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In the 460-370 BC, Democritus made the first claim that all matter is composed of small particles called atoms. These were solid particles with no interior structure, according to the two scientists, and they appeared in a range of sizes and shapes. According to this theory, abstract characteristics like flavor and color were created of atoms.

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John Dalton built on the Greek concept of atoms in 1808. He proposed that atoms, which are tiny, indivisible particles, are the building blocks of matter. Additionally, he suggested that although the atoms that make up one element are all same, those that make up other elements are completely different.

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After discovering electrons in 1897, Joseph J. Thomson put up the "plum pudding" idea of the divisible atom in 1904. According to his model, atoms are made up of large positively charged spheres that are smudged with negatively charged electrons, much like the fruit in plum pudding. He also proposed the idea that the positive sphere's charge is equivalent to the electrons' negative charges.

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In 1911, British physicist Ernest Rutherford put up a nuclear model of the atom that included a nucleus. The movement of protons and electrons within the center part of the atom was another activity he discovered here. He also proposed that the number of protons and electrons in an atom is equal. Additionally, he proposed that there are additional neutral particles. These are now referred to as neutrons.

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Niels Bohr presented a planetary model in 1913, in which electrons orbit the nucleus in a manner similar to how planets orbit the sun. The electrons have what Bohr called "constant energy" while they are in orbit. According to Bohr's hypothesis, these particles are referred to be "charged" electrons when they take in energy and go into a higher orbit. Electromagnetic radiation is produced when the electrons return to their initial orbit.

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Modern quantum theory views electrons, protons, and other microscopic particles as statistical "clouds," as opposed to earlier theories that considered them as clear solid "lumps." Instead of orbiting in orderly elliptical patterns like planets, electrons swirl around in a variety of hazy clouds. Atoms then start to resemble spherical, springy sponges rather than hard, accurate billiard balls. They can also display wavelike characteristics like wave length and interference patterns despite being "solid" stuff.