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British forces hoped to capture Fort Beausejour to gain control of the nearby Isthmus of Chignecto, which connects the peninsula of Nova Scotia with the rest of North America.

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Continental Army soldiers under the command of General George Washington defeated a force of British troops near Princeton, New Jersey.

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Following the British failure to capture Fort Duquesne in 1754, British authorities assigned General Edward Braddock the task of venturing to the Forks of the Ohio and removing the French presence from the region. His forces were ambushed and nearly destroyed by the French and Native Americans near Monongahela.

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The Battle of Fort Niagara was a 20 day battle that took place from July 6-26, 1759. The main point of this battle was to remove French control of the Great Lakes and get into position to invade the French providence of Canada.

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British troops led by Major-General James Wolfe came up against the garrison of French general the Marquis de Montcalm. Wolfe’s victory ultimately led to the conquest of Canada by Britain.

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Stalemate

In June 1759 a British amphibious force headed down the St Lawrence River and established a base on the Ile d'Orleans, opposite Quebec. The latter occupied an almost impregnable position and was defended by a series of redoubts and batteries along the river. Wolfe attempted to land at Beauport on 31 July, but his men were repelled with heavy losses.

In the following weeks Wolfe attacked and destroyed the French settlements along the St Lawrence in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Montcalm out of Quebec. By this time disease was beginning to spread through his army and at one point Wolfe himself was sick. He realised that he would have to act quickly before his force was too weak to take Quebec.

Landing

Reconnaissance of the river then revealed a cove to the west of the city that could be accessed by flat-bottomed landing craft. In the early hours of 13 September 1759 Wolfe landed there with his men. At the same time, the British fleet in the river launched a diversionary attack to distract the Quebec garrison.

Climbing a steep path up the cliffs, Wolfe's troops captured the small detachment guarding this stretch of bank. They then reached the 'Heights of Abraham', an undefended plateau behind Quebec. The French came out to meet them.

Deployments

Montcalm deployed his troops in a traditional set-piece fashion. This relied on well-drilled and disciplined soldiers who could move in precise order. Unfortunately most of his men were not used to acting in concert and tended to fight and fire as individuals.

This reduced the effect of concentrated fire at close range. Wolfe's regulars were used to fighting in rank and firing quick disciplined volleys. They had been skillfully positioned behind a ridge to protect them from the French batteries in Quebec.

Volley fire

Wolfe had also ordered his men to double-load their muskets for the initial volley. In the brief battle that followed, their fire drove the French back into the city. They then repulsed a column of French reinforcements that approached the British rear.

Montcalm and Wolfe were both mortally wounded and around 640 French and 650 British were killed or wounded. The French retreated into the town, which finally surrendered on 18 September.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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In June 1759 a British amphibious force headed down the St Lawrence River and established a base on the Ile d'Orleans, opposite Quebec. The latter occupied an almost impregnable position and was defended by a series of redoubts and batteries along the river.