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Adenosine Diphosphate

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every cell requires it
three phosphate groups

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Carries out instructions
RNA polymerase enzyme
single stranded helix
ribose and adenine
messanger, transder and ribosomal
creats new strand of DNA

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- genetic material in cell nucleus
- provides instructions for proteins
-double stranded helix
- in cells and mitochondria
- deoxyribose, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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Forms genes
largest biological molecule

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Biological speed upper to increase rate of cheical reactions to lower the amount of energy

ENDS in ASE : work = enzyme

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- taking away from protein structure
- bonds that need to be broken by hydrolysis

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Antibody, hormones or enzymes
- can be desaturated
- active sites fit and interact chemically

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- exhibit second tertiary or quaternary
- bind body structures together
- collagen and keratin

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Primary: string of beadfs
Secondary: wavy/ twisted strand of beads
Tertiary: compact ball like with plate
Quaternary; result of combo of two or more polychains

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more than 10 amino acids

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two+ amino acids

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Main building blocks of body
amino acids
20 known amino acids

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cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, some hormones

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- two fatty acid chains
- form cell membranes

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Fish
decrease risk of heart disease

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increase risk of heart disease

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Liquid
share two pairs of electrons

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SOlid
Share one pair of electrons

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Fats and oils from one glycerol and three fat acids insoluble in water, soluble with other lipids
- triglycerides: fats, oils, wax
saturated and unsaturated

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Sugar and starches are bigger polymers
Monosaccharide: simple sugar
Disaccharide: 2 simple sugars (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Polysaccharides: Branch Simple sugars (starch, glycogen, cellulose) - quick energy source

OSE=Carbs/Sugars

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Polymers broken down to monomers

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Monomers combine to form polymer: carbs, fats, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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many=poly
mono= one

chainlike macromolecules made of repeating units
monomer=basic
monomer+monomer=polymer

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Resist any change in ph and combines to keep ph stable

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Acidic: Below 7
Basic: Above 7

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Exchange reaction of acids and bases
- NaOH+HCl->h20+NaCl

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Hydroxide ions
- NaOH->Na++OH-

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Electrolytes that ionize in water _ hydrogen ions
- HCI->H++Cl-

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Ionic compounds that contain cations and anions
All salts are electrolytes
electrolytes are ions that conduct electrical currents

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Forms when solutes form gello texture

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Solids liquids and gasses suspended or dissolved by solvents

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Dissolve smaller amounts of solutes

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- water is an important reactant in some chemical reactions
- hydrolysis reactions contain water

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- water serves as a protective function
- cerebrospinal fluid protects the brain from physical trauma

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- Water absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature
- Prevents sudden changes in body temperature

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- Most abundant inorganic compound in the body
- 2/3 body weight

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- no carbon
- small simple molecules
- includes water, salt, acids and bases

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Anabolism: forming chemical bonds
Catabolism: breaking chemical bonds
- Synthesis reaction: A+B=AB
- Decomposition reaction: AB->A+B
- Single replacement: AB+C->AC+B
- Double replacement: AB+CD->AD+CB

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Weak bonds formed from positive hydrogen atom

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Single: H-H H:H
Double: O=O
Triple: NEN

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Formed when atoms share electrons evenly NONPOLAR or evenly POLAR
- electrons: pairs
- single covalent bond shares one pair of electrons
- double share two
- Triple shares 3

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Cation=+
Anion=-

Cat eats Ant
Big eat Small

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- Most stable with 8
- Shell 1 can only hold 2
- Atoms will lose gain or share
- Atoms bond

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Occupy shells
Shell 1: 2
Shell 2: 8
Shell 3: 18

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Two+ different elements
4H+C=CH4

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Two+ atoms of the same element
ex. Ha+Ha=H2M

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PET: Positron Emission Tomography

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They have the same atomic number but different atomic mass because they have the same number of protons but different neutrons

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Atomic #: protons
Mass #: protons+neutrons
Atomic Weight: Isotopes

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Electrons determine atom's chemical behavior and bonding properties

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Ions are when an atom has lost or gained electrons

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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It exists in 3 forms:
- solid
- liquid
- gas

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Two changes can happen to matter:
Chemical ex. burning wood
Physical ex. ice turning to water

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- atoms are the building blocks of matter
- they differ from one to another (atoms)
- each element has a different symbol
- every atom is composed of the same three particles

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There are 4 abundant elements in the body, along with many more:
- oxygen 65%
- carbon 18.5%
- hydrogen 9.5%
- nitrogen 3.2%

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Electrical energy
Mechanical energy
Radiant energy
Chemical energy
ADP+Pi+energy->ATP

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Energy provides the ability to do work
2 types of energy:
- Kinetic: used to do work
- Potential: stored energy

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Chemical reactions are involved in digestion, movement, urine formation, gas exchange and energy production