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- RMSE  ( if error far away from zero thats mean the error is more highest )
- MAE
- MAPE
two method which

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1) Describe skill required to be as GIS Analysis
- can produce and modified the geographic data from any source which are text files, GPS data , hard copy maps and many more
2) Explain important of spatial analysis in real world
It is important because it is the one of the tools that make a new perspective to decide our own decisions. It also been used to determine the location for certain places and system to get a specific information at the one places.

3) Why GIS essential to help precession making on climate change forecasting?
Useful in geographic planning and environment changes identification . For further implement action .

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Digitizing is one of the important tool in GIS software. Three things that can be used by doing digitize, which are line, polyline, and polygon. Digitize can gain many benefit for user which are the data will be accurate and the quality more better than before. It is actually some tools that used process to convert all types of file into digital.

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- process of evrlaying multiply feature class
- INPUT LAYER + OVERLAY LAYER = OUTPUT/ANALYSIS
- line in polygon. etc road + landuse
- point in polygon. etc facility + landuse
- polygon on polygon. etc building + landuse

GEOPROCESSING
-symetric difference
-dissolve
-clip
-append
-select
-update
-erase
-split
-merge
-proximity analysis
-spatial join

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- involved line ( distance, speed limit, time )
- from known to node.
- network structure
node intersion, interchanges and confluence point .
barrier
center
turn
link

for example ;
shortest path analysis ( find path min impedance . The path from node to node. which have a specific steps.)
- 60 km/h lenght 2km
2 minutes (2/60 x 60 )

closest facility such an, hospitality/ gas station

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- estimate of surface values points
- estimate elevation , rainfall , temperature and chemical distribution
ELEMENT?
- control point and interpolation method
CONTROL POINT
- actual data (observe value)
- estimation data (predicted value)

TYPES OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION
- point interpolation
- global/ local interpolation
- exact / appromixamates

using Thiessen Polygon (vector)

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One or more map features are surrounded by a buffer, which is a region. It is around 100-200 meters buffering. It is the one of the tool that important in doing a process to getting a map layout. Buffer is important because to determine where is the specified location that have been selected.

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Preserve only the area common on the two input layers in the output

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- DEM peninsular mask
- produce and slect the contour. Add in the interval by 5m / 10m and the base is 0
- label the line of the contour . Right click at the layer and choose label properties and choose the language too which is VB . Then , click label to display the labelling.
- create TIN by applying in contour height and setting mass point.
- next, check result and choose raster to TIN tool compare the two differences outcomee.
- create new features class (line)
-choose stack profile input the line and profile target is DEM
- 3D view can by click on VIEW and choose it convert to local scene

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It is to convert the data from WGS84 to Kertau RSO (Malaya Meters) .

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- insert the data that provided by Diva GIS
- to create polygon use dissolve
- to select the features click clip tool
- next , buffer estimate in 100 or 200 meters
- the ERASE tool to remove the 100-meter zone and to protect the area between 100 and 200 metres.

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ASSIGNMENT GSS293 NOOR AQILAH BINTI MOHAMAD SUHAIMI 2021873234

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https://isiswauitmedu-my.sharepoint.com/:x:/g/personal/ernieza_staf_uitm_edu_my/EftgFN38a8FHrjdJYUUew34BpBdinPtHdE9G_oT4dkfFug?rtime=VdLKebuJ20g

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1) Topographic digital map in scale 1:25000 (shp) is provided by JUPEM to the student for special project implementation. You are required to explain the methodology involved to produce slope map by using data source.

- vector analysis need to be convert in shp file

2) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is essential to present the surface elevation and several website have provided access to download the data freely . You are requested to suggested an appopriate DEM data in any format. Outline the process of 3D analysis to generate elevation and slope map by using proposed DEM data.

- data input is DEM that been produced a map. DEM is represent as a ground surface such as trees , building , road and so on. It used to be calculated the area and the elevetaion been done.

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first step :
DATA COLLECTION
next
DIGITIZING
second step:
DATA PROCESSING

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(a) Sabah landuse oilpalm
(b) Sabah landuse primary forest
(c) Sabah landuse secondary forest
(d) Sabah landuse paddy
(e) Sabah landuse urbanization
(f) Sabah landuse swamp
(g) 50 m