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Definition: A philosophical movement, also known as the Age of Reason

The Enlightenment brought ideas of reasoning, liberty, and the scientific method which occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and later in North America.

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Definition: A system used by the US government to divide the power equally between three branches, known as the legislative, judicial, and executive branch.

Montesquieu was a philosopher in the 18th century that had proposed the idea of separation of powers which is a system America uses currently.

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Definition: War between British and French from 1754-1763 also known as the seven years war

France's exposition into the Ohio River led to conflict and the French and Indian War, where British gained territory after the war.

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Definition: A secret society made to protect the rights of colonists and fight against taxation by the British government

Samuel Adams led the Sons of Liberty in revolutionary events like the Stamp Act and Boston Tea Party

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Definition: A revolt from American colonists that didn't agree with British government

The American Revolution led to the colonists being the first country to break away from their motherland.

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Definition: A statement written by Thomas Jefferson which was ratified on July 4, 1776

The Declaration of Independence was written to justify the colonists' independence from Britain, protecting peoples' life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

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Definition: rights to life, liberty, and property

John Locke's theory is that there are inalienable rights of citizens which are basic human rights to preserve mankind.

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Definition: The first constitution of the United States

The Articles of Confederation was a start to a new government, but still had some flaws.

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Definition: A solution to the New Jersey and Virginia plan which split the congress into 2 representatives

The Great compromise includes the house of representatives and senates that is made to support small and large states equally

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Definition: Supporters of the constitution

Federalists stuck by the ideas that the Constitution consisted of.

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Definition: A movement including people who were against a strong federal government.

Anti-Federalists were later against the 1787 Constitution.

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Definition: the federal principle or system of government

Federalism combines a central government and regional governments.

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Definition: The first 10 amendments of the Constitution written by James Madison

The Bill of Rights protects individual rights of citizens from government power.

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Definition: refering to the first amendment that protects right to exercise religion

The Exercise Clause protects the rights to practice religion without government interference

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Definition: in the first amendment to protect freedom of religion

The establishment Clause prohibits the government to favor one religion over another.

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Definition: a process in which is reviewed by the US Supreme Court of a legislative act

The executive and legislative branches use judicial review to validate bills and other operations.

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Definition: United States bought Louisiana for $15 million in 1803

The Louisiana Purchase doubled Americas territory.

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Definition: United States policy that opposes European colonization

James Monroe wrote the Monroe Doctrine in 1823.

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Definition: a series of forced removals of Native Americans from their homelands

The trail of Tears was one result of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which caused the death of many Cherokee Indians.

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Definition:  religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement founded by John Smith

Mormons moved west to Illinois after being harassed, then to Utah after the murder of John Smith and persecution.

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Definition: American idea that the nation was meant to expand to the Pacific

The Manifest Destiny had several east-to-west routes by the 1840s.

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Definition: a movement in mid-1800s where religious leaders organized to revive the nation's commitment to religion

The Second Great Awakening brought new movements like temperance, abolition, and women's rights.

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Definition: an action of abolishing a system (end to slavery)

The Great Awakening had risen the new movement of abolition to get rid of slavery.

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Definition: proclamation that freed all enslaved people in states of war.

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862to punish the South and make the soldier's fighting worth while.

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Definition: rebuilding the South after the Civil War along with dealing with former confederates and newly freed slaves

Reconstruction helped free slaves, but still had flaws in the system to give them equal rights as white people.

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Definition: 1868 act that granted citizenship to former slaves

Although slaves were given citizenship in the 14th amendment, they were not treated with equal rights and respect.

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Definition: 1870 act where African Americans could not be banned from voting

With the 15th amendment, people still found ways to prevent blacks from voting.

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Definition: March 1865 Congress established the Bureau of refugees, Freedman, and Abandoned lands

Freedman's Bureau freed and clothed refugees, helped them find jobs, gave them education, and provided temporary housing.

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Definition: tax paid if you wanted to vote

Many African Americans couldn't afford to pay Poll taxes, preventing them from voting.

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Definition: man that was majority white and started the Jim Crow Law

The Jim Crow Law aimed at separating races in the South, forbade black and white marriage, and caused segregated society through objects and places.

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Definition: 1865 act that ended slavery

The 13th amendment ended the right to own slaves unless in jail, so people found a way to put black people in jail to use their labor.

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Definition: George Calvert who was the first person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and Protestants could prosper together

Lord Baltimore was seen as the founder and patron of the Maryland Colony which also thought to create a refuge in America for English Catholics.

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Definition: English philosopher that expressed the idea that people are born with natural rights

John Locked believed that humans have the right to life, liberty, and property.

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Definition: Founding Father, author of the Declaration of Independence, the third president

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and served as the third president from 1801 to 1809.

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Definition: Main author of the Constitution and also the fourth president

James Madison was also a Founding Father and served his presidency from 1809 to 1817.

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Definition: American politician, fourth Chief Justice of Supreme Court

John Marshall played a significant part in developing the American legal system where he served 34 years in the Supreme Court.

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Definition: American abolitionist and an armed scout and spy for the US army during the civil war

Harriet Tubman helped many slaves escape through the underground railroad, risking her life by making multiple trips.

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Definition: 16th president of the US

Abraham Lincoln got rid of slavery in states of the US during his presidential term.

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Definition: if you are not an American citizen, you could not sue in federal court

The Dred Scott vs. Stanford case was about a man who tried to sue for freedom in a non-slave owning state. The process did not work.

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Definition: upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal"

The Plessy vs. Ferguson case led to segregated places, objects, and many other things.