moon.

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Camelback Mountain Resort Waterpark. A wave pool is a swimming pool in which there are artificially generated, reasonably large waves, similar to those of the ocean. Wave pools are often a major feature of water parks. Siam Park City Water Park in Thailand is home to the world's largest wave pool certified by Guinness World Records, and Siam Park (Tenerife) in Spain is home to the biggest man made waves (about 3 meters (9.8 ft)) in the world.These popular water park attractions are sanitized, regimented revisions of the wild, organic surfs created by nature. In wave pools, the water is chlorinated, the beach is concrete and the waves arrive like clockwork, once every few minutes. Water molecules creating waves artificially in a relatively small, contained body of water works on the same basic principle. Pushed forward by the wind at a certain point push against the molecules in front of them, and so on. The collective pushing of all those molecules results in waves.

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Kicking a Soccer Ball
According  to Newton's first law, if no force is applied to a ball, it will continue moving at the same speed and direction as it did before. When we put the ball on the grass it stays in its place, namely it stays in zero motion since no force is applied to it. However, after we kick the ball, it will continue moving in the direction we kicked it. While kicking a ball the gravity can move the ball in the air.   Its speed will drop gradually, due to friction (a force applied on the ball in the opposite direction to its motion), but the direction of its motion will remain the same.  The force comes from the way you hit it.  According to Newton’s second law, a force applied to an object changes that object’s acceleration – namely, the rate at which the speed of the object changes.

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New Jersey Ocean Waves
The waves from the ocean are caused by the Moon and its gravitational pull.The tides are caused by the Moons pull or push.The Moons gravitational pull generates tidal force.Tidal force causes the Earths water to bulge out on the side closest to the Moon this is high tide. Low tide is when the moon pulls the water toward itself and makes it bulge towards the Moon. The opposite bulge happens on the other side of the Earth . Each tide occurs two times a day . this happens because the earth is rotating.Each tide will last for about six hours . When the the tides change it is called the Neap tides . The waves are fun to play in the summer .

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What are Mnemiopsis?
Menemiopsis,also known as sea walnuts, sea walnuts are a creature that lives in the ocean native to the western Atlantic coastal waters. Sea walnuts have a jelly like feeling but they are not jellyfish, they belong to a group called comb jellies. They unique sea walnuts are a type of bioluminescent organism. Biouminescent organism produce light by a energy released from a  chemical reaction, the chemical is called photoprotine . Photoproteins combine with luciferins and oxygen, but need another agent, often an ion of the element calcium, to produce light. In that process it  produces a glow. So when the sea walnuts conduct the chemical reaction it makes them glow so at night the water witch they are in, starts to glow and look like there are lights under the water.

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Nassau, Disney Cruise
The science of the waves and the ocean is oceanography. Oceanography is the study of all aspects of the ocean including weather, ocean currents, and sea life. The oceans properties and processes function together. They cannot be examined separately from one another. Oceanography's diverse topics of study are categorized in four sub-disciplines.  A sub-discipline is a field of study within a bigger subject or discipline. Oceanographers specialize in the biological, physical, geological, and chemical processes of the marine environment. Oceanographers study every different aspect of the ocean, such as the chemistry of the ocean water, the geology associated with the ocean, the physical movements of the ocean water. I thought oceanography was very interesting and that this topic fit me well.

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Wear is the Science?
Kayaking on Fresh Water
Kayaking on fresh water is science because you are getting exercise and you are keeping the water clean.  The science of exercising  is it keeps you healthy and fit.The other benefits are that exercising reduces the risk of getting diseases like diabetes, cancer, plus  many more.  The science of kayaking on a fresh water is it keeps the water that comes from the mountains clean for people to swim in.  It also protects the ecosystem that lives in the lake,so that it produces more living things.That's why no gas boats are allowed on the lake only electric or self propelled boats are.  People and animals get their resources from the lake like water, fish, and many more.  If you fish in this particular lake you can only take home five fish that you catch so that the fish don't become extinct this lake and that they can produce more fish. Parks and recreation of this lake take very good care of it so it doesn't get polluted or destroyed.

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Chicago, Illinois Skyscrapers:

Building Science is the architecture-engineering-construction technology discipline that concentrates on the detail design of buildings.

Architects have to deal with the vertical force of gravity and horizontal force of wind when designing a building. Skyscrapers sway back and forth several feet (like a swaying tree) but the trick is to not affect the people inside. To control this swaying the design has to make the building move as a single unit (like a pole) rather than flexible skeleton with several moving parts. The Home Insurance Building, built in 1885 and located on the corner of Adams and LaSalle Streets in Chicago, Illinois, went down in history as the world's first modern skyscraper.

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Campfire wood has stored energy called potential energy, which is energy ready to be used but hasn’t been yet. The potential energy in firewood is called chemical energy, that is stored in its molecules. Energy itself cannot be created or destroyed. A conversion of energy happens when the fire turns wood to ash. When wood burns, its potential energy turns into two other kinds of energy - light energy and thermal energy. For example, some of the potential energy in the wood is converted to light energy. This "heat produces light" effect is called incandescence, and it is the same kind of thing that creates light in a light bulb.  It is what causes the visible flame. The thermal energy, which is the kind of energy that keeps us warm and cooks our food.  “Yum yum - s’mores!”

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Chevy Chase Hockey Club:
The Science behind hockey skates and a hockey helmet.
The physical properties of ice is what allows hockey players to maneuver the way they do.  As the hockey player pushes off with his rear leg, a perpendicular force is exerted on the skate by the ice.  For instance, the low friction of the skate blade with the ice is what allows a hockey player to easily glide over its surface.  And the physical make up of the ice is what allows a player to dig in with his skate in order to go around a turn, speed up, or stop.
The physics of hockey is a broad subject of analysis, covering key aspects related to performance and equipment design.

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Naples, Italy
The sea urchins life style is very weird. It eats animals and plants. It mainly eats algae on coral and rocks. But it has a lot of predators, such as crabs, eels, and birds. The sea urchin has a round, ball-like body with long spines coming out of it. The spines are used for protection, to move about, and to trap food particles. The sea urchin has five paired rows of tiny tube feet. The feet have suckers at the end of it. The mouth of the sea urchin is found in the middle on the underside of the sea urchin's body. Sea urchins spawn during the spring, and the female sea urchin releases millions of tiny, jelly-coated eggs into the water.

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St. John U.S.V.I  Marine life

The ocean in St. John has a lot of marine life. The are a lot of different species of fish,coral, and other marine life. Let's start with the coral. Warmer water temperatures can result in bleaching corals. Bleaching corals occur when water temperatures are to warm and the corals get rid of the algae. When there is no algae it is not good for the corals and they will die off. After the coral dies off it affects the fish. There are thousands of fish living in the coral reefs in St. John. For example, the fish rely on the corals for food. So if fish are dying because of the dying corals it puts a bump in the food chain for these fish. Another danger about this is extinction. Although not enough corals are bleached, there are still endangered sea turtles swimming around. The reason being because people are catching adults and harvesting them and their eggs. Although the ocean seems entertaining for us, there is still danger for the marine life.