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Worksheet for Competition for Control of North America

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Worksheet for Competition for Control of North America

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Link to purchase TPT resource- Gallery Walk to learn about Civil War Battles

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Link to purchase TPT resource- Gallery Walk to learn about Civil War Battles

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This Civil War battles gallery walk is perfect for your Civil War unit and adds some reading to your social studies lesson! Each page features one major Civil War battle. It includes a short passage on the battle that details the battle's location, who won the battle, how many casualties there were,...

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Sweet Clara and the Freedom Quilt Read Aloud

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Sweet Clara and the Freedom Quilt Read Aloud

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Sweet Clara and the Freedom Quilt Read Aloud

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Link to TPT Resource- Craftivity to learn about and create freedom quilts used on the Underground Railroad

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Link to TPT Resource- Craftivity to learn about and create freedom quilts used on the Underground Railroad

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My Freedom Quilts The Underground Railroad Activities and crafts

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Embark on a creative journey through history with "My Freedom Quilts: The Underground Railroad Activities and Crafts"! Dive into the fascinating world of quilting and the secret language of the Underground Railroad as you explore this engaging and educational book.Before 1860, enslaved Americans sou...

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Make Hard Tack- Double Recipe to practice apply multiplying fractions

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Make Hard Tack- Double Recipe to practice apply multiplying fractions

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This hardtack recipe is very easy to make. As you probably know, hardtack is a survival bread & historic settler food with an extremely long shelf life. If properly stored, hardtack can last for years. Hardtack has been used for centuries and was a historic mainstay for pioneers, settlers, sailors & soldiers when traveling on long journeys.

Hardtack is very simple to make and only requires flour, water and salt. It is a cheap way to create long-term survival or camping supplies. It costs only pennies to make hardtack versus paying a fortune for MREs, freeze dried camping food, etc. Making hardtack is also a fun way to show your kids what pioneers & ancient soldiers/sailors had to eat as they traveled across the country or globe.

However, please remember that hardtack is a soft cracker, tender biscuit or fluffy sandwich bread. It is hard semi-bland survival food that was historically used for long hard journeys (not gourmet meals!). When eating hardtack, it should be soaked first in water, milk, soup, stew, etc. for at least 5-10 minutes in order to soften the hardtack before eating... because " hard"tack is kind of HARD. Historically, according to Wikipedia, "To soften, hardtack was often dunked in brine, coffee, or some other liquid, or cooked into a skillet meal".
Cut Dough Into Squares Ingredients - Hardtack Recipe (Survival Bread)

2 Cups - Flour (all purpose flour)

3/4 Cup - Water

1 1/2 Teaspoons - Salt

Servings - 10-12 biscuits/crackers. For 20-25 hardtack biscuits/crackers, you just need to double each ingredient in this hardtack recipe.

Equipment required for this recipe - Measuring cup & spoons, mixing bowl, long wooden spoon, rolling pin, large cutting board, spatula, silicon spatula, baking sheets, oven mitts, cooling rack and an oven.
Use Chopsticks To Poke Holes In Dough Instructions - Hardtack Recipe (Survival Bread)

Preheat oven to 375 degrees F.

Mix the flour, water and salt in a bowl.

After mixing completely, the dough should be a little dry (and not stick to your fingers).

If your mix is still too sticky, you can add more flour in small increments until the dough is dry enough.

Use a roller to spread out the dough on a counter, large cutting board, etc. until it reaches a thickness of roughly 1/2 inch.

To prevent sticking to the counter or cutting board, you should spread a little flour on the surface before rolling the dough. Also spread a little flour on top of the dough to prevent the roller from sticking to the dough.

Cut the dough into squares (i.e. 3 inch squares). You can create square hardtack "biscuits" by cutting the dough horizontally & vertically on a large cutting board.

Poke narrow holes in the hardtack biscuits with a chopstick or fork. The holes should go all the way through to the other side of the hardtack. This prevents the hardtack from puffing up.

Place the hardtack biscuits on a baking sheet/tray.

Put the baking sheet into the oven and bake for 30 minutes. Wear oven mitts.

Flip the hardtack over with a spatula and bake for another 30 minutes. Wear oven mitts.

Remove the baking sheet from the oven. Wear oven mitts. Then use a spatula to remove the hardtack from the baking sheet. Place the hardtack biscuits on a cooling rack in order to cool down.

When completely cooled, place the hardtack in an airtight container.

Remember To Soak Hardtack Before Eating!!! If you liked this recipe, please leave a comment below & give us a 5 star rating. The recipe comment section is located at the bottom of this page. Your comments help us to improve & clarify our recipe instructions. Or join Bread Dad's free email newsletter to learn about our latest recipes. It is sent out once every 2 or 3 weeks. Tips & Interesting Facts - Hardtack Recipe (Survival Bread) Moreover, it is ALWAYS great to hear from someone who has enjoyed our recipes!

Let me reemphasize that hardtack is NOT a soft delicious cracker!!! It was created to be a long-term survival food that was less likely to spoil on long journeys. It was not designed to be a tasty & salty snack.

Some hardtack recipes include ingredients such as butter or vegetable oil. While this might make the hardtack softer and more tasty, it will significantly cut down on the shelf life of the hardtack. Historic hardtack was made from just flour, water and salt (or just water & flour if salt was not available).

Optional - Not very historic but... you can reduce the salt by a 1/2 teaspoon and add a 1/2 teaspoon of dried herbs/spices (i.e. ground pepper, dried rosemary or Italian seasoning) to this hardtack recipe in order to make the hardtack more palatable & flavorful.

Optional - You can make hardtack without salt. However, it will be VERY bland. Moreover, beyond improving the taste of hardtack, salt acts as a natural preservative and helps hardtack last longer in storage.

Remember when eating hardtack, hardtack should be soaked first in water, milk, soup, stew, etc. for at least 5-10 minutes in order to soften the hardtack before eating. Some experts think that very dry hardtack should be soaked for at least 10-15 minutes. However, you should just continue to soak the hardtack if it is still hard when you try to eat it. After soaking the hardtack, you can eat it like a biscuit or experiment with frying it like Roman and Civil War soldiers!

Hardtack has been used by a wide range of armed forces over the centuries including Roman soldiers, Crusaders, British navy sailors, Civil War soldiers, etc.

According to Wikipedia, "Some men also turned hardtack into a mush by breaking it up with blows from their rifle butts, then adding water. If the men had a frying pan, they could cook the mush into a lumpy pancake; otherwise they dropped the mush directly on the coals of their campfire. They also mixed hardtack with brown sugar, hot water, and sometimes whiskey to create what they called a pudding, to serve as dessert".

Always wear oven mitts/gloves when dealing with a hot oven and baking sheets/trays.

Hardtack must be completely cooled before you try to store it because the cool down helps to complete the drying process. Some people like to leave the hardtack on the cooling rack for a least a day in order to finish the drying process (in a non-humid environment).

Hardtack is an unleavened bread. It does not use yeast, baking soda, baking powder, etc.

If you liked this recipe, please leave a comment below & give us a 5 star rating. The recipe comment section is located at the bottom of this page. Your comments help us to improve & clarify our recipe instructions. Reference Sources Hardtack Recipe Questions What does hardtack taste like? Moreover, it is ALWAYS great to hear from someone who has enjoyed our recipes! How can I improve the taste of hardtack?

To keep hardtack from going bad, it must be stored in an airtight container (in order to prevent moisture from reaching the hardtack). Proper food storage is especially important if you are using hardtack as part of your long-term survival food supplies.

Some people also like to use vacuum sealing for the long-term storage of dry food products (i.e. hardtack). For more information, you might like to read the Wikipedia articles on vacuum packing and food preservation.

Other long-term survival foods include canned food, MREs (Meals Ready to Eat), dried goods (i.e. dried beans, grain & rice), pasta, freeze dried food, etc.

Hardtack is also known as survival bread, survival biscuits, etc. Moreover, according to Wikipedia, it has also been called "cabin bread, pilot bread, sea biscuit, soda crackers, sea bread (as rations for sailors), ship's biscuit, or pejoratively as dog biscuits, molar breakers, sheet iron, tooth dullers, armor plates (Germany) and worm castles".

According to Wikipedia, "Interbake Foods of Richmond, Virginia, produces most, if not all, of the commercially available hardtack in the United States, under the "Sailor Boy" label. As of January 2015, 98 percent of its production goes to Alaska. Alaskans are among the last to still eat hardtack as a significant part of their normal diet. Originally imported as a food product that could endure the rigors of transportation throughout Alaska, hardtack has remained a favored food even as other, less robust foods have become more readily available".

Interesting fact - According to CNBC, in 2015, a hardtack cracker from a Titanic lifeboat "sold at auction for £15,000 ($22,990)". This hardtack cracker was "part of a survival kit that would have been found in the Titanic's lifeboats... It was kept as a souvenir by the Fenwicks, newlyweds that were onboard the SS Carpathia that came to the rescue of Titanic survivors".

If you are researching survival bread, you should also learn how to make basic homemade breads (i.e. bread machine white bread or bread machine oatmeal bread). Fresh homemade bread can make a crisis (i.e. if you are trapped inside during a pandemic) more bearable for families. Our bread machines recipes are an easy way for you to make homemade bread, pizza, cornbread, banana bread, etc.

Another potential emergency bread is no yeast white bread. This bread is made with baking powder (and not bread yeast). It is a great option in order to make homemade bread if you have run out of yeast during an emergency situation. However, no yeast bread should be treated like regular bread in terms of long-term storage.

If you need anything to make homemade bread, you should check out Bread Dad's sections for Cookbooks, Aprons, Baking Tools, Bread Mixes and Recipe Ingredients.

Can I buy hardtack?
Hardtack actually tastes pretty good because it soaks up the flavor of the liquid, stew or soup that you use in order to soften the hardtack. By itself, hardtack is a basically a VERY HARD semi-salty thick bland cracker. However, it is much better tasting (and softer) when combined with a flavorful semi-liquid meal (i.e. soup).
Does hardtack go bad?
Some people like to add butter or vegetable oil to their hardtack recipes. However, these ingredients can cause the hardtack to spoil much more quickly and shortens the hardtack shelf life significantly. I prefer to add some dried herbs such as black pepper, rosemary or Italian seasoning in order to enhance the flavor. Dried herbs can improve the taste of hardtack without having a huge impact on its long-term storage potential.
Why is it called hardtack?
You can buy hardtack from retailers such as Amazon. The most popular brand of hardtack is Sailor Boy Pilot Bread. However, it is much easier and cheaper to make your own with the hardtack recipe on this page!
How do you eat hardtack?
If hardtack is made properly (i.e. without butter) and stored correctly (i.e. in an airtight container), hardtack can last for years. However, if hardtack is stored improperly (i.e. open to moisture and insects) and made with less stable ingredients (i.e. butter or vegetable oil) added for softness and/or flavor, hardtack can spoil much more quickly.
Can I make hardtack without salt?
Tack was slang used by British sailors for the word "food". Therefore, hardtack means "hard food".
What is hardtack made out of?
There are many different ways to eat hardtack. For example, you can soften hardtack in stew or a soup and eat it like a large cracker. Or a person can crumble the hardtack into soup in order to act as a "thickener". Another way is to soak hardtack in milk for 15 minutes and then fry it. Or you can break up the hardtack and add milk & sugar in order to make breakfast porridge. Historically, some people even make hardtack into a dessert by crumbling it and combining the hardtack with butter, brown sugar and whiskey.
Related Recipes
Yes. Pioneers often made hardtack without salt (because salt on the frontier was too hard to find or too expensive). However, salt has been used in hardtack for centuries. Salt acts as a natural preservative and helps hardtack to last longer in storage. In addition, salt improves the taste of hardtack (as "no salt" hardtack is extremely bland).
If you liked this recipe, please leave a comment below & give us a 5 star rating. Your comments really help us to improve & clarify our recipe instructions. Beginning bakers also learn a lot from your baking suggestions, ideas & recipe variations. Moreover, it is ALWAYS great to hear from someone who has enjoyed our recipes!!!
Hardtack is made out of water, flour and salt. However, many pioneers made hardtack out of only flour and water. Salt was too hard to find or was too expensive for many pioneers. However, today when salt is cheap, it is better to add salt to a hardtack recipe because salt adds flavor and acts as a natural preservative.

Hardtack Recipe (Survival Bread)

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Hardtack Recipe (Survival Bread) - Bread Dad

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This hardtack recipe is very easy to make. As you probably know, hardtack is a survival bread & historic settler food with an extremely long shelf life. If properly stored, hardtack can last for years. Hardtack has been used for centuries and was a historic mainstay for pioneers, settlers, sailors & soldiers when traveling on long journeys.

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TPT link to purchase Reader's Theater of Battle of Gettysburg

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TPT link to purchase Reader's Theater of Battle of Gettysburg

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BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG CIVIL WAR Readers Theater Activity 3rd 4th 5th 6th Grade

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BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG CIVIL WAR Readers Theater Script Activity 3rd 4th 5th 6th GradeHere's an engaging Readers Theater script for your students to perform and learn more the Civil War and The Battle of Gettysburg!Characters include:Narrator 1Narrator 2Samuel Collins - Union Charles Martin - Union He...

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I love the acting out! We could make them take everything out of their desks and backpacks and walk around the school...

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Andrew Jackson and Trail of Tears Lesson for Kids

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Aug 8, 2018 - Fun hands-on American History lesson for elementary children on the Andrew Jackson, Trail of Tears, & John Audubon in 45 minutes for Kindergarten, 1st, & 2nd grade-level children - Notebook & lapbook pages & book suggestions - Use with your class, homeschool, after-school program, or co-op! US

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The map of the Westward Expansion explains which territory recently in the past belonged to which country. This includes all of the United States and part of Mexico.

LEQ: How did westward expansion transform the nation?
The expansion of Europeans into the western area of the United States began shortly after the first colonial settlements were established along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. This westward movement was influenced by geography and economic opportunity. Settlers also had a strong belief in manifest destiny, where the people believed that they were destined to make the United States stretch from coast to coast. Land was the sign of power and expansion of the country made the U.S. a stronger nation. This changed the shape and size of the country and how it functioned. It helped boost the economy, there was more farming and factories. Trading with other countries increased. The U.S. became a wealthy, confident and leading nation.

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The map of the Westward Expansion explains which territory recently in the past belonged to which country. This includes all of the United States and part of Mexico. LEQ: How did westward expansion transform the nation? The expansion of Europeans into the western area of the United States began shortly after the first colonial settlements were established along the Atlantic coast of the U.S.

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Can find Resource on TPT if interested. Not purchased yet

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Can find Resource on TPT if interested. Not purchased yet

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Nov 18, 2018 - Browse over 1,590 educational resources created by Wise Guys in the official Teachers Pay Teachers store.

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Hey everyone!

I'm getting ready to wrap up my favorite social studies unit in 4th grade, the Oregon Trail and Oregon history.

Last year I wrote a few blog posts about what I did to start the unit , how I used realia , and how we had a few fun days of making butter and playing pioneer games.

I'm going to fill in the rest of the gaps right now and give you a basic outline of what I do with my class.

The first thing I did was send out a KWL in my Google Classroom for my students to fill out. Then I show them some posters about heading to Oregon, the land of milk and honey. The land where pigs are roasted and running around with forks in them. I tell them this is the propaganda told to pioneers to get them out west.

The next day is when I hook them in to my unit by setting up shop and at each table, they work as a "wagon" to choose supplies with a weight and money constraint. I feel that this day sets the whole mood for the unit, so I go all out. There is fiddle music, I wear a bonnet and apron, I've got a table with realia and supplies. They also decide who is on the wagon train council and who is the wagon master. They vote and everything!

Our next day, they set up a journal and pick out a pioneer name. I put up a list of pioneer names I found and they put it on the front of their journal.

I do a quick slideshow about Independence, Missouri and why people are leaving.

I have a map of our journey.

We only have social studies four days a week, so a typical week will have us at a landmark 1-2 times, fate day, and then some sort of research or activity.

Landmarks include: Ft. Laramie, Chimney Rock, Independence Rock, Ft. Bridger, Ft. Hall, Soda Springs, and the Whitman Mission. There are some others I could definitely include. Right after the landmark slideshow and/or video, they write in their pioneer journals. They write about what they saw, how they felt, and what they did at that landmark. At Independence Rock, they "carved" their names into the rock. At one of the forts, they get new supplies to finish the trail.

The second to last day of the unit, they decide whether to go on the Columbia River or go over Barlow Pass. Students research the pros and cons of each decision and decide as a wagon, not as a wagon train, how they will travel. Then it's fate time and they roll a dice to see what happens. The last day, for those that made it, there is a celebration in Oregon City.

Activities done: Compare and contrast with pioneer children typical day, pioneer game day, Oregon Trail game day (I found it on a DOS website and also there is a card game!), butter making day, wagon making, pioneer quilt day (they make quilts out of construction paper). We also do this unit during December, so I have them make snowflakes right before winter break and talk about other things pioneer kids did to decorate their homes.

I thoroughly enjoy this unit and I think it comes through to my students because they get so excited at social studies time. My vice principal seems to visit me during this time a lot too, so I think he enjoys it as well.

Let me know if there is anything else you want to know specifically or more details on a certain part of my unit. I hope this helps those of you teaching or gives you an idea to include in your classroom!

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The rants, tales, opinions, ideas and ramblings of a FORMER substitute teacher.

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If you've ever dreamt of traversing the American frontier as a pioneer, making crucial decisions, and hunting for food along the Oregon Trail, then The Oregon Trail is the game for you.

In this historical educational strategy video game, you'll be transported back to the year 1848, leading a covered wagon party from Independence, Missouri, to the fertile Willamette River and valley in Oregon.

Your leadership skills will be tested as you make choices about supplies, resource management, and your route while overcoming various challenges and setbacks.

Historical Beginnings

The Oregon Trail has a rich historical background. It was initially created as a text-based game in 1971 and later published by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium ( MECC) in 1975.

The game was re-imagined and released in its graphical form in 1985 for the Apple II. The year is 1848, and you'll assume the role of a wagon leader guiding a group of settlers from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon's Willamette Valley via a covered wagon.

You'll make pivotal decisions on supplies, resource management, and the route you take while navigating treacherous rivers and facing unpredictable events such as storms and disease.

Creating an Educational Icon

The game was the brainchild of a dedicated team at MECC led by game designer R. Philip Bouchard. Over a ten-month period from 1984 to 1985, they crafted this educational masterpiece. The Oregon Trail marked a pivotal shift for MECC, transitioning from games and software on mainframe computers to home computers.

It was MECC's first product primarily aimed at home consumers rather than schools.

The game made history by being one of the first educational video games of its kind, blending entertainment and learning seamlessly.

The Journey

As you embark on your journey to Oregon, you'll face a series of challenging decisions. You start by selecting your character's profession: banker, carpenter, or farmer.

Each choice comes with its own difficulty level and an initial sum of money to begin your journey. Then, you'll name your character and the four members of your party.

You'll need to purchase essential supplies like oxen, food, clothing, ammunition, and spare wagon parts from Matt's General Store.

The journey is divided into sixteen segments, each concluding at a landmark, such as a river crossing or a fort. These landmarks offer various choices, like acquiring supplies, conversing with fellow travelers, or deciding how to cross a river.

You'll need to make critical choices when navigating rivers, including fording, caulking, or paying for a ferry. The state of the river and weather conditions affect your chances of crossing without any hiccups.

Along the way, the prices for supplies rise, and you'll need to make the right decisions to ensure your party's survival.

Surviving the Trail

The journey between landmarks involves traveling for days over hundreds of miles. You'll receive updates on the date, weather conditions, the health of your party, available food supplies, distances to the next landmark, and the distance covered.

Embrace the spirit of the pioneers on a treacherous journey to the Wild West.

Random events can occur, like storms causing delays or party members falling ill. The player can control the pace of travel, the amount of daily food rations, rest periods, trade with other parties, and even hunt for food.

The hunting component is presented as a mini-game where you control a character who shoots animals for food. Careful resource management and strategic choices are key to success on the trail. The game concludes when your party either reaches Willamette Valley or when all members succumb to illness or injury.

Your performance is scored based on several factors, creating a sense of competition and replayability.

The Oregon Trail: A Legacy Preserved

The Oregon Trail has left an indelible mark in the world of education and gaming. It gained immense popularity in schools during the 1980s and 1990s, serving as an effective teaching tool.

The game's enduring legacy has earned it a place in the World Video Game Hall of Fame. Generations of players have experienced the trials and tribulations of the trail, making it a cultural landmark.

Play The Oregon Trail online

The Oregon Trail game is accessible online, without the need for downloads or emulators.

You can relive the experience in your web browser, making it a convenient option for both desktop and mobile devices. Play The Oregon Trail online, in a web browser.

Conclusion

The Oregon Trail is not just a video game, it's a piece of educational history.

With its roots dating back to the 1970s, the game has introduced countless players to the trials and tribulations of westward expansion in the 19th century.

The combination of historical context, strategic decision-making, and resource management makes it a compelling and enduring experience.

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The Oregon Trail is not just a game, it's a cherished piece of gaming history that transported players to a bygone era of exploration and survival.

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Create an Assembly Line: An Activity to Teach About the Industrial Revolution & Factories

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Students learn best by doing. Social studies teaching strategies should incorporate this fact into lesson plans and not just rely on lectures, reading, and note taking. In this lesson plan, students will already have background knowledge about the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and Henry Ford's assembly line. They are going to make a "hamburger" out of cookies and icing and package it by themselves. Then, you will form an assembly line in your classroom, and students will make several "hamburgers" using the assembly line. When finished with both projects, students will reflect on the experience in a response journal. They will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the assembly line.

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Oregon Trail PPT Game with Educational Feedback

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Oregon Trail PPT Game with Educational Feedback

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Can post to Clever or Teams

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Video and Quiz

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