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First Nation believed that treaties would help them adjust to the changing world

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Government promised First Nations health care, education, farming tools and housing with Treaties

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Treaties would lead to sharing the land that was originally the First Nations

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First Nations believed that Treaties would protect them from white settlers coming their way

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Agreements provided foundations for ongoing co-operation and partnership as we move forward together to advance reconciliation

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Treaties will balance the right of Indigenous people to continue traditional hunting with the need to protect wildlife

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Treaties provided an eduction for First Nations children and kids

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Treaties provided healthcare for any sicknesses or illnesses

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Treaties would provide housing for First Nations people

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Treaties were supposed to establish peace, friendship and respectful sharing of the land

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Treaties protected hunting and fishing rights

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Champlain had decided to cover the St. Lawrence river upon his arrival into Canada to better understand the land. They all thought it was important to know and become better with the land, so the river was one of the first spots they invested into. It became a very crucial place for them. The taking over of this river along with a few others marked Champlain’s beginning to his journey

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Without a doubt the main reason England quickly became involved was to attempt was to try and expand the fur trade further into England. Although this later on arose more tensions with the fur trade due to competitions and rivalries they formed. The Indigenous became more and more unhappy with this, and this became to become unfair to them and more privileges were falling into the hands of the Europeans. The fur trade began as a good thing and slowly led to the Indigenous getting less and less overtime.

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Jacque Cartier's First Voyage into Canada 1534

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Jacque Cartier's First Voyage into Canada 1534

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Within 1534, Cartier began his first-ever voyage to what is now known as Canada. However, this was not his initial plan, as he was attempting to get to India and the "Spice Islands" but ended up on the edge of eastern Canada. Upon his arrival he ended up landing in Gaspe Quebec and claimed this land for the French. This was one of the first explorers to come to Canada and explore the territory that was currently occupied by the Indigenous peoples.

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In the end of the Northwest Resistance, shortly after the Battle of Batoche, Riel surrendered to Canadian armed forces and was take to Regina, S.K to stand on trial for treason. He rejected defence by his counsel to prove he was not guilty. On November 16, 1885, Riel was hung, His death was highly opposed in such places like Quebec and had lasting political arguments.

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Louis Riel becomes leader of the Metis community in Red River

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Louis Riel becomes leader of the Metis community in Red River

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In the lead up to the Northwest Resistance, Riel quickly became the leader of the Metis along the Red River area. As Riel was a strong header leader, the Metis community quickly stood behind him and took his orders. Riel being a leader led to him heading a provisional government in 1869-70, which was responsible for negotiating the Manitoba Act with the Canadian Government. The Manitoba Act was a huge this for Indigenous people.

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Gabriel Dumont step in to 1885 Resistance 

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Gabriel Dumont step in to 1885 Resistance 

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As the 1885 Resistance had begun, the Metis and Indigenous people were very unhappy about how the Canadian government was treating them and not living up to what was promised. As a result of this, Gabriel Dumont decided to step up and attempt to help the Indigenous people reclaim what had been lost. Dumont stepped in by travelling to Montana to speak to Riel in asking him to return to be their government leader. This shows how supportive Dumont was in the Metis rights and gaining them back before it was to late for everyone.

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK

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From May 9-12 the Battle of Batcohe took place in 1885. The Metis under Dumont number 350 against 850 Canadian militia. Three days after the battle had begun, the Metis were forced to surrender. Dumont escaped to the United States, while Riel surrendered. Later of Big Bear and Poundmaker also surrendered.

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The Charlottetown conference brought together leaders from the colonies of PEI, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, as well as Ontario and Quebec. Together they built relationships and agreed in principle to a federal union, leading to the Quebec Conference.This also led to the discussion of the British North American Act and laid the groundwork for Canadian Confederation

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Alongside the Charlottetown Conference, there was also a conference with in Quebec in 1864. It brought in the same provinces to discuss their unfinished business. In the end they came to a compromise that each province would have it's own legislature and the power of the government would be divided up between the federal and provincial governments.

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This conference was held in London, England and marked the final conference following the two in Charlottetown and Quebec. The final agreement was made and the British Parliament passed the British North American Act. Confederation was completed and Canada was officially a country signed July 1, 1867.

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As Ontario was known as Canada West at the time, many things would come for them by joining Confederation. Such things like railway expansion, economic growth, representation by population, national unity, and moving away from the political deadlock Canada east and west were trapped within. Overall Ontario gained a lot from the goodness of Confederation and did indeed choose to join alongside the other provinces.

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Vimy Ridge Visitor Education Centre, Route des Canadiens, Vimy, France

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The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a significant and major World War 1 victory for Canadian troops. Canadian forces, fighting together as a single unit for the first time, were tasked with capturing Vimy Ridge, position held by the German army. After careful planning and strategic thinking, the Canadians were able to get the victory claiming in on April 12. It is today remembered as a moment when Canada stepped onto the world stage as a strong, unified nation.

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Throughout WW1 Ottawa held a high head in the political and military decisions for Canada. The main reasons Ottawa was so important was due to the fact that it was the capital of Canada that marked the centre of government and military decisions. Everything from sending soldiers to Europe to managing supplies and passing laws happened here, as to why Canada played such a crucial role in World War 1.

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The ship the Komogata Maru arrived at Vancouver's Burrard Inlet on May 23, 1914 with more than 370 passengers from India. The Canadian government then refused to let them disembark, relying back on the "Continuous Journey Regulation". This rule was used to stop any immigrants from India to enter Canada. The main issue that Canada had with this was the fact that the trip the immigrants had made was not direct. It took different ships and routes but was not direct to Canada. This showed a great amount of tension between the two, and a side of Canada not being able to help or allow others to come into the country.

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Parliament Hill, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON

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Saskatchewan and Alberta becoming provinces

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Saskatchewan and Alberta becoming provinces

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Within Parliament Hill, in 1905, the federal government led by Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier passed both the Alberta Act and the Saskatchewan Act, making the two official provinces in Canada. In the beginning Laurier disagreed with this idea, concerned about the backlash he would get because of all of the English speaking Canadians. Laurier changed his mind due to his desire for national unity, hoping that in supporting the making of these new provinces a new sense of unity would arise in Canada.

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At the site of the Oka Crisis in 1990, a 78-day standoff took place between the Mohawk land defenders and the Canadian army over a golf course expansion. The town of Oka planned on expanding a golf course and build luxury housing on the land that included a sacred Mohawk burial ground. The Mohawk people protested the expansion by setting up blockades. Police showed up and tension broke out. Later on the Canadian military was sent out. It ended peacefully with the Mohawk people walking away and no land being returned. this incident highly raises awareness around Indigenous land rights in Canada.

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Grand Pre' is significant to Canadian history because it is a very strong and powerful symbol of Acadian history as well as culture. Grand pre' is located in Nova Scotia, the heart of Acadian settlement in Canada throughout the 17th century. The Acadians quickly turned Grand pre' into one of the best and most successful farming regions in early Canada. Although the expulsion happened, Grand Pre' remains as a place of memory and culture for the early Acadians that settled within Canada.

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Dieppe is significant to Canada because it marks the site of one of the most tragic and important battles involving Canadian armed forces in WW2. The goal of the Dieppe Raid was to test German defences along the French coast and gather any extra information they could. The raid was short but over 900 Canadian soldiers were killed and many captured. Overall it was one of the worst and deadliest battles Canada was in within WW2 and today lasts as a symbol of sacrifice, service, and courage in Canada.

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In the early 1900's, Moose Jaw became a key railway part for the Canadian Pacific Railway(CPR). This helped connect eastern Canada to the West playing a very big role in the settlement and development of the Prairies. Much grain and livestock were shipped from Moose Jaw across the country and the world. Without Moose Jaw playing this crucial role, Prairie economy could be very poor today and not get the attention like it should. This helped the new Prairies like Saskatchewan become more involved and intuitive to what was happening.

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Champlain began his voyage to Canada for many reasons that reflect upon the man he was. One reason he decided to go was to build up trade settlements and establish new places. Following that he also wanted to expand France's influence to the rest of the new world.

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North Atlantic Ocean - Champlain's Voyage

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Kingston is another important place that follows up on the rise of Confederation. As many now know, Sir John A. MacDonald was the first ever Prime Minister of Canada. He led the country with what he believed was right, although it might not have always been the best things, he did what he could as Prime Minister. Many do not know though that MacDonald lived within Kingston. Today, his home, "Bellevue House" in now a national historical site, where people can go and learn much more about the first Prime Minister and his contributions to early Canada.

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Shortly after the Supreme Court ruling confirmed Mi'kmaq treaty rights to fish a "moderate amount", Mi'kmaq fishers in Burnt Church began to fish outside the federally regulated season. Because of this, non-Indigenous fishers claimed it was unfair and could damage all the lobster stocks. The federal government and RCMP later got involved that only rose tensions. Burnt Church is a symbol today of the fight for Indigenous treaty rights within modern day Canada.

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After being founded within 1749, Halifax became one of the first major British settlements. It was a key location during this colonial history. Halifax also played a very important role within the War of 1812 as the main British naval and military base in North America. This help consisted of launching attacks, supplying troops, and having lots of medical attention to injured men. Without a doubt Halifax played a key role in defending Canada from U.S invasion.

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As the Indian Act was put into place, it had a huge impact on residential schools. Starting in the 1800's the federal government now had the right from the Indian Act to create and run residential schools for Indigenous children legally. Within Kamloops B.C, a former residential school was found back in 2021 and lots of unmarked graves were found. This former residential school at one time being a place shows that the schools were indeed controlled by the Indian Act and it had a massive effect on the Indigenous that are still trying to heal till this day.

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At the time, lower Fort Garry was one of the first places where numbered treaties had begun to be signed. This occurred within 1871 and carried on after that. This place is significant because the signing of one of these treaties opened the door and gave the Indian Act control over reserve lands and Indigenous lives. Of course the signing continued but Treaty 1 holds a lot of significance as it was the first one and opened that window for the Indian Act to take over.

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In Montreal on July 1, 1967 a celebration was held in honour of Canada celebrating 100 years as a country. It was a world fair that symbolized the countries diversity, strength and growth overtime. Over 62 nations participated within this event and more than 50 million visitors attended. Overall it was more than a fair, it was a very bold statement about Canada's identity and role within the world. Today it is known as one of the most important cultural events in Canadian history.

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Within 1996, the last federally run residential school within Punnichy, Saskatchewan was closed for good. This event marked the end of all residential schools federally ran in Saskatchewan. Although the last school had officially closed, the impact still sticks with many Indigenous people and families today. It is something they can never erase from their history or ours, that is why this event of closing the last school is one first step in the right direction of making peace and working towards reconciliation.

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House Of Commons, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON

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In 2008, former Prime Minister Stephen Harper formally apologized to all Indigenous people on behalf of the Government of Canada for the abuse and harm caused by residential schools. Harper acknowledged that residential schools were a "sad chapter in our history", and that the government's actions caused lasting harms on families, children and communities. This apology thankfully led to a major step towards truth and reconciliation.

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Within 1999, the creation of the territory, Nunavut was underway. With this new territory in Canada, Iqaluit became the capital of this new territory. This marked a major step in self governance for the Inuit people, as they had never had such an opportunity like this. This gave Inuit people power over their own land, resources, and culture. Nunavut was also the largest Indigenous land claim settlement in Canadian history, a pretty big event.

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This battle within world war one was highly significant to Canada, and the soldiers fighting within the war. It was so significant because this was one of the first real battles for Canadian troops. This was also the first time that poison gas had been used during a battle. Since the battle had such risks to it, it is no surprise that this battle was important to Canadians. The troops showed much strength and bravery going into this battle to fight.

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After the ship was forced to return to India it landed within Calcutta, now today referred to as Kolkata. British colonial police then attempted to arrest the passengers, and everything broke out into a riot. At least a total of 19 passengers were killed and many others were either imprisoned or harassed. Thankfully, since the Komogata Maru, Canada has grown and even offered a formal apology for the actions in 2016 stated by Justin Trudeau.

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Canada played an important role in the Korean War, showing it's commitment to international peace, as well as supporting the United Nations after World War 2. Canada sent about 26,000 soldiers to fight in Korea from 1950-53. Overall this was Canada's third largest overseas war effort, after both WW1 and WW2. It strongly showed Canada's commitment to the United Nations and role as a peacekeeping country.

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Canada sent troops and police to support rebuilding and stabilize the country after unrest and natural disasters. After the 2010 earthquake, Canada offered and provided rescue teams, medical support, food and water, and funding for schools, hospitals and houses to be rebuilt. Lastly Canadian Force engineers held build and reconstruct roads, infrastructures, and many other things. Overall, Canada has done a lot to help Haiti come out of distress and keep the world peace.

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The Rocky Mountains acted as a natural barrier for fur traders moving west from the middle of Canada. Traders had to find passes to move goods and furs across. Indigenous people played a key role in helping fur traders cross the Rockies. They provided knowledge of multiple trails, geography, and safe river crossings. This is significant to Canada today because it shows the development of the fur trade and how Indigenous people were a reliable source and friend when it came to struggles.

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As Loyalists were making their way into Canada, one of the main places they were able to colonize was into New Brunswick that was created in 1784 as a new colony specifically for the Loyalists. They also made way into Nova Scotia within the beginning. After the American Revolutionary War, many people who remained loyal to the crown, called Loyalists, fled to Canada. Loyalists mainly consisted of British soldiers, government supporters, black loyalists such as free African American's who fought for the British. After the U.S won independence, Loyalists faced much violence, land seizures, and discrimination. Some were forced to leave while other chose to. In the end, Loyalists moving to Canada has deeply strengthened and made up a lot of Canada's history.

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Oil Industry Significance in Modern Time

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Oil Industry Significance in Modern Time

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As time has gone on, Calgary has become the nations centre of the oil industry. Calgary has also contributed to a lot of the countries economic growth within the years. The energy sector in Calgary contributes billions of dollars to Canada every year. Thousands and thousands of high paying jobs such as engineers, finance, and construction are based or tied into Calgary. Overall, Calgary is proudly the centre of our oil industry and continues to push the economy in the right direction for money and high paying jobs.

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Sudbury is one of the world's top nickel and mineral producers. With that it comes down to a great job creator in mining and industry. The area is also home to Anishnawbek and other Indigenous communities. The land rights are very truthfully followed and part of reconciliation. Sudbury has done an awful lot for Canada within the mining industry.

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Within 1754, the war had begun within North America and was originally called the "French-Indian War". The war quickly spread in 1756, Britain and France officially declared war upon each other, and it spread into Europe, but originated within North America. It is significant to Canada because the war began here and battles were also held here.

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Largest Battle of Seven Years War in N.A

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Largest Battle of Seven Years War in N.A

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The largest battle within the Seven Years War that occurred within North America was the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759). It was near Quebec City, and was the most famous and decisive North American battle of the war. In the end, it led to British control of Canada.

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The east coast of labrador holds much historical significance to Canada and the early points of European contact. Many basque fishermen and whalers operated there as early as the 1500s. Germany established missions in the 18th century, leaving a unique architectural and cultural significance. The coast is also traditional territory for the Innu and Inuit people who have lived there for thousands of years.