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Countries were too afraid to step in and stop the aggressors, as they were afraid a confrontation would lead them to be involved in the war. Moreover, they did not have an international army or military to keep countries in check. They also had a “traumatising” experience in WW1 and few politicians would dare to step in.

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They did not enforce their rules harshly and could not enforce security, as seen in Japan’s invasion. This caused people to undermine its validity and ability to control other nations. The league did not enforce many punishments, which caused aggressor states to continue on with invasion as there were minimal consequences for breaking the LON’s rules

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The countries in the league just went through a traumatic experience with war on their doorstep and few politicians would have been willing to go to war for a country

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trauma from previous wars causing them to not confront aggressors to not risk another war

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They had a traumatising experience In World War One and didn’t want to have that experience again and confront the atrocities.

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japan’s invasion of manchuria started in 1931, and was the trigger to world war 2. it was a challenge to the league as japan had great power and influence as an aggressor. the league did not take any action as the international community did not want to involve themselves in any conflict that did not concern them. japan was able to successfully invade manchuria and other counties took japans example as a failure of the league as they were not efficient in resolving conflicts and controlling aggressors. thus more more powers started to defy the league’s rule.

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Turning point is Mussolini believed italy should be an imperial power and the then independent ethopial/abbysanial presented a chance for him to realise his dream

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the league investigated and decided japan was the aggressor, but the international community did not feel inclined to get involved. Japan refused to return Manchuria to china. japan abandoned the league, left with minor consequences, undermining its capacity for controlling peace. This situation showed the other aggressors in the world that there would be minimal consequences for violating the leagues rules.

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started in 1931
first step to WW2
made things different
civilians and government helpless to stop the invasion
also for colonial interests in korea
started with the explosion of the south manchurian railway: acted independently from government
why didn’t anyone do anything?
- china guy offered little resistance because he thought that LoN will help
- LoN was not inclined to become actively involved
- far-off country, not serious ally
- japan abandoned the league
- showed that there would be minimal consequences for the LoNs rule

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civilians helpless

began with an explosion

lack of food -> starvation

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did not step in when other countries were suffering

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They did not step up when the conflicts were happening, did not give proper consequences and therefore no one would comply with them

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The league had retrieved a canister of mustard gas but Mussolini  denied that they had used poison gas against civilians, however the league with concrete proof decided to not take any action as they did not want to push the issue to the point of a shooting war.

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They were unable to enforce the rules of the League as the Allied powers did not want to offend more countries by confronting the aggressor as it may lead to another to potential war. They were already drained from WW1 so they did not want a repeat of war.

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-Mussolini declared war on Ethiopia

-terrorised grounds, Ariel bombardments, poison gas, unrestrained violence against civilians

-LON did not do anything to help

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Unable to assert their dominance and interfere with war matters due to the lack of military.
Hence, Japan was allowed to leave the LON and invade Manchuria with no consequences
This gave the green light for powerful emerging powers to invade territories, without any form of punishment
Did they actually want to help? Or was it for self preservation?
Did not want to interfere due to past traumatic experiences

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did not stand up for what was right, did not help those who were suffering during wars

could not ensure collective security

no consequences when countries go against the league

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-their abilities of enforcing collective security was tested (Japan invasion of Manchuria 1931)

-the Americans, Britains, LON did not take actions to resolve the conflict

-international community was not deeply inclined to offer help—because they had suffered a lot during WW1 and did not want to be involved in another war

-Japan refused the LON censure—1933 Japan left the LON—doubted their abilities to ensure collective security—saw the weakness of the LON; lack of consequences when going against the league

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Promise of collective security was tested in Japanese invasion of Manchuria, as seen when League was unsuccessful in forcing Japan to return Manchuria, with Japan leaving the League of Nations instead. Chiang Kai Shek, the head of the nationalistic government relied on LoN, but international community was not inclined to be actively involved for a far-east country they did not consider a serious ally.

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the international community wanted to preserve their own resources and not interfere in the conflicts that did not concern them. hence as a result, aggressors were not controlled and the victims were not given adequate aid.

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did not give consequences to aggressors allowing them to continue being aggressive

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The League being incapable of exercising its authority as an organisation.

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- Italian’s invasion of Abyssinia (present day Ethiopa)
- Boiled down to Mussolini’s decision
- Other international powers failed to stop them: emphasising that aggressors can get away with their actions
- Key detail: 1935 (use of poison gas), and yet they denied such use of gas on civilians
- Other democracies did not want to be confrontational and thus colluded with Italian atrocities
- It can be seen that moral boundaries were proliferated, and yet the other powers did not step in
- Ultimately, this was in a sense ‘resolved’ by the Italian citizens (rectifying their mistakes as a country) > the inability of the Leagure in upholding the values & their aims as an international organisation
*Link to why the league failed

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The Japanese wanted Manchuria in order to fulfil its colonial interests and were resistant towards the idea of returning the land back to China. When the LON proclaimed that Japan was innately the aggressor, Japan refused to and ended up leaving the League as a whole. This lead to more issues, such as other nations undermining the league’s ability to enforce international security as well as the fact that there were minimal consequences for violating the rules, encouraging more aggressor states.

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Italy wanted Abyssinia to

build empire

agricultural

Mussolini used poison gas, targeted the woman, child, frail, kill civilians , normalised killing civilians

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Aggressors were not dealt with firmly enough

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No countries want to help Manchuria and Abyssinia as they did not want war to happen to them

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Aggressors became more confident in colonising and expanding their territory as they realised that the League of Nations would carry out minimal action towards them that they could overcome.
Moreover, the LoN did not have their own army or military to actually take much action against other militaries such as Japan. This is because the actual army by LoN would be formed on a volunteer basis where countries were stuck in a self-preservation mindset. Hence, they did not have enough resources and manpower to overcome these aggressors either.

Examples of powerful armies: Nazi was forming on one hand and Japan had strong military too!

Countries were also too terrified to step in since they wanted to prevent any possible war

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-protection against war

-provide a way of settling conflicts between nations

-collective security

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were not inclined to get involved

did not feel that the invasions would affect them

did not want war between LoN and aggressors

avoid confrontations

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It was meant to provide collective security for the countries to protect the countries against war

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- Mussolini, then dictator of Italy, announced invasion into Abyssinia on the 2nd of October
- Abyssinia was incredibly important for agriculture
- Western international powers continued to connive the invasion
- Mussolini resorted to poison gas during the invasion
- civilians were especially targeted
- wanted to avoid a shooting war with the Italians and allowed Mussolini’s actions to continue

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the democratic countries avoided all forms of confrontation due to fear of another world war

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civilians were the target

poison gas was released

women children and the aged were targeted

violence against them

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They hoped the League would resolve the conflict. Japan refused to accept the report abducted by the League, refused to return Manchuria to China, showing them and other countries that there would be minimal consequences to refusing the League’s requests.

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“natural” expansion

offered a chance to expand empire

get agriculture land

other powers failed to contain italy

Vaal 1934 dec fired shots

7 oct 1935 declare war

ethiopian civilians targeted

aerial bombs

mussolini used poison gas

women targets

skin burned livestock killed and water poisoned

violence became normal

racism

failure of LoN:

don’t want to be confrontational to avoid war

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The lines of helping the civilians of war was completely obliterated
- the league knew exactly what the Italians were doing (they were dropping poisonous gas on the civilians and giving them skin diseases, killing the livestock and infecting their water supply)
But they did not do anything at all
In a way, they colluded with the Italians (Inaction)

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The Japanese military acted independent of their government in Tokyo during Manchuria’s invasion. The League of Nations investigated and deemed Japan as the aggressor, and refused to return Manchuria. It showed Japan and other aggressive nations that there would be minimal consequences for invading other countries.

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the league was set up as a protection against the possibility of a war by woodrow wilson in january 1920. it was an idealistic organisation who wanted to establish peace by promoting that an attack on one would mean an attack on all.

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Il ducei believed imperialism and militarism was good for the Italian empire and followed on in aggression
Hence, viewed Ethiopia and Abyssinia as a way to expand their territory
In December 26 1925, Mussolini left poisoning gas that targetted frail elderly and children but refused to admit it > the other countries decided to agree as did not want a shooting war
Civilians were made a part of tactic games

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to prevent a 2nd war with collective security

founded by Woodrow Wilson

Established 10th Jan 1920

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This began with a bombing on the Manchurian railway. They managed to occupy a huge space, equivalent to France and Germany combined. Acting without the knowledge of the Japanese government. There was a lack of food, and they had little resistance. The League of Nations did not help. In 1933, they left the League of Nations, showing people that the league had little consequences to people who went against the league. Manchuria was left in Japanese hands until their defeat in 1945.

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european powers in the league were not willing to intervene in the japanese invasion of manchuria as it concerned a country that was not much of an ally to the league and the european powers had just gone through a war - their self-preservation mindset. this showed japan and other aggressive countries that there would be minimal consequences for them if they went against the league.

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The idea of collective security was thought to form a Security in the war, Settle disputes so that a attack on one of the League of Nations will be an attack to all. Despite popular support, the United States did not join. The leagues ability to enforce collective security was tested. The war on Manchuria was the first step to the world war.

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1. announced invasion on 2 Oct 1935
2. innocent civilians were targetted during the invasion within the first few days of hostility
3. however, mussolini denied using poisonous gas against the Ethopians. however, evidence against this was found.
4. Italians erased historical monuments in Ethopia
5. democracies let this happen as they did not want to be confrontational and cause another war

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- Emperor of China had turned to the league
- international countries were not inclined to engage in war in Asia very far away from them, did not consider east asia as a serious ally
- Japan left the league of nations with little resistance
- minimal consequence for actions that went against what the League supported

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Japan had formally annexed parts of China
the Manchuria incident was in 18th sept 1931 - invasion by Japanese officers acting independently in China

China did not take believed the LON would take action - international community not inclined to be involved
March 1983, China left the League - undermining their authority to resolve problems

showed Japan & other aggressors that there would be minimal consequences if they defy the rules - Japan intent in expanding borders in 1930s

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Started in 1931
Civilians are increasingly helpless to stop the Japanese militaries
Began with a bang on the south Manchurian railway
Why didn’t the LoN or other international powers take more action at the time?
The League investigated but international countries were not inclined to be involved as only a few politicians ventured th e idea of “Allies”
Other aggressors like Japan understood that there would be little consequence upon invasion.

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1. happened in 1931
2. 1929-1933: hinge years that changed the situation severely
3. LoN became increasingly helpless to stopping them
4. explosion was created as an excuse for the invasion, which was done without instruction of the government in Tokyo
5. invaded large amounts of land in very little time
6. China gave little resistance due to the belief LoN would help
7. LoN investigated and found that Japan was the aggressor, but many countries did not want to be involved as they had faced wars and did not want to be involved in a war so far away on not very “important” allies
8. Japan disagreed with LoN’s instructions and eventually left, making LoN helpless in stopping the invasion

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First test of the League

Civilians helpless

Exploded the south railway as an excuse to invade

Chiang Kaishek expedted the LoN would help to resolve, offered limited assistance

LoN investigated but several countries not inclined to be allies in China

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1. collective security was supposed to be a protection from war, hence the start of LoN
2. LoN started from Woodrow Wilson
3. received strong support for establishment
4. US never joined due to nationalist mindset and fear of being involved in another world issue

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Mussolini view it as natural expansion

View Abyssinia and Ethiopia as a way to expand Italian empire

Civilians were targeted in Ethiopia

Mussolini allowed use of poison gas, used mustard gas and targeted women and children

Denied use of gas

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Idea of collective security was to prevent a possibility of a  2nd war.
Founded by Woodrow Wilson and Established on 10 Jan 1920

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In december 1934 somalis serving mussolini  fired at Ethiopians - announced the invasion of Ethiopia
civilians became targeted within days of opening hostilities
Dec 26 1935 - mussolini villagers drenched with poisoned, mustard gas
democracies “colluded” with italians as they did not want to start a confrontation, war -> LON unsuccessful
unrestrained violence was mobilised

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Some challenges the league had faced from Manchuria were
.There was a lack of food which caused great starvation
.Believed the league would take action but the international community was not inclined to be involved as they didnt regard them as a serious ally
.March 1983 the Japanese had abandoned being in the LON
.The invasion of Manchuria showed other countries that they would face minimal punishments by conquering and expaning their land

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collective security - protection against war, a measure to prevent another war
brainchild of US president
- settle disputes
- collective security
US never joined
brought about global implications