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Descriptive Adjectives
What are Descriptive Adjectives?
Descriptive adjectives are words that describe characteristics, qualities, properties, or states of nouns. They are the most common and versatile adjectives in the English language, representing approximately 70% of all the adjectives we use daily.
Main Characteristics:

Primary Function: Add specific information about the noun.
Position: They generally come before the noun (attributive) or after copulative verbs (predicative).
Flexibility: They can form comparatives and superlatives.
Intensification: They accept adverbs of degree (very, quite, extremely, etc.).

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Demonstrative Adjectives
What are Demonstrative Adjectives?
Demonstrative adjectives are words that point to or identify specific nouns in relation to their physical, temporal, or psychological distance from the speaker. They are deictic, meaning their meaning depends on the context and the speaker's position.
Key Features:

Primary Function: To locate and identify specific nouns
Contextual Dependence: Their meaning changes depending on the situation
Exclusivity: They are never used with articles (a, an, the)
Fixed Position: They always come before the noun
Binary System: They distinguish between "near" and "far"

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Possessives in English
Adjectives that show ownership or possession
What are they?
Possessive adjectives indicate who owns something or show a relationship of possession. They always come before the noun they modify.

Important Rules
✅ Correct Usage

They always come before the noun: my car, her book
They do not change by gender or number: his car/cars, her dog/dogs
They are used without an article: my house (NOT: the my house)

❌ Common Mistakes

Its vs. It's:

Its = possessive (The dog wagged its tail)
It's = contraction of "it is" (It's raining)

Do not use an article: the my book ❌ → my book ✅

Examples by Category
👤 People

My sister is a doctor
Your parents are kind
His brother plays soccer
Her daughter is smart

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Quantitative adjectives are words that indicate quantity, number, degree, or measure of something without specifying an exact number. Their main function is to express how much or how many there are of something, providing an approximate idea of the quantity. These adjectives are placed before the noun and modify its meaning by adding quantitative information. They are essential for expressing ideas about abundance, scarcity, sufficiency, or absence of something.
The most important characteristic of these adjectives is that they do not give specific numbers, but rather provide an estimate or general impression of the quantity. For example, instead of saying "five books," we use "few books" or "many books."

Practical Examples

Few vs. A few (countable):

Few people understand quantum physics
A few students stayed after class

Little vs. A little (uncountable):

There's a little chance of rain today
I need a little sugar for my coffee

Many vs. Much:

Many tourists visit Paris in summer
She doesn't have much experience

Some vs. Any:

I bought some groceries yesterday
Do you have any spare time? (Do you have any free time?)

All vs. Most:

All flights were canceled due to fog.
Most doctors recommend exercise.

Enough vs. Plenty of:

We have enough chairs for everyone.
There's plenty of food at the party.

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Definition
Numeral adjectives are words that express exact quantity, order, or specific position of something. Unlike quantitative adjectives that give approximate ideas (many, few), numerals provide precise and mathematical information. Their main function is to quantify precisely or establish orderly sequences.
These adjectives are characterized by their numerical precision and their ability to create hierarchies and classifications. They are essential for expressing specific data, establishing chronological order, identifying positions in a series, and providing exact measurements in contexts where precision is important.
Numeral adjectives are divided into different categories according to their specific function: some indicate exact quantity, others establish sequential order, and some express multiplication or fractionation.

Types of Numeral Adjectives
Cardinal Numbers
Express exact quantities of items. They answer the question "how many?" They represent whole numbers and provide precise quantitative information. They are the basic counting numbers.
Characteristics: They are invariable in gender and number. They are placed before the noun. When used with nouns, the noun is plural (except with "one").
Ordinal Numbers
Indicate position, order, or sequence in a series. They answer the question "in what place?" They establish hierarchies and chronological or spatial ordering.
Characteristics: They are generally formed by adding "-th" to the corresponding cardinal, although there are important exceptions. They can be used with the definite article "the." They indicate temporal or spatial precedence.
Multiplicative Numbers
Express multiplication or repetition. They indicate how many times something is repeated or the factor by which a quantity is multiplied.
Characteristics: They are typically formed with the suffix "-fold" or using words like "double" or "triple." They express proportionality and scaling.
Partitive/Fractional Numerals
They indicate parts of a whole or fractions. They express mathematical divisions and proportions less than a whole unit.
Characteristics: They combine cardinal and ordinal numerals. The numerator is cardinal and the denominator is ordinal. They are used to express partial measurements.

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Definition
Interrogative adjectives are words used to ask specific questions about the characteristics, identity, belonging, or selection of nouns. Their primary function is to request precise information about the noun they modify, establishing a direct interrogative relationship between the speaker and the information they seek.
These adjectives are characterized by their inquisitive nature and their ability to generate specific answers. Unlike general questions that can be answered with "yes" or "no," interrogative adjectives seek detailed information and elaborate answers that provide specific data about the noun in question.
Their importance lies in their essential communicative function: they allow for the gathering of information, the clarification of doubts, and the exchange of specific information. They are fundamental tools for research, learning, and effective communication in situations where precise information is required.

Types of Interrogative Adjectives
Which
Expresses selection or choice among limited, known options. It is used when a specific set of possibilities exists and one or more of them are sought to be identified. It implies that both the speaker and the listener are aware of the available options.
Function: Requests discrimination between defined alternatives. The expected response is a specific choice from among the options presented or implied in the context.
What
Seeks identification or classification of something unknown or undefined. It is used when the nature, type, class, or characteristics of the noun are unknown. It does not presuppose limited options, but rather seeks open-ended information about the identity or characteristics of the object.
Function: Requests descriptive or categorical information about the nature, type, or characteristics of the noun. The response can be broad and varied.
Whose
Indicates possession or ownership. It is used to identify the owner or possessor of something. It establishes a possessive relationship between a person and an object, property, or characteristic.
Function: Requests information about ownership or possessiveness. The answer identifies the subject that possesses the object or characteristic mentioned.

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Definition
Indefinite adjectives are words that modify nouns without specifying their exact identity or precise quantity. Their fundamental characteristic is the intentional vagueness they provide to discourse, allowing general, approximate, or nonspecific references to people, objects, or concepts.
These adjectives serve an essential communicative function by allowing flexible and adaptable expressions when specific information is not required or cannot be provided. Their indefinite nature makes them ideal for situations where exact precision is not necessary, desirable, or possible.
The controlled ambiguity they provide is a powerful communicative tool that allows the speaker to maintain generality without committing to specific details. This characteristic makes them indispensable elements for everyday discourse, academic writing, and diplomatic communication.
Their importance lies in their ability to create inclusion without specific exclusion, suggest possibilities without definitive limitations, and maintain interpretive flexibility in the communicated message.

Main Types of Indefinite Adjectives
Some
Indicates an indefinite quantity in affirmative contexts. It suggests existence without specifying exactly what or how much. Its use implies positivity and the presence of something, although it maintains uncertainty about specific details.
Communicative Function: It establishes presence without specific commitment to exact details.
Any
Expresses total uncertainty in negative and interrogative contexts. In questions, it seeks to confirm existence; in negations, it emphasizes absence. Its contextual versatility makes it an adaptable tool for different types of sentences.
Communicative Function: It maintains total openness to possibilities in questions and absolute negation in negative contexts.
All
Denotes inclusive totality without specifying exactly what elements comprise that totality. Although it suggests completeness, it maintains uncertainty about the specific components of the set.
Communicative Function: Expresses complete inclusion while maintaining generality about the specific elements.
Several
Indicates a moderate quantity without specifying exactly how many elements. It suggests more than a few but fewer than many, while maintaining quantitative flexibility.
Communicative Function: Provides a rough estimate without a specific numerical commitment.
Many
Expresses a large quantity for countable nouns without specifying the exact number. It maintains quantitative imprecision while suggesting abundance.
Communicative Function: Indicates abundance while maintaining numerical flexibility.
Much
Denotes a large quantity for uncountable nouns without specifying an exact measure. It provides an impression of abundance without measurable precision.
Communicative Function: Suggests abundance for concepts that are not specifically quantifiable.
Few
Indicates a small quantity with a negative connotation without specifying exactly how many. It suggests insufficiency while maintaining numerical imprecision.
Communicative Function: Expresses scarcity without a specific numerical commitment.
Little
Denotes a small quantity for uncountable nouns with a negative connotation without a specific measure. It suggests insufficiency while maintaining quantitative imprecision.
Communicative Function: Indicates scarcity for concepts that are not specifically measurable.

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Definition These are words that describe characteristics, origin, or relationship with a place, nationality, ethnic group, religion, or specific person, derived from proper nouns.

Examples by categories:

From countries and nationalities:

American → americano/estadounidense

Mexican → mexicano

Japanese → japonés

Italian → italiano

Brazilian → brasileño

From regions or cities:

Parisian → parisino

Californian → californiano

European → europeo

Asian → asiático

From ethnic groups:

Hispanic → hispano

Celtic → celta

Nordic → nórdico

From religions:

Christian → cristiano

Buddhist → budista

Islamic → islámico

From famous people:

Shakespearean → shakespeariano

Freudian → freudiano

Darwinian → darwiniano

Usage in sentences:

"I love Italian food" (Amo la comida italiana)

"She's studying Chinese philosophy" (Está estudiando filosofía china)

"The Victorian era was fascinating" (La era victoriana fue fascinante)

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Definition

Compound adjectives are adjectives formed by combining two or more words that function together as a single unit to describe or modify a noun. They are generally connected by hyphens when they appear before the noun they modify.

Examples by structure:

Adjective + Noun:

High-quality → high quality

Full-time → full time

Long-term → long term

Real-time → real time

Adjective + Participle:

Good-looking → attractive/handsome

Hard-working → hardworking

Fast-moving → fast-moving

Well-known → well known

Noun + Participle:

Man-made → man-made

Time-consuming → time-consuming

Heart-breaking → heartbreaking

Mind-blowing → mind-blowing

Adverb + Participle:

Well-behaved → well behaved

Badly-damaged → badly damaged

Newly-built → newly built

Recently-discovered → recently discovered

Number + Noun:

Five-star → five-star

Two-bedroom → two-bedroom

Ten-year-old → ten years old

Three-piece → three-piece

Usage in sentences:

"She has a full-time job" (She has a full-time job)

"He's a well-known author" (He's a well-known author)

"They live in a two-story house" (They live in a two-story house)

"It was a heart-breaking story" (It was a heart-breaking story)

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Comparative adjectives are forms of adjectives used to compare characteristics or qualities between two people, objects, places, or situations, establishing a relationship of superiority, inferiority, or equality.

Definition

These are modified adjectives that allow expressing differences in degree between two elements, indicating that one has more, less, or an equal amount of a specific quality than the other.

Formation of comparatives:

Short adjectives (1 syllable):

Add -er to the end

Tall → Taller (más alto)

Fast → Faster (más rápido)

Smart → Smarter (más inteligente)

Old → Older (más viejo)

Short adjectives ending in -e:

Add only -r

Large → Larger (más grande)

Nice → Nicer (más bonito)

Safe → Safer (más seguro)

Short adjectives ending in consonant + vowel + consonant:

Double the final consonant and add -er

Big → Bigger (más grande)

Hot → Hotter (más caliente)

Thin → Thinner (más delgado)

2-syllable adjectives ending in -y:

Change -y to -ier

Happy → Happier (más feliz)

Easy → Easier (más fácil)

Busy → Busier (más ocupado)

Pretty → Prettier (más bonito)

Long adjectives (2 or more syllables):

Use more + adjective

Beautiful → More beautiful (más hermoso)

Intelligent → More intelligent (más inteligente)

Expensive → More expensive (más caro)

Comfortable → More comfortable (más cómodo)

Irregular adjectives:

Good → Better (mejor)

Bad → Worse (peor)

Far → Farther/Further (más lejos)

Little → Less (menos)

Usage in sentences:

"She is taller than her sister" (Ella es más alta que su hermana)

"This book is more interesting than that one" (Este libro es más interesante que ese)

"Today is hotter than yesterday" (Hoy hace más calor que ayer)

"He runs faster than me" (Él corre más rápido que yo)

Note: Comparatives are always accompanied by "than" when making an explicit comparison between two elements.

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Superlative adjectives are forms of adjectives used to express the maximum or minimum degree of a quality among three or more people, objects, places, or situations. They indicate that something or someone has the greatest or least amount of a specific characteristic within a group.

Definition

These are modified adjectives that express the extreme degree (superior or inferior) of a quality, indicating that one element stands out above or below all others in a group of three or more.

Formation of superlatives:

Short adjectives (1 syllable):

Add the + -est to the end

Tall → The tallest (el más alto)

Fast → The fastest (el más rápido)

Smart → The smartest (el más inteligente)

Old → The oldest (el más viejo)

Short adjectives ending in -e:

Add the + -st

Large → The largest (el más grande)

Nice → The nicest (el más bonito)

Safe → The safest (el más seguro)

Short adjectives ending in consonant + vowel + consonant:

Double the final consonant and add the + -est

Big → The biggest (el más grande)

Hot → The hottest (el más caliente)

Thin → The thinnest (el más delgado)

2-syllable adjectives ending in -y:

Change -y to the + -iest

Happy → The happiest (el más feliz)

Easy → The easiest (el más fácil)

Busy → The busiest (el más ocupado)

Pretty → The prettiest (el más bonito)

Long adjectives (2 or more syllables):

Use the most/least + adjective

Beautiful → The most beautiful (el más hermoso)

Intelligent → The most intelligent (el más inteligente)

Expensive → The most expensive (el más caro)

Comfortable → The least comfortable (el menos cómodo)

Irregular adjectives:

Good → The best (el mejor)

Bad → The worst (el peor)

Far → The farthest/furthest (el más lejos)

Little → The least (el menos)

Usage in sentences:

"She is the tallest student in the class" (Ella es la estudiante más alta de la clase)

"This is the most beautiful painting in the museum" (Esta es la pintura más hermosa del museo)

"Today is the hottest day of the year" (Hoy es el día más caluroso del año)

"He is the best player on the team" (Él es el mejor jugador del equipo)

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Predicate adjectives are adjectives that appear after a linking verb and describe or provide information about the subject of the sentence. Unlike attributive adjectives that go directly before the noun, these connect to the subject through the verb.

Definition

These are adjectives placed after linking verbs and function as a complement to the subject, describing its characteristics, states, or qualities. They are separated from the noun they modify by the verb.

Most common linking verbs:

Be (am, is, are, was, were) → ser/estar

Become → volverse/convertirse

Feel → sentirse

Look → parecer/verse

Sound → sonar

Taste → saber

Smell → oler

Seem → parecer

Appear → aparecer/parecer

Get → ponerse/volverse

Turn → volverse

Remain/Stay → permanecer

Examples by verb:

With "be":

"She is happy" (Ella está feliz)

"The book was interesting" (El libro era interesante)

"They are tired" (Ellos están cansados)

With "become":

"He became angry" (Él se enojó)

"The weather became cold" (El clima se volvió frío)

With sense verbs:

"The music sounds beautiful" (La música suena hermosa)

"The cake tastes delicious" (El pastel sabe delicioso)

"She looks sad" (Ella se ve triste)

"The flowers smell sweet" (Las flores huelen dulce)

With "seem/appear":

"He seems worried" (Él parece preocupado)

"The problem appears difficult" (El problema parece difícil)

With "feel":

"I feel excited" (Me siento emocionado)

"She feels confident" (Ella se siente segura)

Difference with attributive adjectives:

Attributive adjective: "The happy girl smiled" (La niña feliz sonrió)

The adjective goes directly before the noun

Predicate adjective: "The girl is happy" (La niña está feliz)

The adjective goes after the linking verb

Important characteristics:

Always require a linking verb

Modify the subject, not the verb

Can be simple or compound

Answer the question "How is the subject?"