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Outline of Basic Informational Essay Structure (Template)

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Outline of Basic Informational Essay Structure (Template)

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Offering students an outline with a list of the contents of an informational essay.

To support building individual skills in this outline, link to microlearning tutorials, helpful articles, and other resources to words and phrases in the outline where students can click to open them if they need more assistance with each part of the writing process.

Students could replace each bullet in the timeline with the corresponding part of the essay.

💡Not everyone will need this support, but for those who do, it removes barriers to understanding how to construct the different parts of an essay.

🔗 Download the Informative Essay Structure and Synthesis Matrix documents, edit them and use them with your students!

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Students should do an initial search for information about their topic based on questions that students pose about it.

💻Use Wikipedia and/or books on the topic to gather basic academic language associated with the topic to formulate keyword searches.

🎉Use a basic search engine for less scholarly searching.

📚Use library databases for scholarly searching.

Strategy: Turn your questions into a keyword search
Topic + Focus Activity from Reading the Web by Eagleton & Dobler (2007)

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Have students use a graphic organizer to compose a high-quality thesis and begin to plan the themes they will use to support their claim.

Adapted from Source

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Provide Rubric/Checklist for Identifying a Topic

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Provide Rubric/Checklist for Identifying a Topic

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This rubric or checklist becomes the basis for all conversations about identifying the topic. It can help students identify areas where they are struggling. Instructors and students can use the language in the rubric to help them communicate areas in need of improvement.

Criteria:
✅ Brainstorming (Graphic Organizer)
✅ Narrowing topic (broad to more focused topic - example: Music >> Pop Music of the 1980s)
✅ Initial info search

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Graphic organizer with sample questions to probe a topic

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Help students learn more about their topic by using a graphic organizer to generate Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How questions about their topic.

Use questions to develop an initial search strategy.

After doing an initial search, they can begin to think about the focus of their writing.

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Is there a particular heading students should use?
Do you require a specific font and font size?
Do you require 1-inch margins all around?

You could set up a template for students to use to help them properly format the paper.

🔗 Download the Informative Essay Structure and Synthesis Matrix documents, edit them and use them with your students!

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Now that students are beginning to refine their understanding of the topic, they can begin to plan a search strategy.

Skills involved:
🤓 Identify keywords and phrases related to the topic
🤓 Select search tools that match the information needed (i.e., Library Databases)
🤓 Use Advanced Search features in the search tool to locate exact phrases to narrow the list of search results
🤓 Mine the list of citations from initial sources to locate other sources of information related to the topic...

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This rubric or checklist becomes the basis for all conversations about locating and evaluating sources. It can help students identify areas where they are struggling.

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Strategy: Turning Questions into Keyword Searches

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Strategy: Turning Questions into Keyword Searches

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As students continue to search the web, have them refine their research skills by turning questions into keyword searches. Activity from Reading the Web: Strategies for Internet Inquiry by Eagleton & Dobler (2007)

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Students can use the plan for the search strategy that they developed to search for information about their topic. Students will could learn:
✅ Search tool(s) they should use for the type of information they seek
✅ Ways to use Advanced Search options and/or Boolean operators to conduct keyword searches in library databases and other search tools
✅ How to identify worthwhile information during a search

Then use a discussion forum to discuss what they found, initial ideas for their essay, collaboratively evaluate sources and ask for additional ideas and information sources from peers.

💡Are students struggling to implement a search strategy? Seek assistance from the Library!

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Help students write questions to guide their search for information about a topic.

Students can use Bloom's Taxonomy to help them write different types of research questions. They can focus on questions in the analysis, synthesis or evaluation levels of the taxonomy to help them:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mR9wOZ06Jt7xjhnGq_GB-mO06134kDeA/view?usp=sharing

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Discussion Board Topic: Brainstorm Ways to Narrow the Topic

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Discussion Board Topic: Brainstorm Ways to Narrow the Topic

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After their initial search for information, students could use the discussion forum to brainstorm ways to share sources of information and some information about their topic.

Then students can receive peer feedback to help them narrow their topics for their essays and offer suggestions to each other.

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Helping Students Probe Evidence in Articles

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Helping Students Probe Evidence in Articles

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When evaluating sources of information, students need to learn to pause and think about:

Author
🗣️ Who produced the source?

Purpose
🎯 What is the purpose for creating the source?
🎯 Who is the intended audience?

Objectivity
👀 Whose perspective is represented
👀 Whose perspective is missing that would be helpful to know?
👀 How do the beliefs, values, and perspectives shared by the author(s) compare with my own?

Credibility
✅ Is the source trustworthy?
✅  Does the author cite a variety of sources?
✅  Did I read laterally and find the same facts in other sources?

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Helping Students Identify Worthwhile Sources

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Helping Students Identify Worthwhile Sources

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Students need help identifying information that is worthwhile as they search.

Sample strategies to help with this:
📖 Read laterally (open another tab and verify info using other sources)

📚 Collaborative content curation (for times when they are working on the same topic)

🔍 Learning media literacy questioning strategies to help evaluate the information they find

🗣️ Discussion board: Share sources students find for their topic and work together to determine if they are credible. Students (with instructor support) can work together to identify credible sources, share additional sources, etc. Then students will have support as they locate information to use.

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Tips for Helping Students to Read Scholarly Articles

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Tips for Helping Students to Read Scholarly Articles

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We shouldn't assume students understand how to effectively read scholarly articles. Provide instruction on how to read articles based on the needs of your discipline.

Students can use the information below to guide them when reading research articles.

General Tips:

📕Search for the title of the article in Google Scholar to see how many times the work was cited by others.

📕Begin with the abstract to determine if the article is useful.

Is the article related to my topic?

What is the point of the article?

What is the most important finding/point of the article?

📕If the article connects to your essay topic, move to the introduction.

What is known about the topic?

How does this article contribute to our understanding of the topic?

📕 Read the discussion/conclusion to find out how the author(s) interpreted the findings of the research.

Are the findings valid?

What are the limitations or recommendations for future research?

Can I use any of the information to support my claim? If so, how?

📕  Move on to the results of the study.

Did the author(s) present their findings in an unbiased way?

Can I use any of the information in this section to support my claim? If so, how?

📕 Are you doing a research study? Read the methods section.

Is the study qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods?

What kind of data was used to arrive at the findings?

📕Do you need background information, theories, and academic language? Read the literature review!

Can I identify any theories used in the study related to my topic/research?

Are there keywords and phrases I can use to search for additional information on my topic?

Are there facts that connect to my topic that I can use?

📕 Mine the references to find other studies on the topic.

Are there sources in the works cited from experts in the field?

Adapted from Source

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Prepare Students to Write a Strong Thesis

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Prepare Students to Write a Strong Thesis

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Give students tools to write a strong thesis or claim. Explain what a thesis is, what it looks like, and how they will be assessed before they begin.

This is the hardest part of writing a paper. A good thesis is a roadmap that can help students write their entire essay more efficiently.

1000-level courses would benefit from heavily scaffolding this process and assessing the thesis before the students write the rest of the paper.

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When we build checkpoints into the writing process, it forces students to slow down and focus on parts of the writing that are challenging so we can support them a step or two at a time.

The thesis is one of the most challenging parts of writing a research / informative essay. Since it is the roadmap for writing the body paragraphs, spending time on this will help students write the body of the essay more effectively.

💡Strategy: Provide sample thesis statements to students and have them use the rubric to help them assess each sample.

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A thesis statement is one sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It makes a claim, directly answering a question.

As you can see in the thesis statement examples below, you must be very specific, summarizing points that are about to be made in your paper, and supported by specific evidence. Generally, your thesis statement can be the last line of the first paragraph in your research paper or essay.

Woman Writing a Thesis Statement in Notebook Next To Laptop

Thesis Statement: Bad vs. Good

It's worth reiterating that a strong thesis statement is specific. If you find yourself using general words like "good," then you're not digging deep enough.

For example, saying "European travel is a good way to spend your summer," is not specific enough. Why is European travel good? Further examine the heart of your topic and focus on very specific areas of European travel that you can realistically cover and support with solid evidence.

"Solo European travel requires independence which, in the end, bolsters personal confidence." This is much more specific and targeted. Now, you can hone in your research on solo travel through Europe, the need for independence, and its positive effect on personal confidence.

Here are six more thesis statement examples for you to consider:

Bad: High levels of alcohol consumption are bad for you.
- This is too broad. What are the specific detriments of alcohol consumption that you would like to discuss?
Good: High levels of alcohol consumption have detrimental effects on your personal health, such as weight gain, heart disease, and liver complications.
- Notice we got very specific in our reasons why. In your thesis statement, you don't need to state every single detriment you're going to lay out (in fact, you shouldn't as it will risk becoming arun-on sentence) but you can point to the main areas you will explore.

Finding Your Point of View

A good thesis statement is developed from the point of view of the reader. Be very careful you're not developing a topic that is of interest to you alone. This is a harsh yet necessary question to ask yourself: will my readers have any reason to care about what I'm writing?

In the example about European travel above, readers might be interested in travel around Europe but will they be interested in solo travel, and greater independence and confidence? Hopefully, the answer is yes. Just make sure you examine all viewpoints before investing your valuable time in a well-written piece.

A thesis statement is powerful on two fronts. First, it allows the reader to get excited about what, specifically, is coming their way. Second, it stands as the point of reference for your entire paper.

Think of it as a loving mother steering her children away from danger. Essay writers run the risk of getting off track and wandering into thickly wooded forests of needless tangents. (This is also why a well-planned outline is essential.) However, a solid thesis statement will help keep you in check. Refer back to it and ask have you wandered off topic?

Always Be Specific

When searching for a new home, realtors will tell you there are three important factors: location, location, and location. When developing your one-sentence thesis statement, it is important for you to be: specific, specific, specific. Write your thesis statement once and then rewrite it again with greater specificity.

Also, make sure your audience will want to learn these new facts and possibly embrace these new opinions. Now, you have a compass for your entire paper, keeping you safely on course.

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A thesis statement is one sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It makes a claim, directly answering a question. As you can see in the thesis statement examples below, you must be very specific, summarizing points that are about to be made in your paper, and supported by specific evidence.

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As students begin to read books, articles, and other sources for their essays, a synthesis matrix makes it much easier to compare similar ideas shared by multiple authors. If they keep track of quotes related to ideas or themes in their writing, it will be easier for them to compare and contrast ideas and perspectives shared in their sources.

Attached is a template for a synthesis matrix for students to use to keep track of and give credit to those who published the sources they use.

🔗 Download the Informative Essay Structure and Synthesis Matrix documents, edit them and use them with your students!

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Body paragraphs contain different types of sentences:

🎯Topic sentence that tells what the paragraph is about and how it relates to the thesis statement

🔎Evidence from sources that supports the ideas/themes in the thesis, claim, or argument related to the topic of the paragraph

🧠An analysis of the evidence that explains the importance of the evidence as it relates to the thesis, claim, or argument

🔗A concluding sentence that draws a conclusion and might transition to the next paragraph to tie your paragraphs together as needed

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Analysis requires us to interpret information, make inferences, and determine what the author or media producer is trying to tell us about what we are reading or viewing.

Students can ask themselves questions to help them analyze the information they read in articles or view in other forms of media. Below are some examples.

🔎What evidence can I find related to ___?

🔗What connections do I notice to themes or ideas in my topic?

🗣️What is the author trying to tell the reader by saying ___?

♻️What are the effects of __ on __?

👀How is __ similar to/different from __?

🧠 What does the data about __ tell us? What can I infer from that related to my topic?

🤔 What is the bias in the findings/results?

What do other authors/researchers say about ___?

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While the status of homosexuality within American capitalism has evolved from nuisance under industrial capitalism to tool of late capitalism, the interests of capital have always in some way been in opposition to those of the gay community. While, admittedly, progress has been made in the realm of tolerance, it has not been enough; capital has simply found new and more insidious ways to manipulate, marginalize, and oppress homosexuals. If America's gays and lesbians desire liberation and authenticity, then they must align themselves with the enemies of capitalism and employ new theories and strategies in their struggle. The American gay community has nothing to lose but their overpriced Diesel jeans. They have a world to win.

While the status of homosexuality within American capitalism has evolved from nuisance under industrial capitalism to tool of late capitalism, the interests of capital have always in some way been in opposition to those of the gay community.

Explanation

The opening sentence of the conclusion restates the essay's thesis that "homosexuality has occupied positions both inside and outside the capitalist system" but that "a common element throughout this dynamic relationship ... is the capitalist control of homosexuality and homosexuals in increasingly insidious ways." It also reestablishes the tension inherent in this thesis between the shifting function of homosexuals within capitalism and their static position within the system. The opening sentence also effectively sums up the essay by using terms - "nuisance," "industrial capitalism," "tool," "late capitalism" - that have been given specialized meanings within the body of the paper. Restating the thesis in the opening sentence of the conclusion allows the author a chance to explore the essay's broader implications, as he does in the sentences that follow.

While, admittedly, progress has been made in the realm of tolerance,

Explanation

While this statement is more of a concession to his opposition than an acknowledgement of an argumentative limitation, the admission that progress towards tolerance has been made by working within the capitalist system works against the author's overall claim that capitalism itself must be opposed. This bolsters the author's credibility by showing his reader that, though he has ultimately rejected them, he has genuinely considered opposing viewpoints.

it has not been enough; capital has simply found new and more insidious ways to manipulate, marginalize, and oppress homosexuals.

Explanation

The motivating move in the conclusion is the same as the one the author employs in the introduction to his essay: the truth is not what it would appear to be on a first reading. However, the motives in the introduction and conclusion differ significantly in function. In the introduction, the author argues that, "contrary to what a quick stroll through the GAP or five minutes of watching Queer Eye for the Straight Guy would tell you about homosexuality's exalted status in modern consumer culture, the history of the relationship between homosexuality and the capitalist mode of production has been a complex and troubled one." The motive in the introduction ushers the reader into the world of the text by motivating an issue of interpretation. The motive in the conclusion ushers the reader back into the world of daily life by motivating an issue of political action, which is the overall goal of the essay. This incitement to action derives from the author's claim that, though it may seem that homosexuals are making progress by working within the system of capitalism, the only way to truly achieve acceptance is by resisting capitalism itself.

If America's gays and lesbians desire liberation and authenticity, then they must align themselves with the enemies of capitalism and employ new theories and strategies in their struggle.

Explanation

While the author does not pose a new question directly, he suggests a further realm of inquiry. Having established in his essay that homosexuals cannot achieve tolerance by working within the system of capitalism, he looks to the next logical set of questions which require an examination of how to most effectively resist capitalism. While the author does devote some space in the latter part of his essay to sketching out some possibilities, these ideas are not nearly as fully realized as the argument about the impossibility of full tolerance of homosexuals within capitalism. Thus, this new question is also an implicit acknowledgement of a limitation in the author's previous arguments.

The American gay community has nothing to lose but their overpriced Diesel jeans. They have a world to win.

Explanation

The author's reference to the "overpriced Diesel jeans" functions as more than a sort of witty gimmick. As the author moves the reader from the highly theoretical arguments that comprise the majority of his essay into the real world of the reader's daily life, he chooses to focus on an object from that world. In addition, the reference to giving up Diesel jeans is juxtaposed with the idea that homosexuals have "a world to win" through resistance to capitalism. When placed in these terms, the sacrifice of the material object seems pithy in comparison with the toleration that the author argues homosexuals stand to achieve by aligning themselves against capitalism.

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Though the final paragraph in an essay is commonly referred to as the conclusion, it is not traditionally the place in which the author draws new conclusions that were not mentioned previously in the essay.

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As students begin to read books, articles, and other sources for their essays, a synthesis matrix makes it much easier to compare similar ideas shared by multiple authors. If they keep track of quotes related to ideas or themes in their writing, it will be easier for them to compare and contrast ideas and perspectives shared in their sources.

Attached is a template for a synthesis matrix for students to use to keep track of and give credit to those who published the sources they use.

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You’ve done it. You’ve refined your introduction and your thesis. You’ve spent time researching and proving all of your supporting arguments. You’re slowly…

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APA Format and Citations: Everything You Need to Know | Grammarly

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Last week, you wrote a paper for English class. This week, your psychology instructor assigned a research paper. The content will be different, of course, but you can save yourself some work by using your English paper and its works cited page as a template for this assignment, right?

Wrong. Your English paper is in MLA format. Your psychology paper needs to be in APA format. Using the right format (and using it correctly) matters. APA has some similarities to MLA, but it also has a few key differences. Read on to find out what those differences are and everything else you need to know about using APA format.

What is APA format?

APA format, also known as APA Style, is one of the style guides used in academic writing . Specifically, it's used in psychology, engineering, nursing, and the social sciences.

APA Style was developed by the American Psychological Association in 1929. The team of academics from the psychology, anthropology, and business fields who developed APA Style sought to create standardized style guidelines for scientific writing that would make academic papers in their fields easier for people to read and comprehend. Today, The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is in its seventh edition.

Citations are an important component of any academic style guide. In APA format, references need to be acknowledged where they appear in the text (known as in-text citations) and listed on a distinct page known as the references page. Because it was developed primarily for the social sciences, APA format has straightforward, logical citation guidelines for referencing sources, such as Wikipedia articles, videos, photos, PDFs, and even lectures.

When to use the APA format and citations

Use APA format for every piece of academic writing you do for your social sciences, engineering, and nursing courses. This includes research papers , essays, lab reports, and other kinds of reports . If you're ever unsure if an assignment needs to be in APA format, just ask your instructor.

There's no need to use APA format in your or first draft unless you're required to hand it in for your instructor's feedback or approval. Basically, any part of your assignment that you hand in needs to be in APA format. This includes the final draft of your paper as well as your literature review , , and, if applicable, research proposal .

Comparing APA format to other citation formats

As we mentioned above, there are a few key differences between APA format and . MLA is one of the other formats used in academic writing, and it's the other one most undergraduate students are likely to have experience using. Other formats include:

Associated Press Stylebook (AP Stylebook): This format is used in journalism and magazine writing.

Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS): Like MLA format, CMOS is used in literature and the humanities.

The Economist Style Guide: This format is used in economic and financial writing.

American Chemical Society (ACS): Chemistry students and researchers typically format their work according to this guide.

The Manual of Scientific Style: This style guide is primarily used in the physical and biological science fields.

8 key points about APA format

1 Your paper should be printed on 8.5 x 11 inch paper.

2 There should be a one-inch margin along all sides of the paper.

3 Each page of your paper should have a header, also known as the running head. For student papers, the running head contains simply the page number, flush right. For a professional paper, it's the paper's title (shortened to fifty characters or fewer) flush left, then the page number flush right.

4 Every page in an APA work is numbered. This number is flush right in the page's header.

5 While APA format does not require that writers use specific fonts, it recommends Times New Roman. Other acceptable fonts include Lucida, Calibri, and Arial.

7 The sources page is titled "References."

8 The paper should be double-spaced.

How to write in APA format

Following APA format, your work should be divided into four main sections:

APA title page

Your title page should include the running head and the page number, which is "1." About halfway down the page, centered, it should also include the following:

Your paper's title

Your institutional affiliation (this means your department and your university)

Your course number and name

Your instructor's name

The paper's due date

If you are publishing as a professional rather than a student, your title page will look a bit different. In the same format as above, it should include:

An author note is a brief note that makes any relevant disclosures about the paper, such as an author's change in institutional affiliation since writing the paper, an author's death, grants used to fund the research discussed in the paper, and any potential conflicts of interest.

APA abstract

Your paper's is the next page after the title page. It too should contain the running head and a page number. After these, this page's first line should simply state the word "Abstract," center-aligned on the page.

Beneath the word "Abstract," include a concise summary of your work. This summary, which should not be indented, should cover your research topic, the questions you sought to answer, the methods you used to conduct your research, the participants who worked with you, the data you collected, your results, and your conclusions from the results. Basically, your abstract is a condensed version of your paper.

Body content

After the abstract comes your actual paper-this is your original writing, in-text citations, and all. Continue to number each page and include the running head. APA format doesn't require essays or other works to be any specific length or adhere to any specific beyond its style and formatting guidelines.

APA references

The last section of your APA paper is the references page. In APA format, this page is always titled "References." Just like in your abstract, this title is centered on the first line following the running head and page number.

How to create APA Style citations and references, with examples

How to format citations is one of the defining characteristics of academic style guide, not just APA. Don't assume that simply listing each source and its author is a sufficient citation-it's not, and citing your sources incorrectly can be considered a type of plagiarism .

There's no need to stress over getting your citations right, though. There are tons of resources online where you can find formatting examples for just about every kind of source you may find yourself referencing in your work. There are even online citation generators you can use to make the process painless.

Here are a few examples of how APA format handles different components of citations:

In-text citations

Whenever you reference a source in your work, you need to cite its author. These citations are in-text citations. There are two ways to format in-text citations in APA format: within sentences and at the ends of sentences. Here are examples of each:

Within a sentence: Continuing this thread, Patel (2019) makes the case that traffic circles are the only safe way to manage traffic flow of this type.

At the end of a sentence: With this type of traffic, a circle is the only safe way to keep motorists safe (Patel, 2019).

If you're paraphrasing the author, all you need to cite is their last name and the date their work was published. If you're using a direct quote, you need to include the author's last name, the date published, and the page of their work where the quote appears. For example: (Patel, 2019, p.215).

References

On your references page, list your sources alphabetically by the author's last name. Different types of media cited (i.e., books, journal articles, films, websites, etc.) require slightly different formatting, but every citation starts with the author's last name.

The citations on your references page also include information like the date the source was published, the page you referenced, the source's publisher, and, when applicable, information like the episode of the program you referenced and the original channel that aired it. to cite various sources, like This resource discusses the correct way TV episodes, films, and songs.

In APA format, authors' names are always formatted like this: Last name, First initial.

When a source has two or more authors, how you format their names depends on whether you're citing them within your work's text or at the end of a sentence.

Within a sentence: Author 1's last name and Author 2's last name (year)

In their pivotal work, Gaglio and Nunez (2018) state that . . .

At the end of a sentence: (Author 1's last name & Author 2's last name, year)

(Gaglio & Nunez, 2018)

When there are three or more authors, list each author's name in your first reference to them. In subsequent references, list the first author's last name and follow it with "et al.," then the year their work was published.

Titles of long works, like books and the titles of newspapers, are italicized in APA format. Titles of shorter works are not.

When a source doesn't have an author to list, list its title first. How to format that title depends on which type of source it is. If it's a chapter or section within a longer work, put it in quotes; if it's the title of a book, periodical, or another work like this, italicize it; and if it doesn't have a title, use the first few words of the source.

Here's an example of how to reference a source without an author:

In-text, within a sentence: This example, mentioned in Citation, 2022, demonstrates how to cite an authorless source.

In-text, at the end of a sentence: ("Citation," 2022.)

APA format and citations FAQs

What is APA format?

APA format is the style guide used for academic writing in psychology, engineering, nursing, and the social sciences.

How is it different from other formats?

The primary difference between APA and other academic formats is that APA was developed to make it easy to cite scientific and technical papers. A few specific differences between APA and other formats include:

In APA, the citations page is titled "References." In MLA, it's "Works Cited," and in CMOS, the paper's author has the option to use either the author-date system or the notes-bibliography system for citing references.

APA format requires a title page. This is not the case with all other style guides.

For quotes that are forty words or longer, block quotes are required in APA format.

In APA format, every page must include a page number and the running head.

What are some examples of APA citations and references?

In-text citation of a work with two authors: (Gaglio & Nunez, 2018)

In-text citation within a sentence: Continuing this thread, Patel (2019) makes the case that traffic circles are the only safe way to manage traffic flow of this type.

Book cited on a references page: Bell, S. & Offen, K. 1983. Women, the Family, and Freedom: 1880-1950. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.

Grammarly helps you write like a pro

APA Style takes the guesswork out of formatting your academic writing, but it can't help you catch grammatical mistakes or ensure that your tone is appropriate and consistent throughout your paper. Grammarly can. Before you send your next report off to your instructor, have Grammarly give it a once-over to catch mistakes you might have missed during proofreading and make suggestions to strengthen and polish your writing.

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APA Format and Citations: Everything You Need to Know

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Last week, you wrote a paper for English class. This week, your psychology instructor assigned a research paper. The content will be different, of course, but you can save yourself some work by using your English paper and its works cited page as a template for this assignment, right? Wrong.

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A Guide to MLA Format and Citations | Grammarly

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MLA format is a set of formatting and citation guidelines for how an academic paper should look, similar to other styles such as Chicago or APA format. We use MLA format for topics in the humanities, including languages, philosophy, and the arts, but not history (which uses Chicago) or the social sciences, like psychology or education (which use APA format).

Since most schools' requirements include humanities courses, there's a good chance you'll write a paper in MLA format at some point. Below, we explain how the MLA format works and what sets it apart from Chicago and APA formats. We'll also cover how to cite sources in MLA format, with examples.

What is MLA format?

MLA format was developed by the Modern Language Association to provide a uniform way for academics in the arts and humanities fields to format their works and cite their sources. MLA format, like other academic styles, includes specific guidelines for a paper's heading, in-text citations, works cited page, quotations, abbreviations, and even the size of the margins.

This format (like other academic formats) takes the guesswork out of formatting your academic writing and ensures that your sources are cited and credited properly, leaving you, and your readers, to focus on your paper's content.

When to use MLA format

Use MLA format for the final draft of every piece of academic writing, including essays, reports, and research papers, that you do in your arts and humanities courses. That means English, arts, philosophy, religion, and ethics courses and any other classes you take that fall within these subjects.

If you aren't sure if you need to use MLA or whether a specific formatting style is necessary for a particular assignment, ask your instructor.

Use MLA format for every part of an assignment you submit. That includes any essay outline, research proposal, literature review, or list of sources your instructor asks you to submit before or alongside your final paper.

There's no need to format your first draft or any other documents that your professor won't see, though you certainly can use MLA format throughout the writing process if you'd prefer. One benefit of doing this is that you'll see approximately how many pages your final draft will span before you reach that stage.

MLA vs. APA, Chicago, and other formats

MLA is one of the most commonly used academic styles, especially for high school and undergraduate students. You might also be familiar with APA format, the American Psychological Association's style, or Chicago, short for the Chicago Manual of Style. These styles each include instructions for formatting citations, crediting sources, using quotations in your work, and other aspects of writing academic papers.

Because the MLA format deals with the humanities, it places more emphasis on authorship than the other styles do. That means the names of creators are prominent in the text. By contrast, APA format emphasizes dates, and Chicago emphasizes supplemental notes like footnotes and endnotes.

Although the three styles have some common approaches to citing sources, each format has its own unique way of doing things for each source type. Make sure you understand the rules for the format you're using so you don't follow another style's rules by mistake.

How to set up your paper in MLA format

MLA formatting rules

1 The sources page is referred to as the works cited page. It appears at the end of the paper, after any endnotes.

2 The entire paper is double-spaced, including block quotations and the references on the works cited page.

3 Use block quotes for quotations that are four lines or longer.

4 Abbreviations do not include periods between the letters (e.g., US instead of U.S.).

5 The paper is printed on 8½-by-11-inch paper.

6 Place a 1-inch margin along all sides of the paper (with the exception of the running head).

7 Write in Times New Roman, Arial, or Helvetica font. The text size should be between 11 and 13.

8 Each page must include a running head with the author's last name and the page number in the top-right corner. The running head follows the right margin but is only 1.5-inch from the top of the page.

9 A title page is not required.

10 The heading on the first page is left-justified and includes:

Author's name

Instructor's name

Course number

Date the paper is due

MLA style rules

1 MLA format uses the Oxford comma, aka the serial comma.

2 Spell out numbers or fractions that can be written in one or two words (e.g., eighty-eight, five million, or two-thirds). Use numerals for when more than two words are needed (e.g., 101; 2,981; or 2 ½). However, when these numbers are mixed together, or when numbers are discussed frequently, use numerals (e.g., between 3 and 125 people).

3 Use numerals for items in a series (e.g., chapter 6, page 12, or room 34).

4 Always spell out a number if it begins a sentence. Even better, try rephrasing the sentence with a different opening.

5 Do not abbreviate dates. You can use either the month-day-year or day-month-year formats, but be consistent throughout the entire work.

6 Use a person's full name the first time they are mentioned, unless they are commonly referred to by their surname alone, like Cervantes or Cicero. Any subsequent mentions of the person use only their surname, including particles like de, O', or von.

How to cite sources in MLA: citation examples

For every academic paper you write, you need to cite sources -that is, mention where your evidence or points came from. This is necessary not only to avoid plagiarism but also to validate your ideas with proof.

According to the MLA Handbook, you must cite sources "when the work of others informs your ideas." That means every idea that is not your own requires its own citation, even if there are two in the same sentence.

How to present evidence and quotes in MLA

There are two ways to reference another work: paraphrasing and direct quotes.

Paraphrasing involves restating the original idea in your own words. However, your paraphrased text must be fundamentally different from the source text-you must do more than just replace a few words with synonyms. It's best to change both the wording and the sentence structure.

You can also directly quote a passage from a source, especially if the original wording is important. However, relying too heavily on direct quotes might suggest you're relying too much on others' ideas rather than your own. It's best to use them sparingly and only when they're truly necessary. Furthermore, when you do use quotations, try to keep the quotes as brief as possible, even as short as a single word.

Regardless of whether you use paraphrasing or quotations, you still need to cite the source.

In-text citations in MLA

MLA format prefers in-text citations, which involves citing the source directly in the text right next to its reference. There are two types of in-text citations: parenthetical and narrative.

Parenthetical citations are miniature or condensed citations that include only the bare minimum of information. In MLA format, they include only the author's or creator's last name, although a page number, line number, or time stamp is optional.
The Greek myth of Sisyphus provides the perfect analogy for humankind's struggle of living with the absurdity of life (Camus 78).
Narrative citations are when you mention the author's name in the text, which makes the second mention of it in the citation redundant. In this case, parenthetical citations are necessary only if you're mentioning the page number or location.
Camus finds the Greek myth of Sisyphus to be the perfect analogy for humankind's struggle of living with the absurdity of life (78).
Both kinds of in-text citations still require a full citation for the source in the works cited page.

If the author's name is unavailable, use whatever comes first for that entry in the works cited page, which is typically the work's title.

Footnotes and endnotes in MLA

Footnotes and endnotes are not common in MLA format, which prefers in-text citations instead. However, there are few situations when they are called for:

A series of sources: If the same passage requires multiple citations in the same line, it's better to cite them all in a note than in an in-text citation.

Deviations from standard documentation: Use a note if you're not following a normal documentation practice, such as when you're citing line numbers instead of page numbers for poetry. You only need to mention this the first time you reference the source.

Flagging editions or translations: Some texts, especially classic works, have multiple versions. Use a note to mention which edition or translation you're using. Again, you only need to mention this the first time you reference the source.

Content notes: You can use notes to mention supplemental-but nonessential-information, such as personal commentary or to explain a word choice. Footnotes and endnotes are good for these sorts of tangential asides that don't fit in the main text.

Papers written in MLA format use either footnotes or endnotes but not both. Make sure to choose one form and stick with it. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they reference, endnotes are written on a separate page titled "Notes" or "Endnotes" at the end of a section, chapter, or entire work.

To signal a note, place a superscript number ( ¹) at the end of the sentence the note refers to. If a note is needed in the middle of a sentence, place it after a punctuation mark like a comma, colon, or semicolon. The exception is the dash; note numbers come before a dash.
Certain translations use an alternative word choice. Although some have disagreed with this assessment, Sisyphus was the king of Ephyra-now known as Corinth. Camus seems to almost admire Sisyphus's determination. 1 See Thomas Nagel's paper, "The Absurd." Corinth was a city-state on the Isthmus of Corinth, the land that connects the Peloponnese to the mainland of Greece, according to Wikipedia.
Each note number in the text corresponds to either a footnote or an endnote later in work.

Notes are written in the order of their numbers. Each note begins with the superscript number corresponding to its place in the text.

Thomas Warren suggests Camus's use of la mesure should be translated into English as "measurement" instead of the popular translation "moderation."

MLA prohibits the abbreviation ibid.

Works cited page for MLA

According to MLA format guidelines, any source used in your paper must have a corresponding full citation in the works cited page, a page at the end of a book or paper that lists all the sources and their bibliographic information.

The works cited page comes at the end of a work, after any endnotes. This page is titled simply "Works Cited" and mostly follows the same text and formatting guidelines as the rest of the work. For example, it has one-inch page margins and size 11 to 13 text.

Entries are listed in alphabetical order by the first word of each entry, usually the author's or creator's last name.

The one particular formatting rule about the works cited page is the use of the hanging indent. Basically, every line after the first one in a single entry is indented by a half-inch.

Camus, Albert. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays. Translated by Justin O'Brien, New York, Random House, 1955.

How to cite different types of sources in MLA format

Each type of source, like books, journal articles, documentaries, etc., has its own particular rules for MLA citations. Feel free to check out our previous guides below, which cover the details of how to cite each source in MLA.

MLA format FAQs

What is MLA format?

MLA format is the academic style developed by the Modern Language Association. It's the standard format for academic papers in the arts and humanities. MLA has specific guidelines for citing books, films, TV shows, newspaper articles, PDFs, and other types of sources.

How is it different from other formats?

There are numerous differences between MLA format and other academic formats. One of the most notable is how sources are cited.

What are some examples of MLA citations?

In-text citation: (Lamott 28).

Reference listed on the works cited page: Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Between the World and Me. Spiegel & Gray, 2015.

Grammarly helps you cite with confidence

Grammarly is meeting students' needs by simplifying the citation process. Our citation features expand on Grammarly's trusted support for students, which includes grammar and spelling suggestions and plagiarism detection that identifies missing citations. Auto-citations generates citations for online sources in seconds, without your having to enter any info manually or even leave the web page. And when you're ready to edit your paper, citation style formatting will proofread your in-text and full citations to ensure they're mistake-free and consistent.

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Everything You Need to Know About MLA Format and Citations

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MLA format is a set of formatting and citation guidelines for how an academic paper should look, similar to other styles such as Chicago or...

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Opportunities to Publish & Amplify Writing

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Opportunities to Publish & Amplify Writing

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Giving students authentic reasons to write with opportunities to use the writing for a purpose can be very motivating!

Many times students are asked to write a traditional paper but there are many ways to have students demonstrate their understanding of a topic that could be shared more widely.

There are many ways for students to show what they know. If improving writing is the goal, then have students write an essay. Additionally, they could write in other ways to expand the ways they can organize their thoughts to communicate ideas.

Students could:

📧 Write a letter to the editor that involves sharing evidence they have researched on a topic they are passionate about. Then they could opt to share that letter with the local paper.

💻Make a web resource about a health-related issue and share well-researched information using multiple forms of media to make it more engaging for a potential target audience.

🎙️Script and record an audio or video podcast (in Flip, for example) to share their knowledge with their peers in the course. They could also download that video and share it on social media if they choose.

🟠Write a blog post in an engaging way for a specific target audience about a topic of interest that incorporates elements of informative, argumentative, and narrative writing.

🎮Create a game related to the concepts or skills they are learning to share with others to review for a certification exam.

📺 Make a screencast to demonstrate a skill.

📸Create a photo essay depicting and describing a process they are learning.

📊Make an infographic to summarize concepts, data, and other information related to a topic.

🗣️Generate questions about a topic, conduct an interview, and include the results of the interview as part of a wider research essay to gain additional perspective and understanding on a topic.

🖼️Prepare a written script to practice for a polished presentation.

There are dozens of ways that students can use writing for different purposes. Think about ways they could use writing to impact each other's learning or to impact society outside of the classroom.

Better yet, have students brainstorm ways to use the research they do to impact the world around them. When they have ownership in the learning process, they will be more engaged and excited about it!

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We might assume that higher education students come to us with certain skills that they sometimes (or often) lack. It is critical to provide (brief) explanations for editing and revision tools, for example, to fill gaps in understanding how to use them. Modeling how to use the tools can help students build the skills needed to use them effectively.

Editing and revision tools, like Grammarly and Microsoft Office grammar and spell check, are very helpful in the editing and revision process, but students need basic skills to understand whether the suggested changes work in every instance.

Model it:

⚒️Use an example paragraph with suggested edits from Grammarly and/or a Microsoft App to model when to change the writing and when to skip or rework suggested edits.

🗣️Demonstrate why reading aloud can help quickly identify issues with syntax to help with the editing and revision process, too! Students can use Flip for this and get peer and instructor feedback to support editing.

Slowing down the writing process gives students time to practice using these tools. When they are doing shorter parts of the writing, it offers students time to practice and build those skills that they might lack. This is especially helpful in 1000-level courses.

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Don't assume students know why they need to cite sources. They might not realize the reasons why citing sources is important. Share some reasons with them! It's important because:

🔎 Citations and the bibliography of your sources offer the reader a way to check the sources for more information on the topic.

🔎 Citations give credit to those who originally shared the ideas. Whether quoting or paraphrasing, it's critical to cite where those ideas originated.

🔎 Citations lend credibility to the information and evidence you've shared because the reader can evaluate the sources and determine how credible and reliable they are.

🔎 Your academic integrity is important. When you use information from sources, citations show that you respect others' work and want to give proper attribution.

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Some students will not know how to cite sources. Provide a tutorial about it so they can identify the parts of an in-text citation and a reference citation in the Works Cited page.

Offering this information can help bridge any gaps in understanding the process of citing sources. It makes learning more equitable and inclusive.

Students might not understand when to cite sources in their writing, so make sure that they know:

✅ Information that they quote or paraphrase from a sources needs to be cited.

✅ They do not need to cite when they interpret or draw conclusions from what they've read.

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Introduction to Citation Styles: APA 7th ed.

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EdTech: Demo Reference Tools in Microsoft Word

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EdTech: Demo Reference Tools in Microsoft Word

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Once students know the basics for creating APA (or MLA) citations for their sources, show them how to use the Reference tools in Microsoft Word to keep track of sources, add in-text citations, and quickly create a bibliography.

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1. Put your cursor at the end of the text you want to cite.

2. Go to References > Style, and choose a citation style.

3. Select Insert Citation.

4. Choose Add New Source and fill out the information about your source.

Once you've added a source to your list, you can cite it again:

1. Put your cursor at the end of the text you want to cite.

2. Go to References > Insert Citation, and choose the source you are citing.

3. To add details, like page numbers if you're citing a book, select Citation Options, and then Edit Citation.

Create a bibliography

With cited sources in your document, you're ready to create a bibliography.

1. Put your cursor where you want the bibliography.

2. Go to References > Bibliography, and choose a format.

Tip: If you cite a new source, add it to the bibliography by clicking anywhere in the bibliography and selecting Update Citations and Bibliography.

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Create a bibliography, citations, and references

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Put your cursor at the end of the text you want to cite. Go to References > Style, and choose a citation style. Select Insert Citation. Choose Add New Source and fill out the information about your source.

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Students often don't appreciate why citation is so important because they might not have personally copyrighted their work.

When producing work that could be shared with a wider audience, it is a good thing to have students share how they would like their work to be used by others.

Creative Commons has a wizard students can use to identify the type of copyright they want and how it should be used. They can use the Share Your Work button to get started!

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Better Sharing, Brighter Future

"Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)" by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons is licensed via CC BY 4.0 and includes adaptations of the multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.

Creative Commons is an international nonprofit organization that empowers people to grow and sustain the thriving commons of shared knowledge and culture we need to address the world's most pressing challenges and create a brighter future for all.

Learn more

The nonprofit behind the licenses and tools the world uses to share

For over 20 years, Creative Commons has supported a global movement built on a belief in the power of open access to knowledge and creativity. From Wikipedia to the Smithsonian, organizations and individuals rely on our work to share billions of historic images, scientific articles, cultural artifacts, educational resources, music, and more!

Wikipedia

55+ million articles

Every one of Wikipedia's 55 million plus articles are shared openly and freely using a CC license.

The Met

492,000+ images

All images of public-domain works in the Met's collection are openly available under Creative Commons Zero (CC0).

Khan Academy

100,000+ lessons

Many of the lessons found on Khan Academy are openly licensed under CC-BY-NC-SA.

Wikipedia

55+ million articles

Every one of Wikipedia's 55 million plus articles are shared openly and freely using a CC license.

The Met

492,000+ images

All images of public-domain works in the Met's collection are openly available under Creative Commons Zero (CC0).

Khan Academy

100,000+ lessons

Many of the lessons found on Khan Academy are openly licensed under CC-BY-NC-SA.

Wikipedia

55+ million articles

Every one of Wikipedia's 55 million plus articles are shared openly and freely using a CC license.

The Met

492,000+ images

All images of public-domain works in the Met's collection are openly available under Creative Commons Zero (CC0).

Khan Academy

100,000+ lessons

Many of the lessons found on Khan Academy are openly licensed under CC-BY-NC-SA.

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One year after Creative Commons (CC) hosted an exploratory Open Culture Roundtable, in Lisbon, Portugal, which initiated the Towards a Recommendation on Open Culture (TAROC) global initiative, nearly 50 stakeholders from all continents gathered again for a strategic workshop, in Lisbon in May 2024. In this blog post, we share a snapshot of key highlights.

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Open Culture
Cropped, Open Culture Strategic Workshop by Filipa Alfama, CC BY 4.0

One year after Creative Commons (CC) hosted an exploratory Open Culture Roundtable, in Lisbon, Portugal, which initiated the Towards a Recommendation on Open Culture (TAROC) global initiative, nearly 50 stakeholders from all continents gathered again for a strategic workshop, in Lisbon in May 2024. In this blog post, we share a snapshot of key highlights.

About CC

Open Culture, Open Heritage

About CC, Community

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Le Sortie de l'opéra en l'an 2000 by A. Robida - Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division - Public Domain.

" An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe. Plate XXXI. ". By Thomas Wright. Public Domain

" Community Needs Care" by Camila Leão for Fine Acts x OBI is licensed via https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.

CC staff photos are licensed under CC BY 4.0. Gratitude to Sara Jordan Photography.

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Creative Commons is an international nonprofit organization that empowers people to grow and sustain the thriving commons of shared knowledge and culture we need to address the world's most pressing challenges and create a brighter future for all.

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This is a great opportunity to use a tool like Flip to have students share potential topics and the approaches they are considering for writing their claims.

Students can verbally offer ideas to support peers by helping to:
🧠 Narrow topics further
🧠 Suggest sources of credible information
🧠 Perspectives related to the writing that could be explored...

Using this tool in this way is a low-risk activity where they brainstorm ideas and help each other move forward.

In online courses, this can be helpful in developing peer relationships that could lead to improved collaborations.

In on-site courses, using Flip is a way to help students connect that allows them time to compose their thinking before responding to each other. It could serve as a quick assignment outside of class, or they can make a Flip response during an on-site class if they are working independently on a project.

💻 Need help connecting Flip to Canvas? You can use the Flip resources on our CCIT site to help you!

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Have students collaboratively curate sources of information in collaborative documents or a discussion forum in an LMS, such as Canvas. They can contribute sources and evaluate them together.

This is particularly helpful if they are researching a similar topic, but can also be done as part of a discussion about their topic.

Research shows that college students struggle to identify credible information. Working collaboratively can help students overcome this obstacle together with instructor support.

Tools students can use:
🔵 Shared Word Online Document (use headings to separate & organize topics)

🔴 Shared PowerPoint Online Presentation (each slide holds links to sources by topic)

🟣 Canvas (LMS) Discussion (separate thread for each student with replies containing sources on the student's topic)

🟠 Flip text comments

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The thesis is the roadmap for the essay. Have students write their thesis statement and share it on a discussion forum in the LMS (Canvas).

Have students use the rubric to help them offer feedback on each other's thesis statement with suggestions to make it even better.

Also, students could benefit from having parameters for sharing constructive feedback with each other. Offering sentence frames for them to use could help!

This is an opportunity for the instructor to oversee the peer feedback process and dispel misconceptions, share resources, and offer general ideas for improving the writing process.

💡The discussion board could be used periodically throughout the writing process to receive feedback on structure, organization, clarity, grammar/mechanics, citations, etc.

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Students could use Flip to read aloud portions of their draft to receive feedback from peers and the instructor to improve their writing.

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https://www.grammarly.com/citations

Are students struggling to generate citations for their sources? They can use Grammarly's citation generator.

Before you give this tool to students, make sure they know the basics. For example, titles of articles capitalize the beginning and proper nouns but the rest is lowercase. Journals are capitalized throughout.

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Get well-formatted APA, MLA, and Chicago-style citations with a citation generator built by writing experts and powered by AI.

APA Full Citation Preview

Add your citation information, and we'll format it here.

A Better Way to Work

Feel confident you've done your best work with the help of Grammarly. Benefit from:
Get Grammarly It's free

Grammarly offers comprehensive AI-powered writing assistance to help you refine your ideas, improve your writing, check for plagiarism, and more.

Beyond Citations: Everything You Need to Ace Your Assignments

Grammarly: The AI Writing Partner for Better Grades

Real-time feedback on every assignment helps you create standout introductions, flawless citations, and everything in between. Be confident your written work will make the grade with Grammarly.

Works Where You Write

Whether you're writing a paper or discussing materials online, Grammarly is here to help you show up with confidence.

"Grammarly makes citations so easy and delightful. While working on my final dissertation, I saw a Grammarly pop-up on a research article just when I needed it. In one click, I got my citation. That's what you call the right feature at the right time!"

M.Sc. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning at University of Birmingham

"Grammarly's citation features save me time and stress as I know my referencing has been taken care of for me. Life-saver!"

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How to Cite (Practically) Anything

How do in-text citations work? Can you cite Wikipedia? How do you cite a film? The articles below will guide you through common-and uncommon-citation situations so you can cite accurately.

Improve Your Writing and Boost Your Grades

Join students from over 3,000 institutions worldwide to see why 94% of them say Grammarly helped improve their grades.

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Grammarly's Citation Generator for APA, MLA, and Chicago

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Made by writing experts at Grammarly, this easy-to-use, ad-free citation generator builds well-formatted citations using the latest editions of APA, MLA, and Chicago Manual of Style.

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If you want students to provide peer feedback in Canvas as they work through the writing process, there are tools to help you set that up efficiently:

How do I set up peer review assignments in a (Canvas) course? 🔗

How do I use peer review assignments in a (Canvas) course? 🔗

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Argument Essay Body Paragraph Graphic Organizer Powerpoint Slides

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Argument Essay Body Paragraph Graphic Organizer Powerpoint Slides

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Argumentative Essay Graphic Organizer Slides

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Editable Introduction Graphic Organizer PowerPoint Slide

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Editable Introduction Graphic Organizer PowerPoint Slide

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Introduction Graphic Organizer Powerpoint Slide

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Tracking information from multiple sources is challenging but using technology can help make it easier!

In the resources above, there is a sample 🔵Microsoft Word document that students can use to track information from their sources related to themes/ideas they are researching and analyzing.

Personally, my favorite way to track ideas I find in the articles I read is to use 🟢Microsoft Excel. It already has a grid and allows me to quickly add rows with borders.

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Exploring multiple viewpoints on an issue is important part of the research process because it helps students develop a more complete and nuanced understanding of the issue.

In this activity, students can...
🖥 Utilize Opposing Viewpoints database via Berkeley Library for curated perspectives.
🔎 Examine reasoning and evidence of arguments and counterarguments.
❤️ Compare their current beliefs to the views they encounter.